APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)

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APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)

A. Citing References in the Text

Type of Citation

One author

First citation in text

Walker (2007)

Subsequent citations in text

Walker (2007)

First parenthetical citation in text

(Walker, 2007)

Subsequent parenthetical citation in text

(Walker, 2007)

Two authors

Walker and Allen (2004)

Walker and Allen (2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

Three and more authors

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

(Wasserstein et al., 2005)

(Wasserstein et al., 2005)

Groups with abbreviation

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003)

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups without abbreviation

University of Pittsburg (2005)

University of Pittsburg (2005)

(University of Pittsburg, 2005)

(University of Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government document

European Commission (2012)

European Commission (2012)

(European Commission, 2012)

(European Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or Government document

European Commission (2004)

European Commission (2004)

(European Commission, 2004)

(European Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from other countries treat as Legal or Government document)

Mental Health Systems Act (1988)

Mental Health Systems Act (1988)

(Mental Health Systems Act, 1988)

(Mental Health Systems Act, 1988)

Cases

Lessard v. Schmidt (1975)

Lessard v. Schmidt (1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt, 1975)

Treaty/Convention/ Pact/Constitution/ International Agreement

Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty of

(1997)

(1997)

Amsterdam, 1997)

(Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997)

Official Journal of the European Union

Commission

Commission

(Commission

Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April

2002 (2002)

2002 (2002)

2002, 2002)

(Commission Regulation of 10 April 2002, 2002)

Reference with single page number/chapter, etc.

Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)

Reference with page range

de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37)

de Haan (2005, pp. 36-37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp. 36-37)

Reference with several discontinuous pages

Dahl (2006, pp. 105, Dahl (2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,

109, 112-114)

109, 112-114)

109, 112-114)

109, 112-114)

In press/forthcoming

Taylor (in press)

Taylor (in press)

(Taylor, in press)

(Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works from different years

Same author, two works from same year

Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)

Derryberry and Reed Derryberry and Reed (Derryberry & Reed,

(2005a, 2005b)

(2005a, 2005b)

2005a, 2005b)

(Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b)

Republished books

Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)

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Newspaper article/ Newsletter (unknown author)

Personal Communication/ Interview/Unpublished material (phone calls, memos, lecture notes, etc.)

Letters from private collections (not disclosed to the public)

"Prairie farmers reap" (2001)

J. Robbins (personal communication, January 4, 2001)

Zacharius (1953)

"Prairie farmers reap" (2001)

("Prairie farmers reap," 2001)

("Prairie farmers reap," 2001)

J. Robbins (interview, January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, interview, January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001)

Zacharius (1953)

(Zacharius, 1953)

(Zacharius, 1953)

Archival source with author Hicks (1956)

Hicks (1956)

(Hicks, 1956)

(Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without author

Social Media (Facebook, Twitter)

"Psychoanalysis institute," 1948

Gaiman (2012)

"Psychoanalysis institute," 1948

Gaiman (2012)

("Psychoanalysis institute," 1948)

(Gaiman, 2012)

("Psychoanalysis institute," 1948)

(Gaiman, 2012)

Dictionary

Heuristic (n.d.)

Heuristic (n.d.)

(Heuristic, n.d.)

(Heuristic, n.d.)

Movie

Davidson and Davidson (1999)

Davidson and Davidson (1999)

(Davidson & Davidson, (Davidson &

1999)

Davidson, 1999)

Full Special Issue

Jenkins and Astley (2012)

Jenkins and Astley (2012)

(Jenkins & Astley, 2012)

(Jenkins & Astley, 2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown "Ennui or Not Ennui" "Ennui or Not Ennui" ("Ennui or Not Ennui," ("Ennui or Not

editors)

(2012)

(2012)

2012)

Ennui," 2012)

Full Special Section

Jenkins and Astley (2012)

Jenkins and Astley (2012)

(Jenkins & Astley, 2012)

(Jenkins & Astley, 2012)

Full Special Section (unknown editors)

The German Federal Constitutional Court's PSPP Judgment (2020)

The German Federal Constitutional Court's PSPP Judgment (2012)

(The German Federal Constitutional Court's PSPP Judgment, 2020)

(The German Federal Constitutional Court's PSPP Judgment, 2020)

Secondary source

Wright (as cited in Bragdon, 2013, p. 223)

Fong's 2003 study (as (Wright as cited in

cited in Bertram,

Bragdon, 2013, p.

2009)

223)

(Fong, 2003, as cited in Bertram, 2009)

Title of source (part of a greater whole): journal article, book chapter, etc.

Title of source (stand-alone): journal, book, reports

"The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research"

Journal of European Public Policy The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981?1991

Exceptions: - Titles of video games - Titles of surveys (unless this is the title of a book) - Names of websites

Idem, ibidem, op. cit.

These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes: 1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

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2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list: Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that... Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Cl?ment, 2010; Harris & Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005). (Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author's surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale] (Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author's surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon: (Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of publication, separated by a comma: (Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is...

Styles can be combined: (Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use "et al." if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to distinguish between references.

6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:

In-text citation: (World Health Organization, 2000?2006) Entry in references list: World Health Organization. (2000?2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993) (Y. G. Chen, 2001) (D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)

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Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors' full first names in the in-text citations, regardless of the year of publication: (Laura Green, 2009) (Lorenzo Green, 2003) (Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website () and Twitter account (). In our first investigation, we analyzed the content of CNN's Twitter feed during the year 2012.

10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well: The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85). The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor's bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. The words "as cited in" in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.

13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets. structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses). structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g., newspaper articles ).

As discussed in "Economics nudging" (2017), governments...

("All 33 Chile miners," 2010)

15. An alternative to "et al." in in-text citations is "and colleagues", but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical citations

Harris and colleagues (1989)...

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B. The Reference List

Type of Reference

Format

Examples

Journal Article (1 author)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635?647.

Attention:

Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of "Dr. House." PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.

Comma between the journal and the volume should never be italics. No space between volume and issue.

The issue number is not compulsory.

Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.

If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word "Article" and then the article number instead of the page range.

Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1, 257?276.

Journal articles (but also other types of references, such as books) can have a doi or url at the end, but that is not compulsory.

Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information & Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414?456.

Journal Article (2-7 authors)

Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

The notes under Attention in `Journal Article (1 author)' also apply

Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1?7.

Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article e0214466.

Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and where do we go from here? Media and Communication, 9(2), 162?166.

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8, 207?217.

Journal Article (more than 20 authors)

Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname, C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E., Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname, H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname, K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M., Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname, P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R., Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year). Title of the article in sentence case.

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10), 96?100.

Book

Book Chapter

Newspaper Article / Newsletter (known author, in paper)

6

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Write only the names of the first 19 authors and the last author. Use space dot space dot space dot-space instead of the usual ellipsis.

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Ju?rez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ib??ez, L. M., M?kinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kov?cs, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935?1968.

The notes under Attention in `Journal Article (1 author)' also apply

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in sentence case (edition, Volume). Publisher. doi

Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.) Macmillan.

Attention:

The edition, volume, and DOI are not compulsory.

The volume number is not compulsory.

When a book has more than one publisher separate them with semicolons.

In book publishers delete surplus information like Inc., Co., Lda.

If the publisher is the same as the author, then omit the publisher name.

von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.

Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma and its consequences. American Psychological Association.

Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of the book in sentence case (Volume, pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. doi

Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3, pp. 53?76). Greenwood.

The notes under Attention in `Book' also apply

Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P. Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory (pp. 51?61). Routledge.

Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). American Psychiatric Press.

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case, Firstpage-Lastpage.

Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21?49). Retrieved from

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1?4.

Attention:

Printed newspapers are sometimes divided into sections, which are identified by a letter before the page number (e.g. A1, B4)

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Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young truly benefit. The Australian, 29.

Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at home. The Australian Financial Review, 5.

Newspaper Article / Newsletter (known author, online)

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case.

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times.

Newspaper Article / Newsletter (unknown author)

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the article in sentence case. Title of the Newspaper in Title Case, FirstpageLastpage.

Title of the article in sentence case. (year, month day). Title of the Newspaper in Title Case.

Title of the article in sentence case. (year, month day). Title of the Newspaper in Title Case, FirstpageLastpage.

Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.

Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester General to provide sports medicine support to RIT. Physician Connection Newsletter. .

Prairie farmers reap conservation's rewards. (2001, August 27). The New York Times.

Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October). APA Writing Newsletter.

Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December 28). The Country Today, 1?2.

Report or Working Paper

Petition Press Release

Economics nudging people away from war. (2017, December 16). The Age, 33.

Author. (year). Title of the report in sentence case (Number of the Report or Working Paper if available). Publisher if different to author. if available

Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report (Working Paper No. 3). Wiley.

Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016.

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition [Petition].

LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition].

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of the press release in sentence case [Press Release].

American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31). Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press release].

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Website

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on

article in sentence case. Name of the

communication. Social Media Today.

Website in Title Case.

Book Review

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book review in sentence case [Review of the book Title of the book in sentence case, by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage.

Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of Psychology, 114, 126?133.

Published Thesis or Dissertation

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in sentence case [Doctoral or Master's thesis or dissertation, Name of the Institution]. Repository.

Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of Waikato Research Commons. .

Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or Master's thesis or dissertation]. University.

Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Monash University.

Conference paper, keynote address, poster presentation, etc. (unpublished)

Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day). Title of paper in sentence case [Type of material]. Name of Conference, City, Country.

Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation]. Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.

Conference paper in Proceedings (published as a book)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable), Proceedings book title in sentence case (pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher.

Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.

Conference paper in Proceedings (published as a journal issue)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage.

Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade and labor market imperfections in developing countries. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic Education, 20(1), 11-16. 16285

Legal or Government document

Author. (year). Title of the legal/government document (Number/Code of the document). Publisher.

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 901679). US Government.

Attention: If the publisher is the same as the author, then omit the publisher name.

Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health Survey.

Unpublished Legal or Government document

Author. (year). Title of the legal/government document (Number/Code of the document). Unpublished document

European Commission. (2004). Meeting document, Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on 1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished document.

Acts (only in USA, Acts from other countries treat as Legal or Government document)

Name of Act, Volume Source ? section number (year).

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. ? 9401 (1988).

Case

Name v. Name, Case ID (year).

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

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