Henle Latin Helps
Henle Latin
Semester 1
|WK |Grammar rule assigned from Blue Henle Grammar Book |
|1 |1, 6-36, 1018 |
|2 |34, 35, 37-39 |
|3 |45-64 |
|4 |45-64 |
|5 |65-66 |
|6 |69 |
|7 |72-76 |
|8 |77-78 |
|9 |142-162 |
|10 |142-164 |
|11 |165, 168, 171, 123, 346 |
|12 |124, 128-129, 479, 127 |
|13 |166, 169, 172 |
|14 |168, 170, 173, 346-348, 474, 477 |
|15 |174-176, 177-179, 180-185, 349 |
WEEK 1
No. 1. The Alphabet - The Latin alphabet has no w or y; otherwise it is the same as English
Division into Syllables.
No. 6 a. A single consonant goes with the following vowel. mā /ter; nau/ta; nō/men
No. 7 b. Two or more consonants are divided after the first. Por/ta; exer/citus; pul/chra.
No. 8 Note: But when a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f is followed by r or l, both consonants go with the following vowel. La/crima; a/grum; pa/trem; va/fra; locu/plēs
Accent:
No. 9 A) In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.
vía; béllum
No. 10 B) In words of more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable.
vid ē runt (accent on long e); ágmĭne
Quantity of Syllables:
No. 11 A) A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong.
reg ĕ re; glor ĭ a
No. 12 B) A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r, l).
studēre; regēndus
No. 13 Note: x and z each count as two consonants (cs and ds); h and the u in qu do not count as consonants.
Nouns
No. 14 – Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension
No. 15 – Gender – There are three genders in Latin: masculine, feminine, neuter
No. 16 – All nouns meaning individual male persons are masculine
No. 17 – All nouns meaning individual female persons are feminine.
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No. 18 – The gender of other nouns must be learned from their declension or from other vocabularies.
No. 19 – Number. There are two numbers in Latin: singular and plural
No. 20. The singular speaks of one: via, a road.
No. 21 – The plural speaks of more than one: viae, roads.
No. 22 – Case. There are six cases in Latin:
Nominative: The case of the Subject
Genitive – The case of the Possessor
Dative – the case of the indirect object; the 'to' or 'for' case
Accusative – the case of the Direct Object
Ablative – the 'by-with-from' case (used frequently with prepositions)
Vocative – the case of the Person Addressed.
No. 23 – Declension. Declension consists in adding the proper ENDINGS to the STEM to show the different genders, numbers, and cases.
No. 24. - Stem. The stem is found by dropping the ENDING of the GENITIVE SINGULAR.
Vi-ae, stem: vi-
No. 25. The Five Declensions . There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular.
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|-ae |ī |-is |-ūs |-eī |
|vi-ae |serv-ī |lēg-is |port-ūs |r-eī |
No. 26 How to decline a Noun. The nominative, genitive, and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.
No. 27:
Note: A) The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether it is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
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No. 28 B) The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in -us of the second declension: these have -e. Serv-e! Slave! Exceptions: Proper nouns in -ius and fiīius, son, have only -ī in the vocative singular. Vergilius, voc. Vergilī; fīlius, voc. Fīlī. The vocative singular of Deus, God, is Deus; the vocative masculine singular of meus is mī; fīlī mī! My son!
No. 29: C) The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.
No 30. D) Names of towns, and domus, home, and rūs, country, have another case – the locative – expressing place where. In singulars of the first and second declensions the locative is like the gentitive: Rōmae, at Rome. In all others it is like the ablative: Cathāgine (Carthāgō , Carthāginis), at Carthage. But rūs, country, has rūrī or rūre, in the country. See No. 915.
No 31: The First Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |terr-a |Land, the (a) land |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |terr-ae |Of the (a) land |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |terr-ae |To or for the (a) land |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |terr-am |The (a) land |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |terr-ā |By, with, from the (a) land | |
|Plural |Nominative |terr-ae |Lands, the lands |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |terr-ārum |Of the lands |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |terr-īs |To or for the lands |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |terr-ās |Lands, the lands |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |terr- īs |By, with, from the lands | |
Gender:
32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)
33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.
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No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |serv-us |The slave |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |serv-ī |Of the slave, the slave's |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |serv-ō |To or for the slave |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |serv-um |The slave |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |serv-ō |By, with, from the slave | |
|Plural |Nominative |serv-ī |The slaves |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |serv-ōrum |Of the slaves, the slaves' |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |serv-īs |To or for the slaves |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |serv-ōs |the slaves |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |serv-īs |By, with, from the slaves | |
No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine
No. 36: Note: Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in -ī. Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī .
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No 1018
Pronunciation
|The Roman System: Long |Short |
|ā as in father |a as in facility |
|ē as in they; (but without the faint i sound at the end) |e as in get |
|ī as in machine; |i as in fit; |
|ō as in no (but without the faint u sound at the end) |o as in obey |
|ū as in rule |u as in put |
|y (in borrowed Greek words like German u or French u. | |
Dipthongs:
ae like ai in aisle;
oe like oi in foil;
au like ou in out;
ei like ei in feign;
eu like ew in dew;
ui like we
Consonants:
Most of the consonants are pronounced as in English, but
c always as in cat; s always as in this;
g always as in gun; su as in suave;
ngu always as in unguent; t always as in tin;
qu as in quit; x always as in extra;
r as in three; z like dz in adze
j (consonantal i) like y in yet;
v (consonantal u) like w in well;
bs and bt like English ps and pt
Note: Double consonants are both pronounced but without a break, like the ll in English tailess. Thus bel-lum.
WEEK 2
No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |serv-us |The slave |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |serv-ī |Of the slave, the slave's |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |serv-ō |To or for the slave |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |serv-um |The slave |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |serv-ō |By, with, from the slave | |
|Plural |Nominative |serv-ī |The slaves |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |serv-ōrum |Of the slaves, the slaves' |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |serv-īs |To or for the slaves |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |serv-ōs |the slaves |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |serv-īs |By, with, from the slaves | |
No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine
No. 37: Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |bell-um |The war |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |bell-ī |Of the war |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |bell-ō |To or for the war |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |bell-um |The war |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |bell-ō |By, with, from the war | |
|Plural |Nominative |bell-ā |The wars |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |bell-ōrum |Of the wars |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |bell-īs |To or for the wars |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |bell-a |the wars |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |bell-īs |By, with, from the wars | |
No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.
No. 39: Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )
WEEK 3 & 4
No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.
No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier
No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.
No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 to 52. Thus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.
No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.
No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.
No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.
No. 52: Note: But masculine generally are words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis, in -es (itis) and -ex (icis); as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).
No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.
No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.
No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)
No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.
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Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension
No. 57: Masculine
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |lēx |The law |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |lēg-is |Of the law |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |lēg |To or for the law |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |lēg-em |The law |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |lēg-e |By, with, from the law | |
|Plural |Nominative |lēg-ēs |The laws |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |lēg-um |Of the laws |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |lēg-ibus |To or for the laws |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |lēg-ēs |the laws |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |lēg-ibus |By, with, from the laws | |
No. 58: Feminine
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |pars |The part |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |part-is |Of the part |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |part-ī |To or for the part |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |part-em |The part |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |part-e |By, with, from the part | |
|Plural |Nominative |part-ēs |The parts |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |part-ium |Of the parts |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |part-ibus |To or for the parts |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |part-ēs |the parts |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |part-ibus |By, with, from the parts | |
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3rd Declension Nouns
No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:
No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.
No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.
Exceptions:
No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).
No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)
No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |flūmen |The river |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |flūmin-is |Of the river |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |flūmin-ī |To or for the river |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |flūmen |The river |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |flūmin-e |By, with, from the river | |
|Plural |Nominative |flūmin-a |The rivers |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |flūmin-um |Of the rivers |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |flūmin-ibus |To or for the rivers |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |flūmin-a |the rivers |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |flūmin-ibus |By, with, from the rivers | |
All neuter nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like flūmen except the very few which end their nominative with -e, -al, -ar. These have - ī in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and accusative, plural, and -ium in the genitive plural. Thus, mare, maris has ablative singular mar- ī, nominative and accusative plural mar-ia, and genitive plural mar-ium.
WEEK 5
No. 65. The Fourth Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |port-us |The harbor |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |port-ūs |Of the harbor |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |port-uī |To or for the harbor |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |port-um |The harbor |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |port-ū |By, with, from the harbor | |
|Plural |Nominative |port-ūs |The harbors |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |port-uum |Of the harbors |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |port-ibus |To or for the harbors |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |port-ūs |the harbors |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |port-ibus |By, with, from the harbors | |
No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.
WEEK 6
No. 69: The Fifth Declension
| | |Form |Meaning |Use |
|Singular |Nominative |rēs |The thing |Subject |
|Singular |Genitive |r-eī |Of the thing |Possessive |
|Singular |Dative |r-eī |To or for thing |Indirect object |
|Singular |Accusative |r-em |The thing |Direct object |
|Singular |Ablative |r-ē |By, with, from the thing | |
|Plural |Nominative |r-ēs |The things |Subject |
|Plural |Genitive |r-ērum |Of the things |Possessive |
|Plural |Dative |r-ēbus |To or for the things |Indirect object |
|Plural |Accusative |r-ēs |the things |Direct object |
|Plural |Ablative |r-ēbus |By, with, from the things | |
WEEK 7
No. 72: Adjectives in -us of the First and Second Declensions
| | |Masculine |Feminine |Neuter |
| | |like servus |like porta |like bellum |
|Singular |Nominative |magn-us |magn-a |magn-um |
|Singular |Genitive |magn-ī |magn-ae |magn-ī |
|Singular |Dative |magn-ō |magn-ae |magn-ō |
|Singular |Accusative |magn-um |magn-am |magn-um |
|Singular |Ablative |magn-ō |magn-ā |magn-ō |
|Plural |Nominative |magn-ī |magn-ae |magn-a |
|Plural |Genitive |magn-ōrum |magn-ārum |magn-ōrum |
|Plural |Dative |magn-īs |magn-īs |magn-īs |
|Plural |Accusative |magn-ōs |magn-ās |magn-ā |
|Plural |Ablative |magn-īs |magn-īs |magn-īs |
No. 73: How to decline an Adjective.
1. Learn the nominative and genitive(1) from the vocabularies
2. These show what model the adjective follows.
3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.
(1) The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clear from the nominative, as in magnus, a, um (stem, magn-)
No. 74: Adjectives in -er of the First and Second Declensions.
There are two other kinds of adjectives in the first and second declensions:
miser, miser-a, miser-um (stem, miser), wreteched.
integer, integr-a, integr-um (stem, integr-), fresh.
These adjectives have the same endings as magnus except in the nominative singular masculine (miser, integer)
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No. 75
| | |Masculine |Feminine |Neuter |
| | |like puer |like porta |like bellum |
|Singular |Nominative |MISER |miser-a |miser-um |
|Singular |Genitive |miser-ī |miser-ae |miser-ī |
|Singular |Dative |miser-ō |miser-ae |miser-ō |
|Singular |Accusative |miser-um |miser-am |miser-um |
|Singular |Ablative |miser-ō |miser-ā |miser-ō |
|Plural |Nominative |miser-ī |miser-ae |miser-a |
|Plural |Genitive |miser-ōrum |miser-ārum |miser-ōrum |
|Plural |Dative |miser-īs |miser-īs |miser-īs |
|Plural |Accusative |miser-ōs |miser-ās |miser-a |
|Plural |Ablative |miser-īs |miser-īs |miser-īs |
No. 76:
| | |Masculine |Feminine |Neuter |
| | |like ager |like porta |like bellum |
|Singular |Nominative |INTEGER |integr-a |integr-um |
|Singular |Genitive |integr-ī |integr-ae |integr-ī |
|Singular |Dative |integr-ō |integr-ae |integr-ō |
|Singular |Accusative |integr-um |integr-am |integr-um |
|Singular |Ablative |integr-ō |integr-ā |integr-ō |
|Plural |Nominative |integr-ī |integr-ae |integr-a |
|Plural |Genitive |integr-ōrum |integr-ārum |integr-ōrum |
|Plural |Dative |integr-īs |integr-īs |integr-īs |
|Plural |Accusative |integr-ōs |integr-ās |integr-a |
|Plural |Ablative |integr-īs |integr-īs |integr-īs |
WEEK 8
No 77: Adjectives in -is, is, -e of the 3rd Declension.
The most important kind of adjectives in the 3rd declension has -is, us, -e in the nominative.
Gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious is declined thus:
No. 78
| | |Masculine |Feminine |Neuter |
|Singular |Nominative |grav-is |grav-is |grav-e |
|Singular |Genitive |grav-is |grav-is |grav-is |
|Singular |Dative |grav-ī |grav-ī |grav-ī |
|Singular |Accusative |grav-em |grav-em |grav-e |
|Singular |Ablative |grav-ī |grav-ī |grav-ī |
|Plural |Nominative |grav-ēs |grav-ēs |grav-ia |
|Plural |Genitive |grav-ium |grav-ium |grav-ium |
|Plural |Dative |grav-ibus |grav-ibus |grav-ibus |
|Plural |Accusative |grav-ēs |grav-ēs |grav-ia |
|Plural |Ablative |grav-ibus |grav-ibus |grav-ibus |
WEEK 9
VERBS
No. 142 Verbs have voice, mood, tense, number, and person.
No. 143 Voice. There are two voices: active and passive
No. 144 a. The active represents the subject as acting or being.
Lēgātum laudō.
I praise the envoy.
No. 145 b. The passive represent the subject as acted upon.
Laudor.
I am praised.
No. 146. Mood(1) - There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
No. 147. Tense (1) - There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
(1) The meanings and uses of the moods and tenses must be learned from syntax.
No. 148. Number. There are two numbers: singular and plural.
No. 149 Person. There are three persons:
First (the one speaking - I, we)
Second (the one spoken to - you).
Third (the one spoken of - he, she, it, they)
No. 150 Conjugation consists in adding the proper endings to the proper stem to show the different voices, moods, tenses, numbers and persons.
No. 151 - The Four Conjugations. There are four conjugations in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the present infinitive active.
|1 |2 |3 |4 |
| -āre |-ēre |-ere |-īre |
|laud-āre |mon-ēre |mitt-ere |aud-īre |
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No. 152 Principal Parts. There are four parts of the verb called principal parts because all the others are formed on them or on their stems. These parts are:
| |1 |2 |3 |4 |
|Pres. ind. act. |laud-ō |mon-eō |mitt-ō |aud-iō |
|Pres. infin. act. |laud-āre |mon-ēre |mitt-ere |aud-īre |
|Perf. ind. act. |laudāv-ī |monu-ī |mīs-ī |audīv-ī |
|Perf. part. pass. |laudāt-us(1) |monit-us(1) |miss-us (1) |audīt-us(1) |
(1) The perfect participle passive is given in the masculine in all verbes that use it in all genders; otherwise it is given in the neuter (e.g. in intranstive verbs.) Some verbs have no perfect participle passive; the future participle active is then given as the fourth principal part (e.g. haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesūrus, 2, intr., 'cling')
No. 153 The present stem is found by dropping the ending of the present infintive active. On this stem are formed: all present, imperfect, and future tenses; (1) the gerund and the gerundive.
laud-āre laud-
monēre mon-
mittere mitt-
aud-īre aud-
(1) Except the future participle active and future infinitive passive (see No. 156 and 158)
No. 154 The perfect stem is found by dropping the ending of the perfect indicative. On this stem are formed; all perfect, pluperfect, future perfect tenses active.
laudāvī laudāv-
monuī monu-
mīsī mīs-
audīvī audīv-
No. 155 The perfect participle passive is used with forms of the verb esse to form the perfect, pluperfect, future perfect tenses passive.
laudātus laudātus sum, etc.
monitus monitus sum, etc.
missus missus sum, etc.
audītus audītus sum, etc.
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Other uses of the perfect participle passive:
No. 156 1 The future participle active is formed by changing the -us of the perfect participle passive to -ūrus.
No. 157 2. The supines are formed by changing the -us of the perfect participle passive to -um or to -ū
No. 158 3. The future infinitive passive is formed on this stem by using the supine in -um with īrī as a separate word,
|Perf. Part. Pass. |Fut. Part. Act. |Supines |Supines |Fut. Inf. Pass |
|laudātus |laudāt-ūrus |laudāt-um |laudāt-ū |laudātum īrī |
|monitus |monit-ūrus |monit-um |monit-ū |monitum īrī |
|missus |miss-ūrus |miss-um |miss-ū |missum īrī |
|audītus |audīt-ūrus |audīt-um |audīt-ū |audītum īrī |
No. 159 How to Conjugate.
1. The principal parts must be learned from the vocabularies.(1)
2. The present infinitive shows to which conjugation the verb belongs.
3. Find the required stems according to the rules given above.
4. Add the endings of the proper conjugation to the stem.
(1) But many verbs of the first, second, and fourth conjugations form their principal parts just like laudō, moneō, audiō. These will be written in the vocabularies: pācō, 1, tr. 'pacify'. etc. The principal parts of the third conjugation, however, will always be written out.
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THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS
Model Verbs
Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus, 1, tr., praise
Moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus, 2, tr., advise
Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus, 3, tr., send
Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, 4, tr., hear
ACTIVE VOICE
No. 160 Personal Signs of the Active
| |Singular |Plural |
|First |(I) -ō or -m |(we) -mus |
|Second |(you) -s |(you) -tis |
|Third |(he, she, it) -t |(they) -nt |
No 161 Exceptions: First and second person singular perfect indicative: laudāv-ī and laudāv-istī
Active Voice – Indicative Mood
No 162: Present Tense (present stem)
Singular - 1. laud-ō - I praise, I am praising, I do praise
2. laud-ās - you praise, you are praising, you do praise
3. laud-at – he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising; he, she it does praise
Plural - 1. laud-āmus - we praise, we am praising, we do praise
2. laud-ātis -you praise, you are praising, you do praise
3. laud-ant – they praise, they are praising, they do praise
WEEK 10
WEEK 9 No. 142 - 162 plus 163 - 164
Active Voice – Indicative Mood
No 163: Imperfect Tense (present stem)
Singular - 1. laud-ābam - I was praising
2. laud-ābas - you were praising
3. laud-ābat – he, she, it were praising
Plural - 1. laud-ābāmus - we were praising
2. laud-ābātis - you were praising
3. laud-ābant – they were praising
No 164: Future Tense (present stem)
Singular - 1. laud-ābō - I will praise (he, she, it will be praising)
2. laud-ābis- you will praise (he, she, it will be praising)
3. laud-ābit– he, she, it will praise (he, she, it will be praising)
Plural - 1. laud-ābimus - we will praise (we will be praising)
2. laud-ābitis - you will praise (you will be praising)
3. laud-ābunt – they will praise (they will be praising)
WEEK 11
No: 165 : Present Tense (present stem) : I advise
mon-eō – I advise, I am advising, I do advise
mon-ēs - You advise, You are advising, You do advise
mon-et - he, she, it advises; he, she, it is advising; he, she it does advise
mon-ēmus – we advise, we are advising, we do advise
mon-ētis - You advise, You are advising, You do advise
mon-ent – they advise, they are advising, they do advise
No: 168 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was advising
mon-ēbam- I was advising
mon-ēbas - you were advising
mon-ēbat – he, she, it was advising
mon-ēbāmus – we were advising
mon-ēbātis – you were advising
mon-ēbant – they were advising
No. 171: Future Tense (present stem): I shall advise
mon-ēbō – I shall advise (you shall be advising)
mon-ēbis – you will advise (you will be advising)
mon-ēbit – he, she, it will advise (he, she, it will be advising)
mon-ēbimus – we shall advise (we shall be advising)
mon-ēbitis – you will advise (you will be advising)
mon-ēbunt – they will advise (they will be advising)
S1W11
No. 123:
First Person
| | | | | |
|Singular |Nominative |ego |I | |
|Singular |Genitive |mei |of me |of myself |
|Singular |Dative |mihi |to me |to myself |
|Singular |Accusative |me |me |myself |
|Singular |Ablative |me |(by, etc.) me |(by, etc. ) myself |
|Plural |Nominative |nos |we | |
|Plural |Genitive |nostri |of us |of ourselves |
| | |nostrum | | |
|Plural |Dative |nobis |to us |to ourselves |
|Plural |Accusative |nos |us |ourselves |
|Plural |Ablative |nobis |(by, etc.) us |(by, etc.) ourselves |
Footnotes:
mē - Mēcum, tēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum are used for cum, mē, etc.
Nostrī and vestrī are objective genitives only (see No. 684)
Nostrum and vestrum are used as partitive genitives (See no. 686)
SUM, ESSE, FUI, FUTURUS, intr., am, be
No. 346 – Indicative Present
Singular - sum – I am
es – you are
est – he, she, it, is
Plural - sumus - we are
estis – you are
sunt – they are
WEEK 12
No. 124
2nd Person Pronouns
| | | | | |
|Singular |Nominative |tū |you | |
|Singular |Genitive |tuī |of you |of yourself |
|Singular |Dative |tibi |to you |to yourself |
|Singular |Accusative |tē |you |yourself |
|Singular |Ablative |tē |(by, etc.) you |(by, etc. ) yourself |
|Plural |Nominative |vōs |you | |
|Plural |Genitive |vestrī |of you |of yourselves |
| | |vestrum | | |
|Plural |Dative |vōbis |to you |to yourselves |
|Plural |Accusative |vōs |you |yourselves |
|Plural |Ablative |vōbis |(by, etc.) you |(by, etc.) yourselves |
Footnotes:
mē - Mēcum, tēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum are used for cum, mē, etc.
Nostrī and vestrī are objective genitives only (see No. 684)
Nostrum and vestrum are used as partitive genitives (See no. 686)
Personal Pronouns of the 3rd Person
No. 127 a) Reflexive
Nom. …........... …..............
Gen suī of himself, herself, itself, themselves
Dat. sibi to himself, herself, itself, themselves
Acc sē (sēsē) himself, herself, itself, themselves
Abl sē (sēsē) (by, etc.) himself, herself, itself, themselves
S1W12
No. 128 B. Non-reflexive
| | |Masc | |Fem | |Neuter | |
|Sing |Nom |is |he |ea |she |id |it |
|Sing |Gen |ējus |of him |ējus |of her |ējus |of it |
| | | |his | |her | |its |
|Sing |Dat |eī |to or for him|eī |to or for her |eī |to or for it |
|Sing |Acc |eum |him |eam |her |id |it |
|Sing |Abl. |eō |(by, etc) him|eā |(by, etc) her |eō |(by, etc) it |
|Pl |Nom |eī |they |eae |they |ea |they (those things) |
|Pl |Gen |eōrum |of them |eārum |of them |eōrum |of them |
| | | |their | |their | |their |
|Pl |Dat |eīs |to or for |eīs |to or for them|eīs |to or for them |
| | | |them | | | | |
|Pl |Acc |eōs |them |eās |them |ea |them (those things) |
|Pl |Abl. |eīs |(by, etc) |eīs |(by, etc) them|eīs |(by, etc) them |
| | | |them | | | | |
No. 129 Note: 1. The meanings given for the masculine and feminine of is, ea, id hold only when the pronouns refers to PERSONS. Otherwise all forms are translated as in the neuter.
Urbem cēpit. Posteā eam incendit. He took the city,. Afterwards, he burned it.
No 479
A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers, in gender and number; its case depends on its use in its own clause.
Roma est magna urbs. Vidistine eam? Eam agrees with Roma.
Rome is a large city. Have you seen it?
Contra Germanos exercitum duxit. Hi sunt fortes. Hi agrees with Germanos.
He led his army against the Germans. These are brave.
Maria quam laudamus Mater Dei est. quam agrees with Maria
Mary, whom we praise, is the Mother of God.
WEEK 13
Active Voice – Indicative Mood
No: 166 : Present Tense (present stem) : I send
mitt-eō – I send, I am sending, I do send
mitt-is – you send, you are sending, you do send
mitt-it – he, she, it sends; he, she, it is sending; he, she, it does send
mitt-imus – we send, we are sending, we do send
mitt-itis – you send, you are sending, you do send
mitt-unt – they send, they are sending, they do send
No: 169 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was sending
mitt-ēbam – I was sending
mitt-ēbās – you were sending
mitt-ēbat – he, she, it was sending
mitt-ēbāmus – we were sending
mitt-ēbātis – you were sending
mitt-ēbant – they were sending
No. 172: Future Tense (present stem): I shall send
mitt-am – I shall send (I shall be sending)
mitt-ēs – you will send (you will be sending)
mitt-et – he, she, it will send (he, she, it will be sending)
mitt-ēmus – we shall send (we shall be sending)
mitt-ētis – you will send (you will be sending)
mitt-ent – they will send (they will be sending)
WEEK 14
Active Voice – Indicative Mood
No: 167 : Present Tense (present stem) : I hear
aud-iō - I hear, I am hearing, I do hear
aud- īs – you hear, you are hearing, you do hear
aud-it – he, she, it hears; he, she, it is hearing; he, she it, does hear
aud- īmus – we hear, we are hearing, we do hear
aud- ītis - you hear, you are hearing, you do hear
aud-iunt – they hear, they are hearing, they do hear
No: 170 : Imperfect Tense (present stem) : I was hearing
aud-iēbam – I was hearing
aud-iēbās – you were hearing
aud-iēbat – he, she, it was hearing
aud-iēbāmus – we were hearing
aud-iēbātis – you were hearing
aud-iēbant -they were hearing
No. 173: Future Tense (present stem): I shall send
aud-iam – I shall hear (I shall be hearing)
aud-iēs – you will hear ( you will be hearing)
aud-iet – he, she, it will hear ( he, she, it will be hearing)
aud-iēmus – we shall hear (we shall be hearing)
aud-iētis – you will hear (you will be hearing)
aud-ient – they will hear (they will be hearing)
S1W14
SUM, ESSE, FUI, FUTURUS, intr., am, be
No. 346 – Indicative Present
Singular - sum – I am
es – you are
est – he, she, it, is
Plural - sumus - we are
estis – you are
sunt – they are
No. 347 – Indicative Imperfect
Singular – eram - I was
erās – you were
erat – he, she, it was
Plural – erāmus – we were
erātis – you were
erant – they were
No. 348 – Indicative Future
Singular - erō – I shall be
eris – you will be
erit – he, she, it will be
Plural - erimus – we shall be
eritis – you will be
erunt – they will be
No. 474 - A predicate adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case
Vīta brevis est.
Life is short.
No. 477 - An attributive adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number and case.
Mīles fortis pugnat.
The brave soldier fights.
WEEK 15
No 174
Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem)
Singular – 1. laudāv-ī - I praised ( I have praised)
2. laudāv-istī - you praised ( you have praised)
3. laudāv-īt - he, she, it praised ( he, she, it has praised)
Plural - 1. laudāv-imus - we praised ( we have praised)
2. laudāv-istis you praised ( you have praised)
3. laudāv-ērunt – they praised (they have praised)
No 175
Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)
Singular – 1. laudāv-eram - I had praised
2. laudāv-erās - you had praised
3. laudāv-erat - he, she, it had praised
Plural - 1. laudāv-erāmus - we had praised
2. laudāv-erātis - you had praised
3. laudāv-erant – they had praised
No 176
Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem)
Singular – 1. laudāv-erō - I shall have praised
2. laudāv-eris - you will have praised
3. laudāv-erit - he, she, it will have praised
Plural - 1. laudāv-erimus - we shall have praised
2. laudāv-eritis - you will have praised
3. laudāv-erint – they will have praised
No 177
Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem)
Singular – 1. monu-ī - I advised (I have advised)
2. monu-istī - you advised ( you have advised)
3. monu-īt - he, she, it advised (he, she, it has advised)
Plural - 1. monu-imus - we advised ( we have advised)
2. monu-istis - you advised (you have advised)
3. monu-ērunt – they advised (they have advised)
S1W15
No 178
Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem)
Singular – 1. mīs -ī - I sent ( I have sent)
2. mīs-istī - you sent ( you have sent)
3. mīs -īt - he, she, it sent ( he, she, it has sent)
Plural - 1. mīs-imus - we sent ( we have sent)
2. mīs-istis - you sent ( you have sent)
3. mīs-ērunt – they sent (they have sent)
No 179
Indicative Mood – Perfect Tense (Present Stem)
Singular – 1. audīv-ī - I heard ( I have heard)
2. audīv-istī - you heard ( you have heard)
3. audīv-īt - he, she, it heard ( he, she, it has heard)
Plural - 1. audīv-imus - we heard ( we have heard)
2. audīv-istis - you heard ( you have heard)
3. audīv-ērunt – they heard (they have heard)
No 180
Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)
Singular – 1. monu-eram - I had advised
2. monu-erās - you had advised
3. monu-erat - he, she, it had advised
Plural - 1. monu-erāmus - we had advised
2. monu-erātis - you had advised
3. monu-erant– they had advised
No 181
Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)
Singular – 1. mīs -eram - I had sent
2. mīs-erās - you had sent
3. mīs -erat - he, she, it had sent
Plural - 1. mīs-erāmus - we had sent
2. mīs-erātis - you had sent
3. mīs-erant – they had sent
S1W15
No 182
Indicative Mood – Pluperfect Tense (Perfect Stem and the imperfect of sum)
Singular – 1. audīv-eram - I had heard
2. audīv-erās - you had heard
3. audīv-erat - he, she, it had heard
Plural - 1. audīv-erāmus - we had heard
2. audīv-erātis - you had heard
3. audīv-erant – they had heard
No 183
Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem)
Singular – 1. monu-erō - I shall have advised
2. monu-eris - you will have advised
3. monu-erit - he, she, it will have advised
Plural - 1. monu-erimus - we shall have advised
2. monu-eritis - you will have advised
3. monu-erint– they will have advised
No 184
Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem)
Singular – 1. mīs -erō - I shall have sent
2. mīs-eris - you will have sent
3. mīs -erit - he, she, it will have sent
Plural - 1. mīs-erimus - we shall have sent
2. mīs-eritis - you will have sent
3. mīs-erint – they will have sent
No 185
Indicative Mood – Future Perfect Stem (Perfect Stem)
Singular – 1. audīv-erō - I shall have heard
2. audīv-eris - you will have heard
3. audīv -erat - he, she, it will have heard
Plural - 1. audīv-erimus - we shall have heard
2. audīv-eritis - you will have heard
3. audīv-erint – they will have heard
S1W15
No. 349
Indicative Perfect
Singular – 1. fu-ī - I have been, I was
2. fu-istī - you have been, you were
3. fu-īt - he, she, it has been; he, she it was
Plural - 1. fu-imus - we have been, we were
2. fu-istis - you have been, you were
3. fu-ērunt – they have been, they were
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