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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, HEERAPATTI, AZAMGARHSome Important Bacterial DiseasesS.No.DiseasePathogenEpidemiologyIncubation periodSymptomsProphylaxisTherapy1.Pulmonary TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis Airbone and droplet infection2-10 weeksCoughing, chest pain and bloody sputum with tuberculinBCG vaccine isolation, health educationStreptomycin, para-amino salicylic acid, rifampicin etc.2.DiphtheriaCorynebacterium diphtheriaeAirbone and droplet infection2-6 daysInflammation of mucosa of nasal chamber, throat etc, respiratory tract blockedDPT vaccineDiphtheria antitoxins, penicillin, erythromycin 3.CholeraVibrio choleraeDirect and oral (with contaminated food and water)6 hours to 2-3 daysAcute diarrhea and dehydrationSanitation, boiling of water and cholera vaccineOral rehydration therapy and tetracycline 4.Leproxy (Hansen’s disease)Mycobacterium lepraeSlowest infectious and contagious2-5 yearsSkin hypopigmentation, nodulated skin, deformity of fingers and toes, lepromin in skin tests Isolation Dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine 5.Pertussis (whooping cough)Bordetella pertussis Contagious and droplet infection 7-14 days Whoops during inspiration DPT vaccineErythromycin 6.Tetanus (Lock jaw)Clostridium tetani Through injury3-21 days Degeneration of motor neurons, rigid jaw muscles, spasm and paralysis ATS and DPT vaccinesTetanus antitoxins 7.Plague Pasteurella (or Yersinia) pestisIndirected and inoculative (vector is rat flea)2-6 days Bubonic plague affects lymph nodes; Pneumonic plague affects lungs and septicemic plague causes anaemiaKilling of rats and ratfleas, plague vaccineTetracycline, streptomycin, chloromycetin 8.GonorrhoeaNeisseria gonorrhoeaeSexual transmission 2-10 daysInflammation of urinogenital tractAvoid prostitution Penicillin and ampicillin9.Syphilis Treponema pallidumSexual transmission 3 weeksInflammation of urinoenital tractAvoid prostitution Tetracycline and penicillin 10.Salmonellosis Salmonella enteridis Direct and oral48 hours DiarrhoeaIsolation Antibiotics Some other Important Viral DiseasesS.No.DiseasePathogenEpidemiologyIncubation periodSymptomsProphylaxisTherapy1.Chickenpox (Varicella)Herpes-zoster virus (DNA-virus)Contagious and Formite borne12-20 daysDark red coloured rash or pox changing into vesicles, crusts and fallingNow vaccine available, isolation Zoster immunoglobulins (ZIG)2.Smallpox (Variolla)Variola-virus (DNA-Virus)Contagious and Droplet infection 12 days Appearance of rash changing into pustules, scabs and fallingSmallpox vaccineNo case reported after 1978 3.Poliomyelitis Polio-virus (RNA-virus)Direct and Oral7-14 daysDamages motor neurons causing stiffness of neck, convulsion, paralysis of generally legs‘Salk’ vaccine and oral polio vaccinePhysiotherapy 4.Measles (Rubeolla disease)Rubeolla-virus (RNA-virus)Contagious and Droplet infection 10 days Rubeolla (skin eruptions) coughing, sneezing etc. Edmonston-B-vaccine, isolation Antibiotics and sulpha drugs 5.Mumps Mumps-virus (RNA- virus)Contagious and Droplet infection 12-26 days Painful enlargement of parotid salivary glands Mumps-vaccine isolation Antibiotics 6.Rabies (Hydrophobia)Rabies virus (RNA virus)Indirect and inoculative (vectors are rabid animals monkeys, cats, dogs)10 days 1-3 months Spasm of throat and chest nmuscles, fears from water, paralysis and death Immunization of dogs Pasteur treatment (14 vaccines in stomach)7.Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis Contagious, formite-borne and flies (vectors)5-12 days Inflammation of conjunctiva and cornea leading to blindnessIsolation Tetracycline and sulfonamide 8.Influenze (Flu)Myxovirus influenzae (RNA virus)Air borne and pandemic 24-48 hours lasts for 4-5 days Bronchitis, sneezing bronchopneumonia, leucopenia, coughing etc. Isolation Antibiotic therapy 9.Hepatitis (epidemic jaundice)Hepatitis-B virusDirect and oral (with food and water)20-35 days Damage to liver cells releasing bilirubin which causes jaundiceProper sanitation, proper coverage of food, water, milk etc. Use of chlorinated or boiled water etc. Hepatitis-B vaccine Types of Plasmodium Spp. And MalariaS.No.Plasmodium spp.Type of MalariaPeriod of attackDistribution 1.P. vivax Benign tertian malaria After 48 hours (every 3rd day). Not fatalTropical and temperate. Most common malaria2.P. ovaleMild tertian malaria After 48 hoursWest Africa and South America3.P. malariaeQuartan malaria (also called sub-clinical malaria)After 72 hours (every 4th day)Tropical and Temperate4.P. falciparumQuotidian malaria or Malignant tertian (most serious) or Irregular malariaDailyAfter 48 hoursNot fixed TropicalSome Interesting Fact About Immune System for Competitive Examinations : ?Antigen : Antibody-generating agent. ?Serology : Study of antigen-antibody interaction. ?B-lymphocytes produce antibodies at the rate of 20 trillions per day. ?Life-span of B-lymphocytes is of a few days, while that of T-lymphocytes is about 4 or 5 years or more. ?Primed cells : Memory cells and are modified suppressor T-lymphocytes. ?Epitopes : Multiple antigenic determinant sites in an antigen, while paratropes are antigen – binding sites of the antibody. Paratrope lies on Fab (Fragment antigen binding). ?Two important groups of antigens are : ABO – system and Rh – system. ?A vaccine acts as an antigen and antibody – provoking agent. ?Five classes of antibodies : IgG : It is most abundant (80% of total antibodies) immunoglobulin mainly found in serum. It is a Y-shaped tetrapeptide protein formed of two identical light chains (each of 214 amino acids) and two identical heavy chains (each of 440 amino acids). Three disulphide bonds interlink these chains : two between light and heavy chains and one between heavy chains. These have the properties of transplacental transfer and binding ability to macrophages. Mol. Wt. of IgG is 150,000. It is mainly involved in extracellular defence. It is a -globulin protein. IgG acts as opsonin. IgA : It is second most abundant immunoglobin (10-15%) with a mol. Wt. of 160000. It is a dimmer molecule in which two -polypeptide chains are linked by J-polypeptide chain. It is found in saliva, tears, colostrum, etc. It guards the mucosal surfaces. It is first antibody type to be formed inside human body at about age of 4 months. IgM : It is a polymer of five tetrameric peptide immunoglobin molecules interlinked by disulphide bonds. It is called macro-globulin as has highest mol. Wt. (i.e. 900000). It is found on surface of B-cells. IgD : It is formed of four delta-peptide chains. IgE : It is formed of epsilon heavy chain and is found in mast cells of tissues and serum. It is least in amount. If triggers inflammatory response. It also mediates in allergic reactions. Inflammatory response. It also mediates in allergic reaction. ?ELISA-test : Enzyme linked Immunosobent Assay : A sensitive test for detection and quantitation of antigens and antibodies. ?SAFA – test : Solid Antigen Fluorescent Antibody Test : It is a modification of ELISA test in which fluorescent – labeled antigers are used and interactions can be visualized. ?Cytokines : These are soluble non-antibody proteins released by cells of immune system e.g. interleukin-I produced by macrophages; perforin secreted by killer T-cells. ?Joseph Miester : First person to be given antirabies vaccine. ?Toxinosis : Lesion caused by the action of a toxin. ?Types of Diseases : Endemic disease (En = in; demos = people). Regular occurrence of a disease in a given geographic area or a population group e.g., common cold, sleeping sickness. Exotic diseases. Disease which is imported into a country in which it does not occur e.g. Rabies in U.K. Zoonosis : An infectious disease spread from verlebrate vector to man e.g. Rabies. Epizootic disease : Occurrence of disease in only a few individuals widely separately in space and time showing little or no connection e.g. polio, tetanus etc. Pandemic disease. An epidemic usually affecting a large population over wide geographic area like nation, a continent or world e.g., Influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1957; Cholera in 1962 and now AIDS.Some Interesting Facts about Cancers for Competitive Examinations : ?Arneoplastic cells : Cancer cells undergoing abnormal and uncontrolled growth. ?Oncology : Study of all aspects of cancer. Oncologists : Scientists involved in the cancer research. ?Oncoviruses : Tumour causing viruses. ?In India, most common cancer type of human males is mouth-throat while that of human females is uterine-cevical cancer (accounts for about 80% of all cases). According to 1988 report, in Delhi and Mumbai most common cancer type in human females is breast cancer. In Delhi one in 40 women is affected with breast cancer. At the world level, breast cancer is most common. ?Nearly 40 per cent of cancer cases in India can be attributed to some form of tobacco use. ?Fried and salty food, chutney and high use of chillies raise the cancer risk, while increased use of vegetables and fruits reduce the risk. ?Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is technique to draw very deeply located tissue for their biopsy and histological examinations. ?Pap’s test : To detect cervix cancer. ?Brachytherapy : A special radiotherapeutical technique in which a very high doze of radiation is given to small volume of body tissues in short period from small radioactive source like Radium, Cobalt-60; Iridium-192 etc. Another advanced technique of radiation therapy of cancer is Intensity Modulation Radiotherapy (IMRT) in which non-uniform beams are fired the affected organ from several angles to deliver desired doses to the tumour while minimizing dose to surrounding organs. ?Marry Collins : Developed the gene therapy for skin cancer. He genetically engineered the tumour cells with a protein called Interleukin-2. Inside the body, tumour cells released Interleukin-2 which stimulates the WBCs to attack cancer cells in the skin. ?China has developed the world’s first officially licensed ‘gene therapy’ to treat cancer. ?Former Miss World and Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai is acting as a goodwill ambassador to raise funds for the recently launched (October 2004) campaign called ‘Pink Ribbon’ against Breast Cancer. ?Pink Ribbon is an international symbol for support for breast cancer awareness. ?About 80,000 new cases of breast cancers are detected every year in India. It is estimated that one in 22 Indian females is likely to develop breast cancer. ?Ashwagandha roots ans leaves of Tulsi (Ocinum) have anti-cancer properties. ?New Cancer Drugs : Photoferrin : Developed in USA and useful against throat cancer. Doxorobocin : Commonly called Doxil and has anti tumour ingredient. Smart bomb : Dr. Raj Puri, A US based Indian scientists has reported that ‘smart bomb’ can be used in cancer therapy. Smart bomb is formed of a cancer killing drug linked to an immune substance called interleukin-13 which binds the specific receptors present on tumour cells of brain tumours, kidney tumours and AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma. ?Prof. Sir Alfred Cuschieri : Developed key hole surgery to fight cancer. ?Tata Memorial Research Institute, Mumbai is Indian Institute for cancer treatment. ?He La cells : Cancer cells capable to propagate outside a living system. These are named after their donor, Henrietta Lacks, who dies of cervical cancer in 1951. ?Ames Test : It is a routine screening test developed by Bruce Ames to know the mutagenicity and carcinogenic nature of a substance. ?Adjuvant chemotherapy is the technique of using several drugs at the same time. ?There are three primary types of lung cancers – Bronchiogenic carcinoma (most common, 90%), Alveolar carcinoma and Pleural mesothelioma. ?Leukemias are of three types : Lymphocytic leukemia (increase in number of lymphocytes, enlargement of lymph nodes, etc.), Granulocytic leukemia and Monocytic leukemia. Four Types of Psychotropic DrugsS.No.Type of DrugExamplesEffects1.Sedatives and tranquillisers (depressant)Benzodiazephines (e.g. Vali-um), barbiturates. Depress brain activity and produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, drowsiness and deep sleep (high doses) 2.Opiate narcotics Opium, morphine, heroin, pethidine, methadoneSuppress brain function, relieve intense pain, produce temporary euphoria3.Stimulants Caffeine (very mild), cocaine and its derivative Novacaine, amphetamines. (including dexamphetamine)Stimulate the nervous system, make a person more wakeful, increase alertness 4.Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, charas, bhang, marijuanaAlter thoughts, feelings and perceptions; hallucinations Sources of Psychotropic drugss.no.drugssourcePart of source1tobaccoNicotiana tabaccum,Nicotiana rusticaleaf2BenzpyreneNicotiana tabaccum,Nicotiana rusticaextract3opiumPapaver somniferumUnripe capsule4Morphine codeinePapaver somniferumprocessed5Heroin(diacetylmorphine)Papaver somniferumAcetylation of morphine6CaffeineThea chinesis,Coffea arabica,Theobroma cacao7CocaineErythroxylon cocaLeaves & twigs8LSDClaviceps purpurea9BhangCannabis sativa, Cannabis indicaLeaves10GanjaCannabis sativa, Cannabis indicaUnfertilized female inflorescence11Charas/ hashishCannabis sativa, Cannabis indicaFlowering top12MarijuanaCannabis sativa, Cannabis indicaDried flowering plantCertain Addictive Drugs and their Common NamesS.No.Addictive Drugs Common Names 1.Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)Acid2.Phencyclidine Piperidine (PCP)Angel dust3.Diacetylmorphine hydrochl-orideBrown sugar 4.CocaineCoke5.BarbituratesDowners (sleeping pills)6.MarijnanaGrass 7.Concentrated Tetrahydro cannibinolHash 8.PsilocybinMagic mushroom 9.AmphetaminesSpeedDifferences between Depressants and StimulantsS.No.DepressantsS.No.Stimulants1.These decreases the activity of central nervous system.1.These increase activity of central nervous system. 2.Effects-These induce calming effects, relaxation, drowsiness and generally induce sleep.2.Effects-These induce excitement, alertness, more wakefulness and inhibit sleep. 3.Example-Benzodiazephines and barbituric acid3.Examples-Caffeine, coaine and amphetaminesInteraction of Alcohol and DrugS.No.Alcohol-drug combinationBiological effects1.Alcohol + Barbiturates (depression)Increased depressant effect2.Alcohol + antihistaminesMarked drowsiness3.Alcohol + valium (Benzodiazepine)Dramatic increased sedative effect4.Alcohol + marijuana or HashishDecreased coordination, increased reaction time, impaired judgement5.Alcohol + AspirinIncreased chances of damage to gastric mucosa 6.Benzodiazapines + BarbituratesIncreased sedation7.Amphetamine + Insulin Decreased insulin effect 8.Nicotine + CocaineIncreased cardiovascular effects 9.Cocaine + Antideressants Hypertension Some Interesting Facts abut Problems of Adolescence for Competitive Examinations : A. Tobacco Addiction : ?Tobacco smoke mutates and inactivates P-53 gene which checks cancer growth. ?Byssinosis : Acute bronchitis associated with generalized airflow obstruction. ?1996 – Olympics held in Atlanta (USA) had been declared smoke free. ?Health Care Foundation of India (HCFI) has suggested that tobacco should be treated like any other narcotic as regular nicotine use may also lead to addiction. ?In India, graph of smokers sky rocketed by 400 per cent during 1970-80 period done. Meanwhile, a six fold increase in mortality from bronchitis and emphysema was also noted in India. ?An ‘Anti tobacco Bill’ has been long pending before parliament. ?One out of 20 children are templed by the cigarette advertisements. ?India is one of the top consumers of cigarette. Over 142 million men and 37 million women above 15 years of age are regular smokers. ?Lung cancer mortality risk for a heavy smoker is 20-30 times greater than that of a non-smoker. ?Central Tobacco Research Institute is located at Rajahmundry (A.P.). B. Alcoholism : ?Alcoholism is a disease was declared by WHO in 1964. ?Breath test : To estimate the blood alcohol by the analyzing the breath of an alcoholic. ?Hangover : Mild effects of alcohol even after long period of its consumption. ?Polyneuropathy : A degenerative disease of nervous system associated with chronic alcoholism. ?On the effects of alcohol on sexual behaviour, William Shakespeare stated ‘It provokes the desire but it takes away performance.’ C. Drug Addiction : ?Analgesics : Which induce relief from pain e.g. Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Morphine, etc. ?Rhinorrhoea : Excess watery discharge from the nasal mucosa. ?Lacrimation : Excess secretion of tears. ?Analeptic drugs : Respiratory stimulants. ?Caffeinism : Caffein intoxication characterized by restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. ?Stimulants do not cause physical dependency so person does not show withdrawal symptoms, but these cause phychological dependency so their withdrawal causes depression, anxiety and restlessness. ?Now drug abuse is no longer limited to traditional laser groups like slum dwellers, industrial workers etc. but has spread its tentacles even in young and adolescent children and youth. ?Antidote : A substance which is used to counter the effect of poisons e.g. alkali against acid poisoning. ?Antihistaminic drugs : Used against allergic problems e.g. Avil, Actifed. ?Phocomelia : Child born with seal like underdeveloped limb by a woman who consumed that drug thalidomide widely used in sleeping pills in 1960s. Use of LSD and other hallucinogens increased by 54%. Cocaine use increased by 168%. Use of marijuana increased by 37%. ?Main Barbiturates : Seconal, Nembutal (Pentobarbitol); Tuinal, Amytal (Amobarbital), Phenobarbital etc.?Main antipyretics : Paracetamol (crocin, metacin). ?Stimulants are also called anti depressanta/mood elevators/superman drugs. ?Examples of Amphetamines : Benzedrine, Dexedrine and Methedrine. ?International Day against Drug Abuse and Illict Trafficking : 26th June. ?Drug traffic : Illegal sale of dangerous drugs. ?Benzodiajaphines are more effective than barbiturates in relieving anxiety than in inducing sleep. ?Hypnotic effect : Calming effect of barbiturates. ?Narcotics are most powerful pain killers but these should be used with great caution as these cause addiction. ?Methadone : A synthetic narcotic drug and is most effective form of treatment for addiction to heroin and other narcotics. ?Mescalin : Also called trimethoxy phenethylamine. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid and is derived from the flowering heads of Lophophora williamsii. It is second most common hallucinogenic drug use. ?Psilocybin : It is derived from two Mexican mushroom species : Psilocybe Mexicana and Stropharia cubensis, commonly called magic mushrooms. ?IV-drug : Any drug which is taken intravenously and includes addictive narcotic drugs like heroin. ?Phencyclidine : Drug used to control ‘rogue elephant’. ?Pierre Jean Robiquei (1832) : First to isolate codein from opium. ?Psiolocybe Mexicana is a sacred mushroom and is called God’s flesh. ?Heroin is commonly called dynamite, while amphetamine is called speedball. ?Cocktail : When cocaine is deliberately mixed with other drugs like barbiturates, cocaine etc. to experience a sudden kick. NameRaw Material%age of alcoholA.Undistilled Alcohols (Simple Fermentation Products)Fruit3 to 24%1.CiderApple Juice + Sugar3-62.BeerBarley (Malt)4-53.Claret (Red Wine)Grape juice4-54.Champagne (White wine)Grape juice7-13 5.Port (heavy, sweet, fortified wine, dark red or white)Grape juice 8-106.Sherry (fortified wine, pale gold to dark brown)Grape juice18-247.Toddy Palm sap -8.Arrack Coco palm, rice -B.Distilled alcohols (Distilled fermented wines to raise strength)1.Hollands Rye402.GinBarley40-453.BrandyApple, peach and cherry juice40-504.Whisky Barley, rye, maize, potatoes40-505.Rum Molasses45-556.Vodka (used in Russia)Rye45-557.Sake (used in Japan)Rice40-55Some Important Antibiotics and Source Produced by Actinomycetes.S.No.Name of antibioticFrom which derived1.Aureomycin (tetracycline)Streptomyces2.ErythromycinStreptomyces erythreus 3.Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae4.Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus5.Carbomycin Streptomyces halstedii6.NovobiocinStreptomyces niveus 7.Amphotericin BStreptomyces nodosus 8.Terramycin (Oxytetracycline)Streptomyces rimosus 9.Chloromycetin (Chloramphenicol)Streptomyces venezuelae Some Antibiotics and Source Produced by Bacteria.S.No.Name of AntibioticBacterial Source1.BacitracinBacillus subtilus2.GramacidinB. brevis 3.TyrothricinB. brevis 4.Polymyxin-BAerobacillus polymyxaFew Antibiotics Produced from FungiS.No.AntibioticMicro-organism1.Ustilagic acidUstilago maydis2.RamaicinMucor ramannianus3.FumigalinAspergillus fumigatus4.Saurvic acidA. niger 5.ProloferinA. proliferans6.BaccatinGibberella baccata7.CampestrinPsalliota campestris8.PenicillinPencillium notatum9.GriseofulvinP. Grisoefulvin10.CephalosprinCephalosporium acremoniumMicrobial Source and uses of Organic AcidsS.anic Acid Microbial sourceUses1.Lactic acid Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii and Streptococcus lactis (Bacteria)Curdling of milk proteins.2.Citric acid Aspergillus niger (fungus)Confectionery, dyeing, medicine, silvering mirror etc. 3.Itaconic acidA. terreus (fungus)Plastic and glass industries and jewelry4.Oxalic acidA. niger (fungus)In medicines and many industries 5.Koji acidA. oryzae (fungus)As antiseptic 6.Acetic acid Acetobacter aceti (bacterium)Used as vinegar in preparation of pickles, also used to preserve vegetables and meat7.Butyric acidClostridium butylicum (bacterium)-Microbial Source and use of EnzymesS.No.EnzymeMicrobial sourceUses 1.LipasesCandida lipolytica (fungus)Used in detergents to remove the oil stains from the laundry. Also in flavoring of cheese2.Proteases and pectinasesAspergillus niger (fungus)For clarification of fruit juices3.StreptokinaseStreptococcus (bacterium)Used as a ‘clot buster’ to dissolve the blood clot in the blood vessels of the patients suffering from myocardial infarction, so is fibrinolytic.4.Glucose oxidase Penicillium chrysogenum (fungus)-5.InvertaseSaccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)Hydrolysis of sucrose, so also called sucrase6.-amylase Rhizopus japonicus and R. oryzae (fungus)Digestion of starch and preparation of soft centered candles. Also in softening and sweetening of bread7.Dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroidesPolymerization of simple sugars to form dextrin.8.Cyclosporin ATrichoderma polysporumImmunosuppressive agent in organ transplant9.StatinsMonascus purpureusBlood cholesterol lowering agentOTHER IMPORTANT MICROBESS NO.MICROBESCATEGORYIMPORTANCE1Propionbacterium sharmaniibacteriaLarge holes in swiss cheese2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeFungus- yeastBeverages,Bakery3MethanobacteriumbacteriaAnaerobic sludge during sewage treatment, rumen of the cattle4Bacillus thuringiensisbacteriaGMO Bt cotton Biocontrol agent5TrichodermafungusBiocontrol agent( root ecosystem)6BaculovirusesBiocontrol agent7Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects. This is especially desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall integrated pest management (IPM) programme, or when an ecologically sensitive area is being treated. ................
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