Financial Accounting



 

 

Chapter 1: Reporting About Resources (continued)

Financial Statements

 

 

The information provided by accounting systems is often communicated in the form of financial statements.

 

Three common financial statements are the income statement, statement of retained earnings, and balance sheet.

 

The information in the financial statements is useful in answering four common questions about companies.

 

    What are the company's resources?

 

    Where did the company get its resources?

 

    What did management do with the company's resources?

 

    What did the company do with the resources generated by management?

 

 

 

 

Income Statement

Prepare a financial report, called an income statement, designed to provide information to help answer the following question.

 

 

What did management do with the company's resources in August?

 

 

 

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Income Statement  |

|For the Month Ended August 31 |

|Fees Revenue | |

|Expenses | |

|     Supplies Expense | |

|Net Income | |

 

 

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Income Statement  |

|For the Month Ended August 31 |

|Fees Revenue |$2,400 |

|Expenses |  |

|     Supplies Expense |$500 |

|Net Income |$1,900 |

   

Fees revenue of $2,400 shows that management brought in $2,400 of resources by providing services to customers in August.

Supplies expense of $500 shows that management used up $500 of resources in providing services to customers in August.

Net income of $1,900 shows that management increased the company’s resources by $1,900 during the month of August.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statement of Retained Earnings

Prepare a financial report, called a statement of retained earnings, designed to provide information to help answer the following question.

 

What did the company do with the resources generated by management in August?

 

 

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Statement of Retained Earnings  |

|For the Month Ended August 31 |

|Balance, August 1 |$0 |

|Plus: Net Income for August | |

|Subtotal | |

|Less: Dividends in August | |

|Balance, August 31 | |

 

 

 

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Statement of Retained Earnings  |

|For the Month Ended August 31 |

|Balance, August 1 |$0 |

|Plus: Net Income for August |$1,900 |

|Subtotal |$1,900 |

|Less: Dividends in August |$100 |

|Balance, August 31 |$1,800 |

 

 

Dividends of $100 show that $100 of the company’s resources generated by management were distributed to owners during August.

The retained earnings balance of $1,800 shows that since the company was formed, the company’s management increased the company’s resources and $1,800 of the increased resources were still in the company on August 31.

 

 

Balance Sheet

Prepare a financial report, called a balance sheet, designed to provide information to help answer the following questions.

 

What are the company's resources on August 31?

 

Where did the company get its August 31 resources?

 

 

 

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Balance Sheet  |

|August 31 |

|Assets |  |

|Cash | |

|Accounts Receivable | |

|Supplies | |

|Total Assets | |

|Liabilities | |

|Accounts Payable | |

|Total Liabilities | |

|Stockholders' Equity | |

|Common Stock | |

|Retained Earnings | |

|Total Stockholders' Equity | |

|Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | |

|Guitar Lessons Corporation  |

|Balance Sheet  |

|August 31 |

|Assets |  |

|Cash |$8,250 |

|Accounts Receivable |$600 |

|Supplies |$400 |

|Total Assets |$9,250 |

|Liabilities |  |

|Accounts Payable |$450 |

|Total Liabilities |$450 |

|Stockholders' Equity |  |

|Common Stock |$7,000 |

|Retained Earnings |$1,800 |

|Total Stockholders' Equity |$8,800 |

|Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |$9,250 |

Total assets of $9,250 show that the company’s resources were $9,250 on August 31.

Liabilities of $450 show that the company borrowed $450 of resources as of August 31.

Common stock of $7,000 shows that the company received $7,000 of resources from the owner as of August 31.

The retained earnings balance of $1,800 shows that since the company was formed, the company’s management increased the company’s resources and $1,800 of the increased resources were still in the company on August 31.

 

 

 

The Accounting Equation

 

 

|Resources  |=  |Sources of Resources  |

 

 

 

|Total  |= |Sources of |+ |Sources of |

|Resources  | |Borrowed | |Owner |

| | |Resources | |Invested |

| | | | |Resources  |

 

|Assets |= |Liabilities |+ |Stockholders' Equity |

 

 

 

Define assets.

Assets are resources.

Identify two examples of assets.

Cash

Accounts receivable

Supplies

Buildings

Trucks

Define liabilities.

Liabilities are sources of borrowed resources.

Identify one example of a liability.

Accounts payable

Loans payable

Taxes payable

Define stockholders' equity.

Stockholders’ equity represents sources of owner-invested resources and management generated resources that are still in the company.

Give two examples of stockholders’ equity.

Common stock

Retained earnings

 

** You now have the background to do text exercises 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7.

 

 

 

 

Chapter 2: T Accounts, Debits, and Credits

State the accounting equation:

| | | | | |

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assets = liabilities + stockholders' equity

 

 

Why is the accounting equation important?

 

 

  

 

 

When the accounting equation is in balance, the financial statements will be mathematically logical.

That is, the income statement will tie into the statement of retained earnings,

the statement of retained earnings will tie into the balance sheet,

and the balance sheet will balance.

   

 

** You now have the background to do text exercise 2.1.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maintaining the Equality of the Accounting Equation: The double-entry system.

Using accounting terms, identify the two sides of the T account.

   

|Account Name  |

| | |

| | |

|(Left side)  |(Right side)  |

 

 

 

 

 

|Account Name  |

|Debit  |Credit  |

|(Left side)  |(Right side)  |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

Using T Accounts: Guitar Lessons Corporation September transactions.

 

Receiving cash from customers: On September 2 the client serviced in August pays the company the $600 she owes. Show how this event affects the company's resources and sources of resources.

 

 

 

|Total |= |Sources of |+ |Sources of |

|Resources | |Borrowed | |Owner Invested |

| | |Resources | |Resources |

|$9,250 |= |$450 |+ |$7,000 |

$9,250 |= |$450 |+ |$7,000 |+ |$1,800 | |+ $600

cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |- $600

accounts receivable  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |$9,250 |= |$450 |+ |$7,000 |+ |$1,800 | |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Show how the September 2 collection of cash from a customer serviced in August affects the company's T accounts.

 

 

 

Cash | |Accounts 

Receivable | |Supplies | |9/1 $8,250  |  | |9/1 $600  |  | |9/1 $400  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | | $400  |  | |

 

Accounts Payable | |Common Stock | |Retained Earnings | |  |9/1 $450  | |  |9/1 $7,000  | |  |9/1 $1,800  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  | $450  | |  | $7,000  | |  | $1,800  | |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash | |Accounts 

Receivable | |Supplies | |9/1 $8,250  |  | |9/1 $600  | 9/2 $600  | |9/1 $400  |  | |9/2 $600  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |$8,850  |  | |$0  |  | | $400  |  | |

 

Accounts Payable | |Common Stock | |Retained Earnings | |  |9/1 $450  | |  |9/1 $7,000  | |  |9/1 $1,800  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  | $450  | |  | $7,000  | |  | $1,800  | |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify the two debit and credit rules developed in the above analysis. One rule has been identified for you.

Assets increase with debits.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assets decrease with credits.

 

 

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