Opening the Door to the American Dream: Increasing Higher ...
Access and Success Accountability Diversity Finance Global Impact
April 2007
a report by
Institute for Higher Education Policy
Supported by
Lumina Foundation for Education
Opening the Door to the American Dream: Increasing Higher Education Access and Success for Immigrants
By Wendy Erisman, Ph.D., and Shannon Looney
The Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP) is an independent, nonprofit organization that is dedicated to access and success in postsecondary education around the world. Established in 1993, the Washington, D.C.-based organization uses unique research and innovative programs to inform key decision makers who shape public policy and support economic and social development. IHEP's Web site, , features an expansive collection of higher education information available free of charge and provides access to some of the most respected professionals in the fields of public policy and research.
This report was funded by Lumina Foundation for Education, an Indianapolis-based private foundation dedicated to expanding access and success in education beyond high school.
For further information, please contact:
Institute for Higher Education Policy
1320 19th Street, NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20036
202 861 8223 TELEPHONE 202 861 9307 FACSIMILE Web
Opening the Door to the American Dream: Increasing Higher Education Access and Success for Immigrants
By Wendy Erisman, Ph.D., and Shannon Looney
April 2007
a report by
Institute for Higher Education Policy
Supported by
Lumina Foundation for Education
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the members of the staff at the Institute for Higher Education Policy who helped make this report possible: Jamie P. Merisotis, president; Alisa F. Cunningham, managing director of research and evaluation; Tia T. Gordon, managing director of communications and marketing; Jennifer Ramsey, research project coordinator; Margarita Benitez, senior associate; and Tom Wolanin, senior associate. Yuliya Keselman, former research analyst, and Lan Gao, former graduate fellow, were instrumental in developing the concept and literature review for the report and conducting much of the preliminary data analysis.
Our work benefited from the expertise of a number of people: Marian Blaber, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York; Stephanie Bohon, University of Tennessee; Sarita E. Brown and Deborah Santiago, Excelencia in Education; Gregory Chen, U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants; Murray Haberman and Sherri Orland, California Postsecondary Education Commission; Walter Jimenez and Angela Lee, New York Immigration Coalition; Vivian Louie, Harvard Graduate School of Education; Laura Hill, Public Policy Institute of California; Fatiha Makloufi, Hostos Community College, City University of New York; William Perez, Claremont Graduate University; Andre M. Perry, University of New Orleans; Elias Vlanton; and a number of immigrant students who generously took the time to speak with us about their experiences. We appreciate the assistance of these people. They are not responsible for any errors of omission or interpretation in this report.
We would like to offer special thanks to Lumina Foundation for Education for its generous financial support of the project. The views expressed in the report are those of the Institute for Higher Education Policy and do not necessarily reflect the views of Lumina Foundation for Education.
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Opening the Door to the American Dream
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
04
Introduction
08
Who is an immigrant? Data sources and definitions
09
Overview of the report
11
Immigrants in the United States
12
Demographics
12
Educational Attainment
13
College Enrollment
15
Immigrants in the Workforce
15
Value of Higher Education for Immigrants and Society
16
Barriers to Higher Education
18
Access and Success for Immigrants
Stresses of Immigration
19
Lack of Information About Postsecondary Education
19
Work and Family Responsibilities
20
Financial Need
21
Academic Preparation and Achievement
21
Limited English Proficiency
22
Enrollment Patterns Among Immigrants
24
in American Higher Education
Undergraduate Enrollment Patterns
24
Graduate Enrollment Patterns
26
Variations by Race and Ethnicity
27
Immigrants and Higher Education:
32
State Case Studies
Georgia
33
California
34
New York
36
Conclusions and Policy Implications
38
At-Risk Immigrant Groups
39
General Policy and Program Needs
41
References
43
Appendix: Data Sources and Limitations
46
Institute for Higher Education Policy
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