BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

[Pages:19]BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS ENGINEERING DIVISION

March 1, 2004

Includes 2006 Interim and Errata Includes 2014 Interim

Includes Chapter 2 Revisions Published 3/2016

FOREWORD

This Bridge Design Manual was prepared by SITE-Blauvelt Engineers, Inc. for the West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH), Engineering Division. This manual is intended to be a guide for Engineers working on bridge design projects for the WVDOH. It provides policies, procedures and methods for developing and documenting the design process. It is not intended to replace the engineering analysis and judgment that must be applied to each project. The benefits of this Manual will be the standardization of: the structure design process, common details, and the layout of the contract plans. In addition, it will provide minimum design standards for structures in West Virginia and provide interpretation and consistency in the application of the AASHTO Specifications.

The layout of the Bridge Design Manual follows the general steps involved in the bridge development process. It begins with Section 1 - Introduction, which discusses scope and limitations. Next, in Section 2 the information necessary for the preliminary design process is presented. Following the preliminary design process, the criteria for final bridge design and detailing are given in Section 3. Section 4 focuses on general plan presentation, including CADD standards. Sections 5 and 6 contain WVDOH standard drawings and generally accepted computer design software, respectively. Shop drawing requirements are given in Section 7. Finally, the Appendices provide additional information regarding plan notes, permit checklists, bridge design forms, coatings and references. A Glossary and Index are also provided for convenience.

Revisions to this Manual will be made on a yearly bases. The revisions will be handled, as interims and the Manual will be republished as deemed necessary by the WVDOH.

Prepared by:

One Kenton Drive, Suite 200 Charleston, West Virginia 25311-1256

Phone: (304) 346-2599 Fax: (304) 346-2591

PRINTED BY WVDOT OFFICE SERVICES DIVISION

2003 First Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... iii

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 POLICY ........................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.1 Scope........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1.2 Limitations ............................................................................................... 1-1

SECTION 2 - BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

2.1 PROJECT DESIGN CRITERIA ..................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Typical Deck Transverse Section ............................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 Environmental Documentation ................................................................ 2-1 2.1.3 Right-of-Way ........................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.4 Line and Grade Geometrics ..................................................................... 2-2 2.1.5 Highway Drainage ................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.6 Existing Project Related Information....................................................... 2-2 2.1.7 Hydrology and Hydraulics....................................................................... 2-2

2.2 BRIDGE LAYOUT CRITERIA...................................................................... 2-3 2.2.1 Geometric Guidelines .............................................................................. 2-3 2.2.2 Bridge Length .......................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.2.1 Stream Crossings ................................................................................. 2-6 2.2.2.2 Highway Crossings .............................................................................. 2-7 2.2.2.3 Railroad Crossings............................................................................... 2-7 2.2.2.4 Cultural and Natural Resources Crossings .......................................... 2-7

2.3 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................ 2-7 2.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 2-7 2.3.2 Structure Boring Requirements................................................................ 2-9 2.3.2.1 Bridges ................................................................................................. 2-9 2.3.2.2 Approach Embankments.................................................................... 2-10 2.3.2.3 Retaining Walls and Miscellaneous Structures ................................. 2-11 2.3.3 Geotechnical Tasks ................................................................................ 2-11 2.3.3.1 Planning, Development, and Engineering Phase ............................... 2-11 2.3.3.2 Project Design Phase ......................................................................... 2-11 2.3.3.3 Construction Phase ............................................................................ 2-12 2.3.3.4 Post-Construction Phase .................................................................... 2-12

2.4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION...................................................... 2-12 2.4.1 Steel Superstructure Types .................................................................... 2-13 2.4.1.1 Rolled Beams ..................................................................................... 2-14 2.4.1.2 Plate Girders ...................................................................................... 2-14 2.4.1.3 Box Girders........................................................................................ 2-16

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1

PROJECT DESIGN CRITERIA ................................................................ 2-4

2.1.1 Typical Deck Transverse Section .............................................................. 2-4

2.1.2 Environmental Documentation .................................................................. 2-4

2.1.3 Right-of-Way ............................................................................................. 2-5

2.1.4 Line and Grade Geometrics ....................................................................... 2-5

2.1.5 Existing Project Related Information ........................................................ 2-5

2.1.6 Highway Drainage, and Hydrology and Hydraulics.................................. 2-5

2.2

BRIDGE LAYOUT CRITERIA......................................................................... 2-5

2.2.1 Geometric Guidelines ................................................................................ 2-5

2.2.2 Bridge Length ............................................................................................ 2-9

2.2.2.1 Stream Crossings ................................................................................. 2-9

2.2.2.2 Highway Crossings .............................................................................. 2-9

2.2.2.3 Railroad Crossings ............................................................................. 2-10

2.2.2.4 Cultural and Natural Resources Crossings ........................................ 2-11

2.3

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................. 2-11

2.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 2-11

2.3.2 Structure Boring Requirements ............................................................... 2-11

2.3.2.1 Bridge Substructures .......................................................................... 2-12

2.3.2.2 Approach Embankments .................................................................... 2-13

2.3.2.3 Retaining Walls and Miscellaneous Structures.................................. 2-13

2.3.2.4 Slope Stability.................................................................................... 2-14

2.3.3 Geotechnical Tasks .................................................................................. 2-14

2.3.3.1 Planning, Development, and Engineering Phase ............................... 2-14

2.3.3.2 Project Design Phase.......................................................................... 2-15

2.3.3.3 Construction Phase............................................................................. 2-15

2.4

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SELECTION ............................................................ 2-15

2.4.1 Steel Superstructure Types ...................................................................... 2-16

2.4.1.1 Rolled Beams ..................................................................................... 2-17

2.4.1.2 Plate Girders....................................................................................... 2-19

2.4.1.3 Box Girders ........................................................................................ 2-20

2.4.1.4 Trusses ............................................................................................... 2-20

2.4.1.5 Cable Stayed ...................................................................................... 2-21

2.4.1.6 Tied Arch ........................................................................................... 2-21

2.4.2 Concrete Superstructure Types ................................................................ 2-21

2.4.2.1 Slab Bridges ....................................................................................... 2-22

2.4.2.2 Box Beams ......................................................................................... 2-22

2.4.2.3 Prestressed Concrete Beams .............................................................. 2-23

2.4.2.4 Post-Tensioned I-Beams (Drop-In).................................................... 2-25

2.4.2.5 Segmental Concrete Boxes ................................................................ 2-25

2.4.2.6 Cable Stayed ...................................................................................... 2-26

2.4.3 Abutment Types....................................................................................... 2-26

2.4.3.1 Wall Abutment................................................................................... 2-26

2.4.3.2 Pedestals............................................................................................. 2-26

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2.4.3.3 Stub Abutment ................................................................................... 2-27

2.4.3.4 Integral Abutment .............................................................................. 2-27

2.4.3.5 Semi-Integral Abutment..................................................................... 2-27

2.4.3.6 Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil ?Integrated Bridge System Abutment

(GRS-IBS).......................................................................................................... 2-27

2.4.3.7 Wingwalls .......................................................................................... 2-28

2.4.4 Pier Types ................................................................................................ 2-28

2.4.4.1 Cap-and-Column Type Piers.............................................................. 2-28

2.4.4.2 T-Type or Hammerhead or Wall Type Piers ..................................... 2-29

2.4.4.3 Post-Tensioned Concrete/Integral Pier Caps ..................................... 2-29

2.4.4.4 Steel Pier Caps ................................................................................... 2-29

2.4.5 Foundation Types .................................................................................... 2-29

2.4.5.1 Spread Footing ................................................................................... 2-29

2.4.5.2 Piling .................................................................................................. 2-30

2.4.5.3 Drilled Caissons ................................................................................. 2-30

2.5

ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ................................................... 2-31

2.5.1 Curved Bridges ........................................................................................ 2-31

2.5.2 Aesthetics................................................................................................. 2-31

2.5.3 Approval of Vendor Supplied Products................................................... 2-31

2.5.4 Protective Fencing ................................................................................... 2-32

2.6

MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES................................................................. 2-33

2.6.1 Timber Structures .................................................................................... 2-33

2.6.2 Pedestrian Structures................................................................................ 2-33

2.6.3 Buried Structures ..................................................................................... 2-33

2.7

BRIDGE REHABILITATION ......................................................................... 2-34

2.7.1 Bridge Inspection ..................................................................................... 2-35

2.7.2 Widening.................................................................................................. 2-35

2.7.3 Rehabilitation Techniques ....................................................................... 2-36

2.7.3.1 Steel.................................................................................................... 2-37

2.7.3.1.1 Cracks........................................................................................... 2-37

2.7.3.1.2 Painting ........................................................................................ 2-37

2.7.3.1.3 Fatigue.......................................................................................... 2-38

2.7.3.1.4 Section Loss ................................................................................. 2-38

2.7.3.2 Concrete ............................................................................................. 2-41

2.7.3.2.1 Concrete Decks ............................................................................ 2-42

2.7.3.2.2 Deck Overlays .............................................................................. 2-42

2.7.3.3 Additional Rehabilitation Issues ........................................................ 2-42

2.7.3.4 Timber................................................................................................ 2-43

2.7.3.5 Deck Joints......................................................................................... 2-43

2.7.3.5.1 Open Joints................................................................................... 2-44

2.7.3.5.2 Closed Joints ................................................................................ 2-44

2.7.3.6 Bearings ............................................................................................. 2-45

2.7.3.7 Historical Structures........................................................................... 2-46

2.8

BRIDGE PERMITS ...................................................................................... 2-46

2.8.1 Coast Guard ............................................................................................. 2-46

2.8.2 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers ............................................................... 2-48

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2.8.3 106 Process (Historic).............................................................................. 2-48

2.9

ALTERNATE BRIDGE DESIGN .................................................................... 2-49

2.10

RAILROAD CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................... 2-49

2.10.1 Approval .................................................................................................. 2-49

2.10.2 Crash Walls.............................................................................................. 2-49

2.10.3 Clearances ................................................................................................ 2-51

2.10.4 Drainage................................................................................................... 2-51

2.11

BRIDGE DOCUMENT SUBMISSIONS............................................................ 2-52

2.11.1 Design Report .......................................................................................... 2-52

2.11.2 Pre-Span Arrangement Meeting .............................................................. 2-52

2.11.3 Span Arrangement Study ......................................................................... 2-53

2.11.4 Type, Size and Location (TS&L) ............................................................ 2-54

2.11.4.1 Geotechnical Report....................................................................... 2-56

2.11.5 Final Detail Plans..................................................................................... 2-56

2.11.6 Plans, Specifications and Estimates (PS&E) ........................................... 2-57

2.11.6.1 Establishing Contract Duration...................................................... 2-58

2.11.6.2 Engineer's Cost Estimate ............................................................... 2-58

2.11.7 Tracings ................................................................................................... 2-58

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2.4.1.4 Trusses ............................................................................................... 2-17 2.4.1.5 Cable Stayed ...................................................................................... 2-17 2.4.1.6 Tied Arch ........................................................................................... 2-17 2.4.2 Concrete Superstructure Types .............................................................. 2-18 2.4.2.1 Slab Bridges....................................................................................... 2-18 2.4.2.2 Box Beams......................................................................................... 2-19 2.4.2.3 Prestressed Concrete Beams .............................................................. 2-19 2.4.2.4 Post-Tensioned I-Beams (Drop-In) ................................................... 2-21 2.4.2.5 Segmental Concrete Boxes ................................................................ 2-21 2.4.2.6 Cable Stayed ...................................................................................... 2-22 2.4.3 Abutment Types..................................................................................... 2-22 2.4.3.1 Wall Abutment................................................................................... 2-22 2.4.3.2 Pedestals............................................................................................. 2-22 2.4.3.3 Stub Abutment ................................................................................... 2-23 2.4.3.4 Integral Abutment .............................................................................. 2-23 2.4.3.5 Semi-Integral Abutment .................................................................... 2-23 2.4.3.6 Wingwalls .......................................................................................... 2-23 2.4.4 Pier Types .............................................................................................. 2-24 2.4.4.1 Cap-and-Column Type Piers ............................................................. 2-24 2.4.4.2 T-Type or Hammerhead or Wall Type Piers ..................................... 2-24 2.4.4.3 Post-Tensioned Concrete/Integral Pier Caps ..................................... 2-24 2.4.4.4 Steel Pier Caps ................................................................................... 2-24 2.4.5 Foundation Types................................................................................... 2-24 2.4.5.1 Spread Footing................................................................................... 2-25 2.4.5.2 Piling.................................................................................................. 2-25 2.4.5.3 Drilled Caissons................................................................................. 2-25 2.5 ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 2-26 2.5.1 Curved Bridges ...................................................................................... 2-26 2.5.2 Slope Stability........................................................................................ 2-26 2.5.3 Aesthetics............................................................................................... 2-27 2.5.4 Approval of Vendor Supplied Products................................................. 2-27 2.5.5 Protective Fencing ................................................................................. 2-28 2.6 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES............................................................ 2-29 2.6.1 Timber Structures................................................................................... 2-29 2.6.2 Pedestrian Structures.............................................................................. 2-29 2.6.3 Buried Structures ................................................................................... 2-29 2.7 BRIDGE REHABILITATION ...................................................................... 2-30 2.7.1 Bridge Inspection ................................................................................... 2-30 2.7.2 Widening................................................................................................ 2-31 2.7.3 Rehabilitation Techniques ..................................................................... 2-31 2.7.3.1 Steel ................................................................................................... 2-32

2.7.3.1.1 Cracks .......................................................................................... 2-32 2.7.3.1.2 Painting ........................................................................................ 2-33 2.7.3.1.3 Fatigue ......................................................................................... 2-33 2.7.3.1.4 Section Loss................................................................................. 2-33 2.7.3.2 Concrete ............................................................................................. 2-36

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