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APUSH UNIT 1 Dr. I. Ibokette

New World Cultures, Colonization and Settlement, and

New Socio-Cultural Patterns

Reading and Note-Taking

Use the four-step guidelines below in reading and taking notes on this and other units.

Step 1: Pay attention to the “the large picture” or the central theme/s in each chapter. The “looking ahead” questions at the beginning of each chapter highlight essential issues in the chapter.

Step 2: Take notes on key points on the assigned chapter’s sub-headings; and pay particular attention to the key terms and names from the ID list (you may highlight/underline them).

Step 3: Briefly answer the “Recall & Reflect” questions.

Step 4: Draw up a timeline of about 7-10 key events/developments for each chapter.

Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures

Key Names and Terms:

1. Meso-American

2. Matrilineal

3. Tenochtitlan

4. Black Death

5. Christopher Columbus

6. Conquistador

7. Encomienda

8. Pueblo Revolt

9. Biological and cultural exchanges

10. Mestizos

11. Mercantilism

12. Protestant Reformation

13. Chartered companies

14. Puritans

15. Separatists

16. The Plantation Model

17. Henry Hudson

18. Jamestown

19. Roanoke

20. Sir Walter Raleigh

21. Archaic Period

22. Clovis People

23. Cahokia

24. Coureurs de Bois

25. seigneuries

26. Samuel de Champlain

27. Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Sub-Headings:

a. Setting the Stage 2

➢ Looking Ahead:

i. How did the societies of native peoples in the south differ from those in the north in the pre-contact period?

ii. What effects did the arrival of Europeans have on the native peoples?

iii. How did patterns of settlement differ among Spanish, English, French, and Dutch immigrants to the Americas?

b. America Before Columbus 3

c. Europe Looks Westward

d. The Arrival of the English 23

e. End-of-Chapter Review 33

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

➢ Recall and Reflect

i. How did contact between the European arrivals and the native peoples of the Americas affect both groups?

ii. How did Spanish settlement in America differ from that of the English, Dutch and French?

iii. What were the effects of the importation of African slaves into the Americas?

iv. What is mercantilism and what did it have to do with the European colonization of North America?

v. How did the English experience at colonization of Ireland affect English colonization of America?

f. Timeline of 7-10 key events or developments

Study Questions

1. Compare the North American Indian civilizations with those in Mexico and South America.

2. How has recent scholarship regarding evidence of widespread Indian deaths caused by European diseases affected the contemporary perception of European contact with the New World?

3. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks for European and American societies resulting from contact and the trade that developed after 1500.

4. What motivated Europeans to establish settlements in the New World? What made it possible for them to undertake those settlements?

5. How did Spanish settlements and attitudes toward native populations in the New World differ from those of the English?

6. Discuss the economic and religious factors critical to English colonization.

7. Why did the Spanish Empire rise and fall between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

Key Terms/Names

1. John Smith, Jamestown

2. Tobacco

3. The Headright system

4. Virginia House of Burgesses

5. Powhatan Indians

6. George and Cecilius Calvert, Proprietary Rights, Toleration Act

7. Sir William Berkeley

8. Bacon’s Rebellion

9. William Bradford

10. Mayflower Compact

11. Plymouth Plantation

12. Mass. Bay Company

13. John Winthrop

14. Theocracy

15. Anne Hutchinson

16. Antinomianism

17. Roger Williams

18. Pequot war

19. King Philip’s War

20. Metacomet

21. Quitrent

22. English Civil War

23. Quakers

24. William Penn

25. Proprietary Rule

26. Middle Ground

27. James Oglethorpe, Georgia

28. Navigation Acts

29. Jacob Leisler

30. Dominion of New England

31. The “Glorious Revolution”

Sub-Headings:

a. Setting the Stage 36

➢ Looking Ahead:

i. How did the English Colonies in Chesapeake, New England and mid-Atlantic differ from one another on purpose and administration?

ii. How “English” were the colonies in the decades after the British settlements?

iii. What did the English want from the colonies in the first century of English settlement in North America?

b. The Early Chesapeake 37

c. The Growth of New England 42

d. The Restoration of Colonies 50

e. Borderlands and Middle Grounds 54

f. The Evolution of the British Empire 62

g. End of Chapter Review 64

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

➢ Recall and Reflect:

i. Compare patterns of settlement and expansion in the Chesapeake with those in New England. What were the major differences? Were there any similarities?

ii. What were the reasons for the revolts and rebellions that occurred in the colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Mass, and NY between 1660 and 1700? How were these rebellions resolved?

iii. How did the institution of slavery in England’s Atlantic seaboard colonies differ from slavery in the Caribbean? What accounted for these differences?

iv. What were the Middle Grounds and how did conditions there differ from conditions in the colonies along the Atlantic seaboard?

v. How did the Glorious Revolution in England affect England’s North American colonies?

h. Timeline of 7-10 key events or developments

Study Questions

1. Compare the experiences of the Roanoke colony with those of the Jamestown colony, and explain what factors led to the failure of the former and the eventual success of the latter.

2. What were the critical differences between the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts?

3. Why did slavery emerge as a major labor source in the North American colonies by the end of the seventeenth century?

4. What role did the Caribbean colonies play in the development of British North America?

5. Describe how the relationship between Europeans and Indians changed as a result of colonization.

6. Which people, Europeans or Indians, enjoyed greater benefit from the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century exchange of technology of weaponry and agriculture?

7. Compare the similarities and differences between Massachusetts Puritans and Pennsylvania Quakers.

8. What were the major characteristics of the Stuart Restoration colonies?

9. What steps did England take to establish greater control over her North American colonies? Why were these steps not always successful?

10. Compare the colonization efforts of England, Spain, and France in the New World.

Chapter 3: Society and Culture in Provincial America

Key Terms and Names

1. indentured servitude

2. Middle Passage

3. slave codes

4. Huguenots

5. Pennsylvania Dutch

6. Scots-Irish

7. indigo

8. Saugus Ironworks

9. Triangular Trade

10. gullah

11. Stono Rebellion

12. covenant

13. primogeniture

14. Salem Witch Trials

15. Great Awakening

16. Jeremiad

17. John and Charles Wesley

18. George Whitefield

19. Jonathan Edwards

20. Old Light/New Light

21. Enlightenment

22. Cotton Mather

23. John Peter Zenger

Sub-Headings:

a. Setting the Stage 67

➢ Looking Ahead:

i. What accounted for the rapid increase in the colonial population in the 17th century?

ii. Why did African slavery expand so rapidly in the late 17th century?

iii. How did religion shape and influence colonial society?

b. The Colonial Population 68

c. The Colonial Economies 77

d. Patterns of Society 84

e. Awakenings and Enlightenments 91

f. End of Chapter Review

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall & Reflect:

i. How did family life and attitudes towards women differ in the northern and southern colonies?

ii. How did the lives of African slaves change over the course of the first century of slavery?

iii. Who emigrated to North America in the 17th century, and why did they come?

iv. What was the intellectual culture of colonial America, as expressed in literature, philosophy, science, education and law?

v. How and why did life in the English colonies diverge from life in England?

g. Timeline of 7-10 key events or developments

Study Questions

1. Discuss the differences between the demographics of the colonial South and those of the colonial North.

2. Characterize colonial medical practices by examining their positive and negative features.

3. Assess the beginnings of slavery in North America (in the main text) and make an argument for which historical explanation for its origins—from the section “Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery”—seems most accurate.

4. How did the English colonists’ attitudes toward Indians compare with their views toward Africans?

5. How did immigration affect social and economic life in the colonies?

6. What were the critical differences between a southern plantation and a New England town?

7. Assess the character and nature of religion in colonial America.

8. Describe the technological status of eighteenth-century Americans by examining the development and limits of technology.

9. What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America?

APUSH UNIT 1 Dr. I. Ibokette

Review Activities

Chapter 1: “The Collision of Cultures”

A. True/False Questions

1. The civilizations and political systems of pre-Columbian Native Americans north of Mexico were less elaborate than those of the peoples to the south. Page: 6

2. When Europeans arrived in North America, native tribes were generally able to unite in opposition to white encroachments on their land. Page: 13

3. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the population of the native peoples living in what is now the United States is estimated to be 50 million. Page: 10

4. Some historians have suggested that European diseases virtually exterminated many native tribes. Page: 19

5. The eleventh-century explorations and discoveries of Leif Eriksson were common knowledge in the European world of the fifteenth century. Page: 9

6. Portuguese exploration in the late fifteenth century concentrated on finding a route to the Orient by sailing around Africa. Page: 11

7. Christopher Columbus spent his early seafaring years in the service of the Portuguese. P 12

8. On his first voyage to the New World, Columbus realized that he had not encountered China. Page: 12

9. By 1550, Spaniards had explored the coast of N/Am as far north as Oregon in the west. P: 13

10. The early Spanish settlers were successful at establishing plantations, but not at finding gold or silver. Page: 16

11. Spanish mines in America yielded ten times as much gold and silver as the rest of the world’s mines together. Page: 16

12. The Pueblo Indians continued to practice their native religious rituals, even though many of them converted to Christianity. Page: 18

13. By the seventeenth century, the Spanish had given up their efforts to assimilate the Indians to Spanish ways. Page: 18

14. European life was relatively unchanged by the biological and cultural exchanges that took place after discovery of the New World. Page: 20

15. As of the sixteenth century, Europeans had generally built up a greater immunity to smallpox than had the Native Americans. Page: 19

16. Owing to their commitment to Catholicism, male Spanish immigrants had very little sexual contact with Indian women. Page: 20

17. Spanish colonists both enslaved Indians and forced them into indentured servant status. P: 21

18. Cattle, sheep, and sugar were three New World products introduced to Europe. Page: 20

19. In contrast with the European tradition, African families tended to be matrilineal. Page: 22

20. The internal African slave trade did not become prominent until Europeans began to demand slave labor for the New World. Page: 23

21. During the sixteenth century, England was experiencing a decline in food supply and population. Page: 25

22. Mercantilists promoted colonization as a means to acquire the inexhaustible wealth of the New World. Page: 25

23. The preaching of John Calvin led his followers to lead both anxious and productive lives. Page: 27

24. Puritans were the first English colonizers in the Americas. Page: 31

25. The Roanoke disaster virtually killed the colonizing impulse in England for a long time. Page: 32

B. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. The significant Indian trading center near present-day St. Louis was called ________. 7

2. The first country to sponsor exploration by sea to the Orient was ________. 10-11

3. The first known European to gaze westward across the Pacific was ________. 13

4. The Spanish Empire at one point claimed the whole of the western world, except for a piece of what is today ________. 13

5. The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States was ________. 16

6. The licenses granted to Spaniards to exact labor and tribute from natives in specific areas were called ________. 18

7. On his first voyage, Columbus established a short-lived settlement on an island that he named ________. 12

8. The Spanish referred to peoples of mixed race as ________. 20

9. ________ was a native of Genoa sailing in the employ of England near the end of the fifteenth century. 23

10. Those who believed that the world’s wealth was finite were called _____. 25

11. John Calvin introduced the doctrine of ________. 27

12. The most radical Puritans were called ________.27

13. Puritan discontent in England grew rapidly after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the ________. 28

14. England’s first experience with colonization came in ________.: 28

15. The only clue to the fate of the Roanoke colony was the cryptic inscription “________” carved on a post. 32

16. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at ________. 30

17. King ______ of Spain sent a fleet to invade England near the end of the sixteenth century. 31

18. The pioneer of English colonization who was lost at sea while in the service of Queen Elizabeth I was ________. 31

Chapter 2: “Transplantations and Borderlands”

A. True/False Questions

1. English colonies in the Chesapeake were first and foremost business enterprises. 36

2. The Jamestown settlement was an instant success. 37

3. John Smith imposed order on the Jamestown settlement, but he thought it wise not to antagonize local Indians. 37

4. The tobacco culture of Virginia created great pressure for territorial expansion. 38

5. The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were probably servants rather than slaves. 39

6. The survival of Jamestown was largely a result of the English borrowing from the agricultural knowledge of the Indians. 40

7. Virginia did not become a royal colony until the eve of the American Revolution. 40

8. The Englishmen who founded Maryland were Puritans, but not Separatists. 40

9. The founders of Maryland encouraged both Protestants and Catholics to migrate to the colony. 41

10. Like Virginia, Maryland became a center for the cultivation of tobacco. 41

11. During the middle of the seventeenth century, the right to vote in Virginia was becoming more restricted. 42

12. Bacon’s Rebellion was undertaken to do away with slavery in Virginia. 42

13. Bacon’s Rebellion accelerated the development of slavery in Virginia. 42

14. White settlers learned crucial agricultural techniques such as annual burning and the planting of beans to keep insect infestations at bay. 47-48

15. England’s Caribbean settlements were the main source of slaves for the English colonies of North America. 57

16. The Mayflower Compact set forth the principles of the Puritan religion. 43

17. James I of England may have believed in the divine right of kings, but he was not particularly harsh in his treatment of Puritans. 44

18. Charles I dissolved Parliament and was later beheaded. 50

19. Residents of Massachusetts generally had greater freedom of worship than the Puritans had had in England. 45-46

20. Unlike the colonists of Jamestown, the Puritans of Massachusetts established settlements based on families. 45

21. Thomas Hooker and Roger Williams were both exiled and executed for their dissent on the major tenets of Puritanism. 46

22. Both the Pequot War and King Philip’s War ended disastrously for the Indians. 49

23. Indians using bows and arrows often bested English settlers using matchlock rifles. 50

24. In the English Civil War, the Cavaliers captured King Charles I and beheaded him. 50

25. One result of the Stuart Restoration was the development of new colonies in N/America. 50

26. Philosopher John Locke helped draw up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. 51

27. The New Jersey colony developed no significant class of large landowners. 53

28. Quakers is a term applied to a dissenting English Protestant sect, the Society of Friends. 53

29. During its early years, the Pennsylvania colony often faced financial ruin. 54

30. Like Pennsylvania, Georgia was founded as a religious colony. 59

31. California was first colonized by Spain, which used local Indians as its main source of labor. 58

32. The “middle grounds” refers in part to areas on the western edges of English colonial settlements. 59

33. The Navigation Acts were designed primarily to control migration into the Americas. 62-63

34. The Navigation Acts were a part of the English mercantile system. 62

35. The Dominion of New England supported the colonists’ claims for the “rights of Englishmen.” 63

36. The Glorious Revolution helped to solidify the Dominion of New England. 63

B. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

1. Captain ________ is associated primarily with the colony of Jamestown. 37

2. In Jamestown, the winter of 1609-1610 was known as the “________.”37

3. The first truly marketable crop in Virginia was ________. 38

4. To entice new workers to the colony, the Virginia Company put in place what it called the ________ system. 39

5. The first meeting of an elected legislature in what is now the United States took place in the Virginia House of ________. 39

6. The Englishman who documented the arrival of the first Africans to British North America was ________. 40

7. The first English colony to establish the principle of religious toleration was ________. 41

8. The royal governor of Virginia who clashed with Nathaniel Bacon was ________. 41-42

9. The conflict between tidewater Virginia and a rising elite to its west was called ________. 42

10. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth wrote the _______ 43

11. ________, the leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony, sought to have his people serve as a “city upon a hill.” 45

12. The minister _____ is associated with the establishment of Connecticut. 46

13. Anne Hutchinson preached the ________ heresy. 46

14. King Philip was known among his people as ________. 49

15. The European weapon quickly appropriated by Indians was the ________ rifle. 50

16. The founding of Carolina was aided by the English philosopher ________. 51

17. The duke of York became King ________. 53

18. The most cosmopolitan of all the English colonies was ________. 54

19. The English colony established as a buffer north of Spanish colonial holdings on the Atlantic Ocean was ________. 59

20. The founder of Georgia was ________. 59

21. The most concerted attempt by King James II to consolidate control in North America was called the ________. 63

22. The Glorious Revolution brought ________ to power in England as joint sovereigns. 63

Chapter 3: “Society and Culture in Provincial America”

A. True/False Questions:

1. By the late seventeenth century, European and African immigrants outnumbered natives along the Atlantic coast. 69

2. Most indentured servants came to the colonies voluntarily. 69

3. Indentured servitude developed out of practices in England. 68

4. Immigration was the most important factor for long-term Eng. colonial population growth. 70

5. Life expectancy in New England was higher than in England and in the rest of British North America. 70

6. Indentured servants were forbidden to marry until their terms of service were over. 71

7. In the seventeenth century, it was easy for women to enter the medical field as midwives. 70

8. Medical evidence suggests that bleeding a patient could assist in recovery from an illness. 71

9. In the Chesapeake region, traditional patterns of male authority gradually took root during the seventeenth century. 72

10. Fewer than five percent of African slaves imported to the Americas arrived first in the English colonies. 73

11. Black workers did not become generally available in British North America until the early part of the eighteenth century. 73

12. Skin color was the only factor in determining whether a person was subject to slave codes. 74-75

13. In the seventeenth century, most blacks who came to the English colonies in North America came directly from Africa. 73

14. In the early seventeenth century, the legal status of slaves was ambiguous and fluid. 73

15. English America recognized no distinctions between pure Africans and people of mixed race. 75

16. The first large group of non-English European immigrants to British North America was the Huguenots. 75

17. The most numerous of the non-English European immigrants to British North America were the Scots-Irish. 76

18. African slaves engaged in the cultivation of rice, but they were not very adept at it. 78

19. Colonial agriculture in the northern colonies was more diversified than in the southern colonies. 79

20. Parliament passed the Iron Act in 1750 to encourage colonial production of this metal. 80

21. The most commonly owned tool on colonial American farms was the plow. 81

22. The British Navigation Acts were designed to protect England from foreign competition in the colonies. 83

23. There were sharp social distinctions in the colonies, but the English class system did not take root in the colonies. 83

24. Seventeenth-century colonial plantations were actually relatively small estates. 84

25. Because of their concentration on cotton, most southern plantations grew highly reliant on small towns and cities for their supplies. 85

26. Some enslaved Africans became skilled crafts workers. 86

27. Very little slave resistance took the form of open rebellion. 86

28. The characteristic social unit in N/England was the nuclear family living on a farm. 87

29. New Englanders did not adopt the English system of primogeniture. 88

30. The Salem girls who accused people of being witches never recanted their stories. 89

31. Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were women of low social position. 89

32. Belief in witchcraft was not a common feature of Puritan religious life. 89

33. Religious toleration was more pronounced in America than anywhere in Europe. 91

34. Puritanism in New England was confined to a single religious denomination. 91

35. The revival that was the Great Awakening was rooted in a desire to reinvigorate family life. 92

36. The Enlightenment was the product of seventeenth-century scientific and intellectual discoveries. 93

37. Enlightenment thought encouraged people to reject their religious faith. 93

38. 18th century literacy among American men was higher than in most European countries. 93

39. Harvard College was created by Gt Awakening ministers as a school for future ministers. 95

40. The case of John Peter Zenger saw the courts rule that criticisms of the government were not libelous if actually true. 96

41. During the course of colonial history, colonial legislatures grew increasingly accustomed to operating on orders from Parliament. 87

B. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. Most women who entered into the medical profession did so as ________. 70

2. The dreaded journey in which captured Africans were transported to the Americas to be sold as slaves was called the ________. 73

3. French Calvinists were referred to as ________. 75

4. The exchange of rum, slaves, and sugar has been called the ________. 83

5. The most serious colonial slave revolt, called the ________, took place in S/Carolina in 1739. 86

6. The first significant colonial metals industry was established in ________, Massachusetts. 80

7. Those Puritans who could give evidence of grace, being among the elect, and were admitted to full church membership were called “________.” 87

8. The English system of passing property to the firstborn son is called____. 88

9. The largest outbreak of suspected witchcraft persecution in British North America took place in the community of ________. 88

10. Puritan sermons of despair were called ________. 92

11. The most outstanding Great Awakening preacher was N/England Congregationalist_____ 93

12. Francis Bacon and John Locke were influential in the ideas of the ________. 93

13. The first American college, established in 1636, was ________.95

14. Founded in 1755 by a group of laymen, the Academy and College of ________ was a completely secular institution. 96

15. Cotton Mather promoted the use of inoculation against the disease ________. 96

16. In England, a printed attack on a public official, whether true or false, was considered __. 96

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