הסדרת מקצוע ייעוץ הנישואין בעולם – סקירה משווה



4908550-34290000342900534670????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????- ????? ????? -00????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????- ????? ????? -45720035128200001955165?????: ??"? ????? ???, ????? (????? ????? ?????) ?"? ???????? ???"?29 ??????? 201600?????: ??"? ????? ???, ????? (????? ????? ?????) ?"? ???????? ???"?29 ??????? 201601085850?????: ??"? ??? ?????00?????: ??"? ??? ?????02625090???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????00???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????"?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????-?????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? , ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????: ???"?, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???-????, ???????, ?????, ???????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ????, ???????, ????, ???????, ??????, ?'???, ???? ??????.?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 50 ??????? ?? ???"? ????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???'??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ??? "????? ??????? ??????" (Marriage and Family Therapy) ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ???????.???"? - ????????"?, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?-Marriage and Family Therapy ??? 50 ??????? ?? ???"? ?????? ????????.????? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ?-American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), ??? ???? ???? 1942 ????? ????? 26,000 ?????.?-AAMFT ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.???? ?????? ?? ?-AAMFT ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????, ???? ??????.???? ?????? ?? ?-AAMFT ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????.??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?-AAMFT ?? ?????? ??????.???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????: ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.???? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ????? ???-?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??-???. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?????.???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?-AAMFT, ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????.?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.????? ?-AAMFT, ???? ?????-?? ???-???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?-Association of Marital and Family Regualtory Boards (AMFTRB).?-AMFTRB ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.?? ??????? ????"? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????.?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.????? ??? – ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????-???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? "??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???-????", ?-Board of Regents, ??? ???? ???? 1784, ??????? "????? ?????? ???????" (Office of the Professions).????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?-50 ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????.?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????.????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (Mental Health Practitioners), ??? ?? "????? ????? ??????", "????? ?????? ????" ??????????????.?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???-????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? "???? ??????? ??????" ?????? ?????.???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? 1,500 ????-???? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.???? 2015 ??? ?????? ????-???? 1,106 ????? ??????? ??????, ???? 116 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???.?-Office of the Professions, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??: ?????, ??? ?? 10,000$ ??? ????, ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????.?????? - ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? "????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????" – ?-European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD). ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ????, ???????, ????, ???????, ??????, ?'???, ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????.?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???'??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????.???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????, ???????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????.???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?-European Family Therapy Association (EFTA), ??? ???? ???? 1990, ????? ????? 29 ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????? "????? ???? ?????? ?????", ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? "???? ???? ?????". ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????.??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????, ??????????, ???????, ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.?'?????'???, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????-???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??'???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? "????? ??????? ?????????".???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??. ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????.?????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? "?????? ??????? ????????", The Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice in the United Kingdom (AFT)). ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ??????, ????, ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1979, ?-Journal of Family Therapy. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? "??????????? ?????? ???????". ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?-United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP), ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??. ?-UKCP ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-UKCP ?? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?-UKCP ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?-Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA), ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????.???? ?-PSA ?-UKCP ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?-PSA, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ???? 19 ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?-UKCP, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ???? ?-British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). ?-AFT ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ?????????.???? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?-UKCP.?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-AFT ??????:????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (continuing professional development).????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????.????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????.????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ??????, ????? ?? ?????.????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???.???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???.?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? "?????????? ???????" (helath-care psychologist) ??????????????.???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?-Nederlandse Vereniging voor Relatie en Gezinstherapie (NVRG) (?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????). ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? "????" ????? ??????? ????? "???? ?????".???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????.?-NVRG ???? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?-NVRG ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????.???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??: ?????, ?????, ?????, ????? ?????? ??????.?????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????.????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????, ???? ????????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????? ???????.????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (médiateur social). ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? 2003 ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? 1976. ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????.???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???.?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??, ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????, ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????.????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????? 50 ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? 120 ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? 200 ???? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????.????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????.??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????, ??? ????, ?????? ???? ????????????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? "??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????". ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????.?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????.?? ????? ???-????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.??????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.????? ??????? ????, ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???.?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 16, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 16 ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????-???? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.??????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????: ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????.??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.??????????.?????????.????? ???.????? ??????? ???????.???????????, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ?? ????? ??, ?? ??? ????????????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???.????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? "???? ???????".????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???-???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???-???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????-???????.????? ???, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????-?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????.????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? "???? ???????".???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????????, ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ?? ?? ????? "???????????" ???? ???? ??? ??????.??? ?????? ????? "????????", ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????, ??????? ??????.?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????.???? 2004 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????.?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???.?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??????????, ?????????????, ?????, ??????. ??? - ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? - ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? - ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????-??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.????? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ????: ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??. ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????.????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????.????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???: ????? ????? (search goods), ????? ?????? (experience goods) ?????? ???? (credence goods). ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????.??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? "???? ??????" ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.????? ?????? (Adverse Selection): ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? "???????", ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? "?????? ???????". ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? "???????".????? ????? (Moral Hazard): ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????-???? ?????????? ???? ?????.?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? "???????". ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????.???????????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ??, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????. ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????.????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? "????? ?????", ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????.???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????.?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????: ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.?? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ????, ???? 2006 29% ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? 4.5% ???? 1950, ?-20% ???? 2000. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ??, ??? ????: ?????, ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????, ????"? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.????? ?????????"? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? - Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT), ???? ???????? ??? ????????. ??? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???-???? ????? ?? ??????? ???, The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). ?? ?? ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ?????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????????, ??????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????.????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????: ??????, ??? ?????, ???? ????-???, ????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (Primary Relationship Networks) ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.?? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????: ????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ??????, ??????????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????.??? ??? 1970 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????"? ?? 50, ??????? ?????? ???? ?-237 ?????? ???? 1960 ????? ?-26,000 ????. ????? ???????? ??????? ????"? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????"? ???? ???????. ???? 1986 ????? ?? ?? ?? 11 ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 50 ??????? ?? ???"? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?-20 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?-AMFTRB?????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????"?. ????? ???, ???? ?????-?? ???-???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, The Association of Marital and Family Therapy Regulatory Boards (AMFTRB). ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?-50 ???????? ?? ???"? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????; ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????; ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????, ????????? ???????; ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???-???? ??????? ????? ?????, The Marriage and Family Therapy National Exam, ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ?-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????"?, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????.???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???-????. ???-?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???-???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ?-New York State Education Department (NYSED), ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?-Office of the Professions. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? "??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???-????", ?-Board of Regents (BOR) of the University of the State of New York (USNY), ??? ???? ???? 1784 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????', ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.?-BOR ????? ?-17 ?????, 13 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??? ????. ???? ?-BOR ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?-BOR ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???-????, ?-Commissioner of Education, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?-USNY. ?-BOR ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ????.?-USNY ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????"?. ???? ?????? ?? 800,000 ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?-30,000 ??????? ????????, ???? ?-USNY ??????? ????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????: ???? ?-7000 ??? ??? ??????? ?????????, 248 ?????? ?????? ?????, 250 ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?-7000 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???-????, 750 ?????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???-????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, 25 ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? 7 ????? ????????. ?-USNY ?? ????? ?-240,000 ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????.??? ??? 1891, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-50 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???-??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???-????.????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????: ??????????, ??????, ?????, ?????????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???-????. ????? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???-????. ????? ?? ?????: ?????, ???????????, ????? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?-BOR ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? (honorarium) ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????. 29 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (Mental Health Practitioners), ??? ?? "????? ???????? ?????", "????? ?????? ????" ??????????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?-16 ?????, ????? ??? ??-?????, ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?-BOR ?????? ?????.?-Office of the Professions ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ???? ???? 2015 ??? ????-???? 1,106 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? 116 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???.?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???-???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? "???? ??????? ??????", ???? ????? ????? ?? ????:????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????, ??????????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ?????, ????? ?? ???.?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (mental health counselling), ???????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???.?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (ailments) ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???.?????? ????-????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? (dysfunctions) ??????? (disorders), ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??:????: ???? ???? ?????.?????: ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???-????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?-Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE), ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????:??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????.?????????????.????? ??????? ??????.???? ?????.????.????? ???????.???????? ?? 300 ????-???? ?????.??????:???? ????? 1500 ????-???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???.????:???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????.???:?? 21 ?????.????:??? ??? ?????? ????? (good moral character).????:????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 175$, ????? ????? ?? 170$ ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????.????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?-Office of the Professions ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???, ?-Professional Misconduct Enforcement System. ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?-Office of the Professions ?? ????? ?????? ??????.????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?-Office of the Professions.??????? ??????? ????? ?????:????? ?????? ??? ????-?????? ??????? ????? (gross incompetence) ?? ?????? ????? (gross negligence).???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???? (creed), ??? ?? ???? ?????.????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.????? ???? ???? ??? ?????.????? ?????? ??????.????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????.??????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????.????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????.????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????.????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????.???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?-BOR ???? ??????? ????? ??????:?????.???, ?? 10,000$ ??? ????.?????.????? ??????.????? ??????, ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?-AAMFT?????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????"?, The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), ??? ???? ???? 1942, ???? ????? 26,000 ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????'????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???"?. ????? ???????? ????"?, ?????? ?-AAMFT ?????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? ???? ????, ?-Canadian Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (CAMFT), ??? ???? ???? 1995, ?????? ?????? ??????? - ????????, ??????, ???????, ????'???, ????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????"? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? 58$ ?????????, ??? 201$ ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ??? 38$ ?????'???? ??????? ?-187$ ????????, ???? ????? ????.??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? 1975 ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??, ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???, ??????? ?-AAMFT Political Action Committee (PAC).?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ???, ?-Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE), ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????"?, ?-Council for Higher Education Accreditation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– ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??, ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?-AAMFT, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??"? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??.???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??-????? ???-???, ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???.?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ?-AAMFT ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?-AAMFT ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?-AAMFT. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????.???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????:?????? ?????? ????? ????? (cease and desist).???? ????? (censure).???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????.???? ????? ?????? ??????.?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????.????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?????.???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????.????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??.?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????.?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.?? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? 15 ???, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? "????? ???????" – ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??"? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????.?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???-?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??-???. ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? 90 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??"? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????, ????? 30 ??? ???? ???? ?????,, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??, ??? ????:????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????.?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??????.???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???.?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ???-???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????, ????? 30 ??? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ????. ??"? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??????????.????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 45 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 30 ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 30 ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?-AAMFT. ????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 15 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????.??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??. ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? 30 ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ??-????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ????, ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????.???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??.?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????.????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? "????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????", ?-European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD). ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????:??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??: ???????, ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ????, ???????, ????, ???????, ??????, ?'???, ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??'???. ????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????, ???????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????.?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?-European Family Therapy Association (EFTA), ??? ???? ???? 1990, ????? ????? 29 ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? 2010 ??? ?-EFTA ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??, ?? ????? 13 ?????. ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ????, ??????? ?????:???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?-EFTA ????? ???? ?????.?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????.???????????????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? "??? ????? ????????" ??????? (Gewerbeordnung), ??? ???? ???? 1994 ????? ???????? ?? "????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????", ?-Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Forschung und Wissenschaft (BMWFW). ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?-82 ???????, ??????? "????? ???? ?????? ?????" (Lebens- und Sozialberatung).???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (Gewerbeberechtigung) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? (Pers?nlichkeitsproblemen), ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????????, ????? ????????? (Berufsproblemen) ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ?????, ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? (Psychotherapiegesetz), ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????.??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????. ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (Diplomabschluss) ??????? (Trainerausbildung) ??????? ??????? ??????.??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? "???? ???? ?????" (Diplom-Lebensberater). ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? (Genehmigung) ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? (Fachverband des Allgemeinen Gewerbes eingerichtete Zertifizierungsstelle). ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.??? ??????:??????? ???????? ??????.?????? ????? ??????.????????? ????? ??????? ??????.???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????.?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?-Wirtschaftskammer ?sterreich (WKO). ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?-WKO (Personenberatrung und Personenbetreuung) ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????.???? 1974 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? "???? ?????? ????? ??????" (Familienberatungsf?rderungsgesetz). ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? "????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????", ?-Bundesministerium für Familie und Jugend (BMFJ). ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? (Die Beratung mu? zum Gegenstand haben) ????:?????? ????? ?????.?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????.????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? (Die Beratung soll weiters zum Gegenstand haben):?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????.????? ?????? ???????.?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.????? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????:?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????.??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? (Jugend- und Familiensoziologen).?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.?'?????'???, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????????, ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????-???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??'???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?'???. ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?'???, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? (??? ????). ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? "????? ??????? ?????????". ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????, "????? ????? ???????? ???????", ?-Asociace Man?elsk?ch a Rodinn?ch Poradc? ?R, o.s. (AMRP). ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?????, "???? ??????? ??????" ?????? ????? "???? ??????? ?????? ?????" ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 500 ??????? ?'????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??. ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????-????. ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? "?????? ??????? ????????", The Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice in the United Kingdom (AFT). ?????? ???? ?????? ???? (Charity) ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? 25 ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.?-AFT ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????: ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????; ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????; ???? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????; ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1979, ?-Journal of Family Therapy.?? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????:????? ??????.?????? ????.????? ??????????.?????.???? ?????.?????, ???????, ????? ??????.????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.?????? ??????.?????? ??????.??????? ?????.??????.???? ??????.???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????: ??? ????? ?????? (Foundation Level), ??? ????? ??????? (Intermediate Level) ???? ????? ???? ?"??????????? ?????? ???????" (Qualifying Level as a Family and Systemic Psychotherapist). ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? (Approved Supervisor).?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?-United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP), ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???: ??????????? ?????? ??????? (Family and Systemic Psychotherapist), ??????????? ?????? ????? (Family and Couple Psychotherapist), ??????????? ?????? (Family Psychotherapist), ???? ?????? (Family Therapist) ?? ??????????? ?????? (Systemic Psychotherapist). ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?-UKCP. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??.?-UKCP ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?-7,800 ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? 70 ??????? ???????? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? (Colleges). ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?-UKCP ??? ???????, ?-AFT ??-Institute of Family Therapy (IFT), ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.?-UKCP ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-UKCP ?? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (General Medicine Council - GMC) ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (Health and Care Professions Council - HCPC).?-UKCP ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?-Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA), ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2012, ??????? ?? ?-Council for Healthcare Regualtory Excellence (CHRE). ?-PSA ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?-PSA ??????: ?????, ????? ??????, ???????, ??????????, ?????????, ???????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ???-???????, ?????????? ?????? ????????), ????? ????????.???? ?-PSA ?-UKCP ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?-PSA, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ???? 19 ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?-UKCP, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ???? ?-British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP).????? ????????????, ?-AFT ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ?????????. ???? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ?-UKCP.???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (continuing professional development ), ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? '????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????'. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????.?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????.?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ??????, ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????, ?????, ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???.???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??, ??? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????.?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (Information Commissioner's Office - ICO), ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ?-Data Protection Act (DPA).?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??.?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (actively discourage) ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????.???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?-Wet op de Beroepen in de Individuele Gezondheidszorg (Wet BIG) ("??? ??????? ?????? ????"). ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?-BIG, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.???? ???? ??????? 1993. ????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??: ??????, ??????, ????????????, ?????-??????, ???????, ?????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? - "?????????? ???????" (helath-care psychologist) ??????????????.????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 2012. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Helthcare Inspectorate) ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????:??? ????, ?? 4,500 ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????.????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.?????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????.????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????.????? ?? ??????, ?? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 10 ????.????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Relatie en Gezinstherapie (NVRG) (?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????). ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? "????" ????? ??????? ????? "???? ?????".???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??:???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.????? ????? ???? ???????.???? ???? ?????? ?????.???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??:???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.????? ????? ????? ???? ???????.?????? ?????? ????? ?????.?-NVRG ???? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?-NVRG ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?-BIG.???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????:?????.?????.?????.?????.????? ??????.?????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? (Protection Maternelle Infantile (PMI)), ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????, ???? ????????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????? ???????.????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (médiateur social). ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)). ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????, ???? ??? 2003 ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????, "?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (l'Association Nationale des Conseillers Conjugaux et Familiaux - ANCCEF), ??? ???? ???? 1976. ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?-PMI. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? 15,000 ????.???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??, ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????, ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????.??????? ???, ???? 21 ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????, ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2300 ????? ??????.????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, "?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????" (F?reningen sveriges kommunala familjer?dgivning - KFR), ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????? 50 ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? 120 ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? 200 ???? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? 500 ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? 1000 ?????.????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????, "????? ????? ?????? ????????" (Kyrkans familjer?dgivares f?rening - KYFA). ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ?-KFR. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? 250 ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? 1000 ?????.??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??????, ??? ????, ?????? ???? ????????????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? "??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????" (Inspektionen f?r v?rd och omsorg – IVO), ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ?- IVO ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?-IVO. ?-IVO ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? (Justitieombudsmannen - JO).??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????.?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????. ????? ???-????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???.?? ?? ??? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 16, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 16 ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????-???? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????: ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????, ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????:????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????.??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.??????????.?????????.????? ???.????? ??????? ???????.???????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ??? ????????????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? "??? ????? ?? ????? ????????", ??? ???? ??????? 1993. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??.????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? "???? ???????". ????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???-???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???-???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?-Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Jugend und Eheberatung e.V. (DAJEB) (????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????), ????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????-???????. ????? ???, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????-?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? "???? ???????". ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????????, ?? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ?? ?? ????? "???????????" ???? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? "????????", ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????, ??????? ??????.?????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????????? ????, ?-Foreningen af Danske Psykoterapeuter (FaDP), ??? ?? ?-1300 ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??. ???? 2004 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????.?? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ?-Evalueringsinstitut (EVA), ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????.?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.??????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????.?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????????, ?????????????, ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????.????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????????, ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download