Sandalwood High School Biology



BIOLOGY NOTES NAME:

GENETICS PART 5 DAY / MOD:

PAGES 198-208, 212-217 DATE:

Standards:

____ Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance

____ Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance, including dominant,

recessive, co-dominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles

____ Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health

Essential Question:

1.

I. Human Autosomal Disorders

Autosome = chromosome pairs 1-22 which contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the

_______ of the organism

• autosomal disorders occur can occur in any chromosomes except the _______ chromosomes

|Disorder |Cause |Effect |Physical Effects |

|1. Albinism | |Lack of pigment in skin, _______ , and eyes |Skin and eyes are extremely sensitive to |

| | | |____________ |

|2. Cystic Fibrosis | |Excess mucus in _________ and digestive |Respiratory and pulmonary problems |

| | |tract | |

|3. Galactosemia | |Inability to breakdown _____________ which |Mental retardation, eye and _______ damage |

| | |builds up in body | |

|4. Tay-Sachs disease | |Lipid accumulation in brain cells |Death early in childhood. |

|5. Huntington’s disease | |Progressive destruction of muscles and |Destruction of muscles and ________ until death |

| | |nervous system. |occurs |

II. Unique Patterns of Inheritance

Simple _________________ genetics predicts offspring and parents based on alleles that are only ___________ or ____________. The majority of organisms, however, are more __________ and show unique patterns of _________________.

A. Incomplete Dominance = type of inheritance in which ____ allele is not completely ______________ over another

• the heterozygote is a ______________ between the two alleles (completely different heterozygote)

e.g. flower color in 4o’clock plants

B. Multiple Alleles = type of inheritance in which genes have more than ______ alleles within a __________________

• each individual can have only _____ alleles

e.g. ABO Blood System

C. Codominance = type of inheritance in which both alleles contribute to the ________________

• both alleles ______________ themselves, but not as a ___________

e.g. AB Blood Type, Checkered Chickens, Sickle Cell Anemia

D. Polygenic Traits = type of inheritance in which _________ are controlled by more than ___ gene

e.g. eye color, hair color, skin color

E. Sex-Linked Genes = type of inheritance in which genes with particular __________ are located on the sex ___________________ (X or Y)

• males are _______ while females are ______

• in males, any trait linked to the ____ chromosome will be _______________ even if they are recessive

1. Color-Blindness

❖ caused by a recessive __________ on the ___ chromosome

❖ 1 in 10 males have red-green colorblindness

❖ 1 in 100 females have red-green colorblindness

e.g.

2. Hemophilia

❖ caused by a recessive ___________ on the ___ chromosome

❖ 1 in 10,000 males have the disease

❖ in this disease, blood clotting enzymes are __________

➢ small bruises and cuts may cause excessive _____________ even into death

e.g.

III. Human Heredity

A. Karyotype = a chart that shows all pairs of ________________ in order

• taken during ____________ when the chromosomes formed (during prophase)

• humans have ____ chromosomes that are organized into _____ pairs

❖ each pair has the same _________ of genes but may have different ____________

❖ in each pair, one chromosome comes from _____ and one from _____

• sex chromosomes = the _______ set of chromosomes that determines the __________ of the human

❖ _____ for males and _____ for females

B. Chromosomal Disorders

Nondisjunction = during meiosis, ________________ chromosomes fail to separate meaning gametes with too _______ or too ___________ chromosomes

1. Down’s Syndrome

❖ also known as _____________ 21 because there are ____ #21 chromosomes

❖ results in severe mental retardation

2. Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)

❖ have an extra ____ chromosome

❖ prevents individuals from reproducing

3. Turner’s Syndrome (XO)

❖ have only ___ sex chromosome which is an ____

❖ unable to develop sex organs at all

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STUDENT SYNTHESIS

To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive one-sentence summary of the information

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