JFK MEDICAL CENTER
EASTERN FLORIDA STATE COLLEGE
Diagnostic Medical Sonography Program
ULTRASOUND PROTOCOLS
Harry H. Holdorf PhD, MPA, RDMS, RVT, RT/ARRT(rt.), LRT(AS)
ABDOMEN/LIVER
No physician necessary during routine exam.
1. Sagittal or longitudinal views including:
a. Liver R&L lobes – measure mid sagittal diameter of right lobe.
b. Aorta
c. IVC
d. Portal v.(s)
e. Gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract
f. Bilateral kidneys (lateral, mid (measurement) medial
g. Lateral right lobe (diaphragm)
h. Spleen – measure
2. Transverse
a. Hepatic veins
b. Right and left lobe liver
c. Portal vein (Porta hep.)
d. Gallbladder
e. Bilateral kidneys (upper pole, mid, lower pole)
f. Pancreas (measure head and body AP)
g. Spleen
EQUIPMENT: The most useful clinically appropriate transducer should be used – linear or sector usually 2.25 to 5 MHz – Utilize auto optimization and/or coded harmonics routinely.
Preparation: Usual/NPO for 8 hours
Decubitus
Rotated or upright views of RUQ especially when evaluating GB are required.
**See protocol for specific organ when abdominal request emphasizes a particular organ.
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT/BILE DUCTS (CBD) (BILIARY STUDY)
Use same procedure as abdomen, when bile ducts are specified, include views of pancreas with attention to pancreatic head except kidneys, aorta and spleen.
Demonstrate extent of any ductal dilation and caliber of the intra and extra hepatic common bile duct.
Equipment and preparation same as abdomen.
GALLBLADDER
LONGITUDINAL
1. Long axis fundus/neck (with measurement, if enlarged)
2. Intrahepatic ducts
TRANSVERSE
1. Diameter – (include measurement of increased wall thickness) (Anterior wall or if area is specified).
2. Portahepatitis
3. Portal vein
4. Pancreas (measure head and body)
Include views of CBD with measurement and hepatic artery.
LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS
Document movement (i.e. stones) within gallbladder
All three views are necessary regardless of findings. Use erect or RLD positions if necessary.
Upright views, if necessary
EQUIPMENT: Use the highest clinically appropriate frequency transducer, 2.225 MHz or higher. Please utilize auto optimize and or coded harmonies routinely.
PANCREAS
Transverse/Oblique
a. Head +measure – body + measure – tail
Pancreatic duct when seen
b. Adjacent visceral vessels (splenic vein, portal vein, portahepatis)
c. CBD at level of head of pancreas (if possible)
d. Gallbladder
Longitudinal
a. Gallbladder
Patient Preparation:
NPO for over 8 hours
Equipment:
Same as liver
HELPFUL HINTS: 1. Oral distention with +16 oz. Water
3. Place patient in upright position.
PYLORIC STENOSIS
1. Preferably perform study following instant feeding.
2. Scan child in a semi-oblique fashion, right side down.
3. Measure:
a. Length of pylorus
b. Muscle thickness (outer wall to lunar)
c. Diameter (transverse)
*Upper limits of normal - confer with Radiologist
KIDNEYS (RENAL)
Longitudinal (Coronal or sagittal)
a. Lateral
b. Mid- long axis – cortex (compare to liver and spleen texture when possible) – Measure on two planes
c. Renal pelvis (compare to liver and spleen texture when possible)
Transverse:
a. Upper pole
b. Mid (Attention peri-renal space) Measure one plane
c. Lower pole
Occasionally prone views may be helpful.
Sagittal and transverse images of urinary bladder to be obtained
If hydronephrosis is seen please include post void bladder images
Equipment:
The clinically most useful transducers should be used. Usually 2.25-5 MHz sector probes (linear is helpful for prone views) higher frequency transducers for newborn and pediatric patients when possible.
Patient Preparation:
No prep required
AORTA
1. Sagittal or coronal views
a. Attempted from diaphragm to bifurcation including proximal iliac.
b. Any major branches when seen.
2. Transverse:
a. At intervals
All abnormalities assessed including surrounding tissue
3. Measurements: largest diameter outer to outer
Aneurysm measurements (Max)
a. Long
b. Transverse
c. AP (outer to outer)
d. Residual lumen (smallest diameter)
4. Location of aneurysm in relationship to renal vessels and bifurcation. Measured in
cm longitudinally.
Equipment: The clinically most useful transducer should be used – usually linear or sector 2.25 – 3.5 MHz
Patient preparation: Light diet abstaining from gas producing foods. NPO one hour before exam.
SMALL PARTS GUIDELINES FOR GENERAL EVALUATION
It is necessary to have a radiologist present during or prior to completion of all small part exams unless otherwise advised by the responsible radiologist.
THYROID:
1. Sagittal
a. Right lobe
b. Left lobe
Long axis upper and lower poles
Medial and lateral lobe
2. Transverse
a. Right and left lobe – inferior, mid and superior gland
b. Isthmus
c. Adjacent extraglandular abnormalities evaluated
3. Measurements – both lobes/defined masses
a. Long axis
b. Transverse (compare size and texture to its opposite side
c. AP
4. Equipment – A high frequency small parts transducer is generally used 5.0 – 7.0 -14 MHz.
5. Helpful hints
a. Hyperextend neck
b. Stand off when necessary
No patient preparation is necessary for this exam.
TESTICULAR
1. Longitudinal
a. Right testis
b. Left testis
Long axis, medial, lateral include epididymis
2. Transverse
a. Upper – epididymal head if possible
b. Transverse
c. Lower pole
3. Additional projectional view or positioning can be implemented as needed.
Evaluate extratesticular structures or collections
Compare texture and size to its opposite side
4. Measurements – both testicles
a. Long axis and epididymal head
b. Transverse
c. AP (thickness of epididymis when prominent
5. Doppler with wave form. If no color utilize power doppler
6. Helpful hints:
a. Suspend and support scrotum
b. Valsalva or standing position to evaluate varicocele
7. Equipment – High frequency small parts transducer is generally used
5.0 – 7.5 MHz. Equivalent or lower frequency sector and linear probes can be useful in some circumstances.
No patient preparation is necessary for this examination.
APPENDIX
Perform routine pelvic ultrasound (see guidelines for pelvic)
1. Multidirectional survey of the right lower quadrant with attention to any non-compressible bowel structure. Compress all bowel structures and observe for peristalsis.
2. If an appendix is identified image in long axis and transverse diameter – note
any surrounding fluid.
3. Measure long axis transverse and AP
4. Equipment – 5.0 – 7.5 mHz small parts transducer
5. Optimal color doppler
6. Radiologist should be present for correlation between physical exam and
Ultrasound findings if ultrasound is equivocal. If clearly +ve or –ve radiologist
need not be present.
Patient preparation same as pelvic sonogram. Patient may void after routine pelvic sonogram.
BREAST
Examination requirement:
Mammographic or palpable abnormality is usually a necessary prerequisite for this examination. Infrequently performed in young women without focal abnormality.
Radial scanning survey of entire breast from nipple outward with attention to areas of a suspected abnormality.
Label image location or position based on face of clock and distance from nipple. (Note patient’s examination position if other than spine).
In patients with multiple simple cysts only largest cysts need be measured and exam should focus on area of interest.
Measure all masses in three dimensions
Helpful hints:
a. Stand off pad
b. Isolate palpable masses between fingers
c. Patient position change/sponge or pillow support
Equipment: Small part transducers that routinely differentiate small cystic
from solid lesions. Usual frequency – 7.5 MHz.
No patient preparation necessary.
PROSTATE
A radiologist is required during or prior to completion of exam. Patient is placed in a left decubitus or lithotomy position. Demonstrate all prostate abnormalities in two directions.
1. Coronal
a. seminal vesicles (vas deferens if possible)
b. base of gland
c. mid gland (entire right and left side-note rectal wall)
d. apex
Insert approximately prepared and lubricated condom covered probe into rectum
With transducer crystal facing prostate.
2. Sagittal
a. midline include base to apex
b. sweeps through entire right and left gland image 20 to 40 degrees
from midline and peripheral zone edge. Include sagittal images of
seminal vesicals including several vesicle prostate angles – document
any visible lymph nodes
3. Measurements
a. midline long axis
b. transverse largest diameter (all focal lesions)
c. AP
4. Equipment – 5 – 9 MHz endocavity probe, sagittal and coronal capable or
individual probes.
5. Helpful hints – A digital rectal exam before preparing the ultrasound is often
beneficial.
Patient Preparation
a. Liquid diet
b. Fleet enema 1 to 2 hours before exam or as prescribed
PELVIC
(ABDOMINAL APPROACH)
Sagittal –
a. midline (uterus with endometrial canal, cervix and vagina) with and without AP & long
measurements
b. right and left of midline (both ovaries and adenexa)
*note bowel peristalsis
*note relationship of ovaries to vessels
c. measure endometrial stripe on sagittal image
Transverse segmental images documenting all pelvic structures.
Measurement –
a. long axis uterus and ovaries
b. transverse uterus
c. AP uterus
All pelvic masses in three dimensions
Also: Type in Date of LMP or “Post-menopausal”, as appropriate
Equipment – Use highest frequency linear or sector transducer typically 2.25 to 5 MHz
Patient preparation – a distended urinary bladder usually +250 cc (32 fluid ounces) 1 to 1 ½ hours before exam is usually sufficient.
*If an ovary is not identified (regardless of patient’s age) and is known not to have been removed, perform transvaginal study
*If there is any possible congenital abnormality of uterus or pelvic mass, kidneys must be imaged (sagittal)
*If patient has had a hysterectomy, note presence or surgical removal of ovaries as well
Abnormal pelvic studies may require supplemental transvaginal study.
*For suspected ovarian torsion and ovarian masses or enlargement utilize color/spectral Doppler and/or power Doppler
ENDOVAGINAL
1. This exam is performed as an adjunct to the transabdominal pelvic exam unless otherwise directed.
2. Insert lubricated condom protected, endovaginal probe into vagina. Identify endometrium and
contents of uterus. If required, sweep right and left to image ovary and adnexa. Adjust or
rotate probe as necessary to image in other planes
3. Equipment –
a. 5.0 mHz endovaginal probe
b. protective condom
4. Patient must void completely. The exam is usually performed with patient in lithotomy
Position. Measure all relevant structures.
HELPFUL HINTS: pillow under pelvis.
NEONATAL HEAD
Coronals: Frontal lobes, anterior horns, lateral ventricles at foramen of Monroe, lateral and third ventricles, occipital horns, occipital lobes
Sagittal: Midline, right and left lateral ventricle, lateral to ventricles.
VENOUS DOPPLER – Call physician
Lower extremity: Longitudinal and transverse with and without compression of common femoral, superficial femoral, profunda
Femoral and popliteal veins – real time and Doppler
Blood flow augmentation by manual squeezing of lower calf.
OB Guidelines first trimester
Note date of LMP on images
Longitudinal and transverse images of uterus and relevant adnexal structures.
I. DOCUMENTATION:
A. Location of gestational sac and its integrity
B. The presence of an embryo and number seen (*Note multiple sac like structures do not necessarily mean multiple gestations). Image fetal pole yolk sac when seen.
C. Fetal heart movement – with M Mode documentation
D. Evaluations of uterus and (adnexal structures)?
1. Presence, location and size of myomas
2. Collection or fluid in uterus or cervix
3. Surrounding free fluid
4. Abnormal appearance endometrial appearance.
II. MEASUREMENT
A. Gestational sac – Refer to appropriate standard table
B. Crown-rump length for dating
C. Long axis of uterus
D. Abnormal structures in adnexa
III. ENDOVAGINAL EXAM: Usage as follows unless otherwise directed or indicated.
A. A fetal pole with uncertainty of viability
B. Gestational sac with no fetal pole identified during abdominal exam.
C. A positive pregnancy test with no gestational sac on abdominal exam
(*with or without suspicious adnexa)
D. A requested alternative with radiologist approval.
IV. Equipment for abdominal or vaginal exam.
Use probes that give superior resolution and still provide sufficient penetration.
Abdominal use linear or sector transducers 2.25 to 5 MHz.
Patient Prep: A distended urinary bladder – 24 to 32 oz. Fluid one hour before exam.
The radiologist should be notified when a fetal demise is suggested. (A fetal pole with a
Crown rump of over seven weeks no fetal heart should be of suspect).
Difficult documentation
HELPFUL COMMENTS:
A. If free fluid is seen, scan Morrison’s pouch especially if an ectopic pregnancy is
Suspected.
B. An overdistended urinary bladder can distort the lower uterine segment. A partial
void can be helpful when evaluating for previa or compatance of cervix.
COMMENT: It is recognized that placental position in early pregnancy is equivocal
Often does correlate well with placental position in later pregnancy.
SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER
I. Documentation
Long image of uterus and variable planes images.
Lower uterine segment and fundus include:
a. Fetal position and number
b. Internal os (cervical integrity)
c. Placenta locations, appearance (include grading), and relation to internal os.
d. Representative image(s) of amniotic fluid, enabling a subjective quantification for the pregnancy state.
e. Documentation of Date of LMP and prior studies (if available).
II. Geatational growth parameters
a. Biparietal diameter – outer to inner with appropriate cerebral landmarks. Use
cephalic index if dolichocephaly or brachycephaly is suspected.
b. Head circumference – the outer circumference at same level as biparietal.
c. Femur length
d. Abdominal circumference at level of umbilical vein and portal sinus.
e. Derive mean growth from available parameters.
f. Estimate fetal weight calculated from Biparietal and abdominal circumference.
g. Growth retardation refer to standard deviation chart is asymmetrical growth is suspected.
h. Evaluate interval growth. (Calculate predicted age from previous ultrasounds). Note this whenever prior examination exists.
Refer to accepted standard charts in use at clinical affiliations.
III. Other Anatomy (routine)
a. Stomach
b. Kidneys
c. Urinary bladder
d. Anterior abdominal wall (umbilical insertion site) Evaluation of umbilical cord.
e. Diaphragm
f. Aorta
g. Heart (four chamber view noted)
h. Genital (not always necessary for routine exam)
i. Entire spine
Always document myomas size and location and adnexal masses.
Comment:
A more comprehensive evaluation should be performed with suspected abnormalities or
when specifically requested.
Comment:
It is generally recognized that not all malformations of organ systems such as spine can be detected ultrasonically. Nevertheless, a careful anatomical survey may allow
diagnosis of certain birth defects which otherwise go unrecognized. From ALUM/ACR
guidelines.
IV. Use same guidelines as first trimester pregnancy for equipment, Patient prep and
requirement for presence of a radiologist.
MULTIPLE GESTATION
A. Both heads and abdomens in single image.
B. Document a septum, if applicable
C. Number and location of placenta(s)
D. Amniotic fluid in each sac, if applicable
IDENTIFICATION OF TWIN FOR DOCUMENTATION *TWIN A
A. The fetus with head in lowest cephalic position with preference to fetus on right.
B. If both are transverse; the fetus in lowest position
C. Both are breech –fetus on right side is twin A
BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
Same as third trimester pregnancy plus:
A. Doppler – umbilical artery flow
B. Placental grading and volume
C. Fetal tone – body movements
D. Fetal motion – limbs
E. Cardiac motion – note cardiac rate changes
F. Respiratory motion
G. Amniotic fluid
A RADIOLOGIST SHOULD BE INFORMED WHEN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS IS PRESENT
1. An organ “cyst” that does not fulfill complete criteria (anechoic, through transmission,
smooth back wall) – radiologists option
2. Any study for which ultrasound was recommended for correlation with a different imaging
study if technologist requires assistance.
3. Early pregnancy w/o a fetal heart beat.
4. Biophysical profile...
5. Any pregnancy with a low-lying placenta, vaginal placental previa or placenta previa,
if requires clarification. Polyhydramnios, Oligohydramnios.
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