Electronic References



e-References

e1. Tong D. Are all IV thrombolysis exclusion criteria necessary? Being SMART about evidence-based medicine. Neurology 2011;76:1780-1781.

e2. Demaerschalk BM. Challenging the validity of imposing contraindications to thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2011;77:1862-1863.

e3. Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, Del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD000213.

e4. Tanne D, Gorman MJ, Bates VE, et al. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in patients aged 80 years and older : the tPA stroke survey experience. Stroke 2000;31:370-375.

e5. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project--1981-86. 2. Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:16-22.

e6. Kammersgaard LP, Jorgensen HS, Reith J, Nakayama H, Pedersen PM, Olsen TS. Short- and long-term prognosis for very old stroke patients. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Age Ageing 2004;33:149-154.

e7. Berrouschot J, Rother J, Glahn J, Kucinski T, Fiehler J, Thomalla G. Outcome and severe hemorrhagic complications of intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in very old (> or =80 years) stroke patients. Stroke 2005;36:2421-2425.

e8. Engelter ST, Reichhart M, Sekoranja L, et al. Thrombolysis in stroke patients aged 80 years and older: Swiss survey of IV thrombolysis. Neurology 2005;65:1795-1798.

e9. Sylaja PN, Cote R, Buchan AM, Hill MD. Thrombolysis in patients older than 80 years with acute ischaemic stroke: Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:826-829.

e10. Ringleb PA, Schwark C, Kohrmann M, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke in octogenarians: selection by magnetic resonance imaging improves safety but does not improve outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:690-693.

e11. Costello CA, Campbell BC, Perez de la Ossa N, et al. Age over 80 years is not associated with increased hemorrhagic transformation after stroke thrombolysis. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2012;19:360-363.

e12. Garcia-Caldentey J, Alonso de Lecinana M, Simal P, et al. Intravenous Thrombolytic Treatment in the Oldest Old. Stroke Res Treat 2012;2012:923676.

e13. Simon JE, Sandler DL, Pexman JH, Hill MD, Buchan AM. Is intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) safe for use in patients over 80 years old with acute ischaemic stroke? - The Calgary experience. Age Ageing 2004;33:143-149.

e14. Chen CI, Iguchi Y, Grotta JC, et al. Intravenous TPA for very old stroke patients. Eur Neurol 2005;54:140-144.

e15. Mouradian MS, Senthilselvan A, Jickling G, et al. Intravenous rt-PA for acute stroke: comparing its effectiveness in younger and older patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1234-1237.

e16. Parnetti L, Silvestrelli G, Lanari A, Tambasco N, Capocchi G, Agnelli G. Efficacy of thrombolytic (rt-PA) therapy in old stroke patients: the Perugia Stroke Unit experience. Clin Exp Hypertens 2006;28:397-404.

e17. Sung PS, Chen CH, Hsieh HC, et al. Outcome of acute ischemic stroke in very elderly patients: is intravenous thrombolysis beneficial? Eur Neurol 2011;66:110-116.

e18. Smith EE, Fonarow GC, Reeves MJ, et al. Outcomes in mild or rapidly improving stroke not treated with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: findings from get with the guidelines-stroke. Stroke 2011;42:3110-3115.

e19. Barber PA, Zhang J, Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Buchan AM. Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility. Neurology 2001;56:1015-1020.

e20. Smith EE, Abdullah AR, Petkovska I, Rosenthal E, Koroshetz WJ, Schwamm LH. Poor outcomes in patients who do not receive intravenous tissue plasminogen activator because of mild or improving ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005;36:2497-2499.

e21. Nedeltchev K, Schwegler B, Haefeli T, et al. Outcome of stroke with mild or rapidly improving symptoms. Stroke 2007;38:2531-2535.

e22. Selim MH, Molina CA. Management of acute stroke patients with rapidly resolving deficits and persistent vascular occlusion: a real clinical equipoise. Stroke 2010;41:3007-3008.

e23. Kohrmann M, Schellinger PD. Pro: intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in stroke patients with rapid, complete recovery during evaluation (transient ischemic attack) and evidence of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2010;41:3003-3004.

e24. Liebeskind DS. No-go to tissue plasminogen activator for transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2010;41:3005-3006.

e25. Demchuk AM, Tanne D, Hill MD, et al. Predictors of good outcome after intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2001;57:474-480.

e26. Larrue V, von Kummer RR, Muller A, Bluhmki E. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke 2001;32:438-441.

e27. Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P, Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. Jama 2000;283:1145-1150.

e28. Tanne D, Kasner SE, Demchuk AM, et al. Markers of increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: the Multicenter rt-PA Stroke Survey. Circulation 2002;105:1679-1685.

e29. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE, et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. Jama 2000;283:1151-1158.

e30. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 1998;352:1245-1251.

e31. Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. The NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 1997;28:2109-2118.

e32. Sylaja PN, Dong W, Grotta JC, et al. Safety outcomes of Alteplase among acute ischemic stroke patients with special characteristics. Neurocrit Care 2007;6:181-185.

e33. Selim M, Fink JN, Kumar S, et al. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: prognostic value of the initial apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion-weighted lesion volume. Stroke 2002;33:2047-2052.

e34. Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol 2006;60:508-517.

e35. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet neurology 2008;7:299-309.

e36. Martini SR, Kent TA. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: a vascular perspective. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007;27:435-451.

e37. Kruyt ND, Biessels GJ, Devries JH, Roos YB. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology and clinical management. Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:145-155.

e38. Del Zoppo GJ, Saver JL, Jauch EC, Adams HP, Jr. Expansion of the time window for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: a science advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2009;40:2945-2948.

e39. Mishra NK, Davis SM, Kaste M, Lees KR. Comparison of outcomes following thrombolytic therapy among patients with prior stroke and diabetes in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA). Diabetes Care 2010;33:2531-2537.

e40. Edwards NJ, Kamel H, Josephson SA. The safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with pre-existing cerebral aneurysms: a case series and review of the literature. Stroke 2012;43:412-416.

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