Toxicity and health



toxicity and health

robert sylak

ANTHROPOGENIC HAZZARD- don’t smoke

3 million die per year

in U.S.-1150 deaths PER DAY

passive smoke-53,000 deaths per year

costs us $4.10 per pack in health costs

risky business

RISK

PROBABILITY OF SUFFERING HARM FROM A HAZARD

RISK ASSESMENT- HAZARDS ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY OF HARM TO INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY, OR SYSTEMS FROM EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC HAZARDS

USES DATA

HYPOTHESES

MODELS

how you and I percieve risks

we have an exaggerated view of our own abilities to control our fate.

I’m immortal and better at doing things than everyone else. my car won’t crash, these cigs won’t hurt.

news media gives us a biased perspective on the frquencies of certain health hazards.

we have irrational fears not based on data.

10,000 coal mining deaths in US vs. 0 for nuclear energy

HAZARDS

CULTURAL HAZARDS

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

CULTURAL HAZARDS-

UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS,POOOR DIET, UNSAFE SEX, POVERTY

CHEMICAL HAZARDS- POLLUTION

PHYSICAL HAZARDS- IONIZING RADIATION, NOISE, NATURAL DISASTERS

BIOLOGIC HAZARDS-FROM PATHOGENS, ALLERGENS,

ANIMALS THAT EAT YOU

cultural hazards

Most have little affect on average life span.

Most have cumulative effects.

Cultural Hazards

The largest hazards are smoking and diet:

Diet

correlations between salt and cardiovascular disease; fat intake and breast cancer; etc.

Chemical Hazards

Toxic chemicals:

fatal to over 50% of test subjects at given concentrations

some from industrial or agricultural sources

dioxin, mercury, cyanide, benzene, chloroform

others natural

cobra venom, hemlock

kill cells

Cultural Hazards

The largest hazards are smoking and diet:

Smoking

smoking is the nation’s leading cause of preventable death

equivalent to 3 jumbo jets crashing every day (1150/day)

only 1 in ten can quit

TOXICOLOGY

STUDY OF ADVERSE AFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON HEALTH

TOXICITY-MEASURE OF HOW HARMFUL A SUBSTANCE IS

DOSE/TIME

ACUTE EXPOSURE-

CHRONIC EXPOSURE

EXPOSURE

ACUTE= SINGLE DOSE

CHRONIC= OVER ALL OR MOST OF LIFETIME

SUBCHRONIC- REPEATED DOSES FOR SOME FRACTION OR PART OF LIFE

RESPONSE

TYPE AND AMOUNT OF DAMAGE TO HEALTH

ACUTE EFFECT

CHRONIC EFFECT

MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOMAGNIFICATION

ACUTE- DIZZINESS, RASHES, ETC

CHRONIC- PERMANANT OR LONG LASTIN EFFECT=KIDNEY OR LIVER DAMAGE,ACUTE SENSITIVITY

DOSE AND RESPONSE

BIOACCUMULATION- INCREASE IN CONC OF CHEM IN SPECIAL ORGANS OR TISSUES

WATER SOLUBLE RARELY ACCUMULATE, FAT SOLUBLE ACCUMULATE

BIOLOGICAL HALF LIFE-TIME TO BE REDUCED BY HALF

NO2=O3=CH=PAN=BAD FOR ASTHMATICS

BIOMAGNIFICATION - MAGNIFIED AS PASS THRU FOOD CHAIN

EFFECTED BY

ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONS -REDUCED TOXICITYBY (VITAMINS ETC)

SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS -

POISON

HAS LD50

LETHAL DOSE- 50 MG OR LESS/KG BODY WEIGHT THAT KILLS 1/2 OF TEST ANIMALS WITHIN 14 DAYS

WHAT IS TOXIC?

CASE REPORTS

LAB INVESTIGATIONS

INVESTIGATE METABOLITES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS-

DOSE RESPONSE CURVES

NO THRESHOLD LEVEL-

ANY SIZE DOSE HAS HARM

THRESHOLD LEVEL

CERTAIN AMOUNT NEEDED TO CAUSE HARM

LINEAR DOSE RESP MODEL

ANY DOSE HAS CERTAIN RISK OF CAUSING HARM

WHICH DO WE CHOOSE?

ALL MODELS HAVE LIMITATIONS

ANIMAL ACTIVISTS

COSTS

LIMITED ABILITIES TO DEAL WITH COMBINATIONS

NEW CHEMICALS EACH DAY

BIASES

POLLUTION PREVENTION

CHEAPER THAN STUDIES

REDUCES RISK

WHY NOT?

Teratogens example: thalidomide

Environmental estrogens

Hormone disrupters : example

alligators in Florida lake

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

TOXIC CHEMICALS

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL

FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE

IRRITATING OR DAMAGING TO SKIN AND LUNGS

ASPHYXIATING

ALLERGENS

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL (CONT)

MUTAGENS

TERATOGENS

CARCINOGENS

MUTAGENS- EFFECT FUTURE GENERATIONS

TERATOGENS- CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS PCB, THALIDOMIDE

STEROID HORMONES, HEAVY METALS

CARCINOGENS- CELLS MULTIPLY UNCONTROLLABLY---METASTISIZE AND KILL

80% DUE TO ENV AND LIFESTYLE

CIGARRETTES-30-40%

DIET 20-30%

occupational-5-15%

environmental 1-10%

Hormone Disrupters

OTHER HARMS

IMMUNE SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

DOSE RESP CURVE IS OFTEN U SHAPED

COMBINATIONS(3) OF PESTCIDES GIVE 100 TO 1200X DISRUPTION OF HORMONE FUNCTION(POTENTIATION OR SYNERGISM)

IMMUNE SYS-IONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL (HIV), UV LIGHT, PESTICIDES . WEAKENS AND MAKE YOU MORE LIKELY TO BE HARMED BY DISEASE.

NERV SYS - NEUROTOXINS -

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, DDT, PBB, DIOXINS.

ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES, FORMALDEHYDE- IN GLUES IN PANELLING ETC.

CPDS. OF LEAD, MERCURY, CADMIUM

SOLVENTS-TCE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- PRODUCES HORMONES

ESTROGENS AND ANDROGENShormone disruptors- -51 WIDELY USED CHEM. =DIOXINS FROM BURNING PLASTICS, PCB’S

PLASTICS CHEMICALS, CERTAIN PESTICIDES

horRMONE MIMICS-

HORMONE BLOCKERS

EX: RANCH MINKS, ALLIGATERS IN FLA-LITTLE PENISES, HYPERACTIVE RATS-PCB’S, PVC INHIBIT TESTACLE GROWTH

Electromagnetic Fields (EMF’s)

Low energy, non-ionizing radiation

power lines, electric appliances, computers

no clear answer about effects, may cause leukemia

RADIATION

IONIZING RADIATION

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ABLE TO DAMAGE BODY TISSUES

UV, X-RAYSALPHA, BETA, GAMMA RADIATION, NEUTRONS FLYING AROUND

GENETIC DAMAGE

SOMATIC DAMAGE

SUPERLINEAR HYPOTHESIS

GENETIC DAMAGE

SOMATIC DAMGE- BURNS, MISCARRIAGES, CATARACTS, CERTAIN CANCERS.

1990 STUDY LIKLIHOOD OF GETTING CANCER FROM LOW DOSAGES 4X HIGHER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT, NO THRESHOLD EFFECT.

SUPERLINEAR HYP = LOW DOSAGES OF RADIATIONPRODUCE MORE CANCER PER UNIT THAN HIGH DOSES. LEUKEMIA HIGHER IN CHILDREN WHOSE FATHERS RECEIVE PERMISSIBLE LOW DOSES OF RADIATION.

ALPHA PARTICLES - BAD IF BREATH IN OR INGEST, BETA - PENETRATES, DAMAGES INTERNAL ORGANS. HALF LIFE IMPORTANT. MID LIFE MOST DANGEROUS, HANG AROUND LONG ENOUGH TO BE INGESTED AND DECAY FAST ENOUGHT TO CAUSE DAMGE ONCE INSIDE THE BODY.

IONIZING RADIATION SOURCES- NATURAL 82%, MAN MADE-18%, RADON IS 55% (NATURAL)

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation:

X-rays, UV light, alpha, beta an gamma rays emitted by radioactive substances

exposure includes rocks, water, air, outer space

nuclear power plant accidents-Chernobyl

How are we affected?

Linear dose-response

maybe threshold due to repair

superlinear - small doses worse

Effects

genetic or somatic damage

1% of cancers, and 5-6% of genetic defects

Thermal Pollution

When heat is release in the environment and causes unwanted effects

mostly caused by nuclear and electric power plants

effects in a river can change ecosystem (water temp, dissolved O2); harm species that are present

can capture heat and use for other purposes

use heat to foster species of commercial value

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

CRITTER BORNE PATHOGENS

HUMAN BORNE

CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF RESISTANCE AND SPREADING

PATHOGENS- INFECTIOUS AGENTS SPREAD FROM BY AIR WATER, PEOPLE ETC.

MOSQUITOES- INFECT 330 MILLION PEOPLE/YEAR - YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE, VIRAL DISEASES

HOUSE FLY- TB KILSS 3.1 MILLION/YEAR, CHOLEREA, PLAGUE,POLIO, DYSENTERY, AND EYE DISEASES.10 MILLION CHILDREN A YEAR DIE FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES.

EBOLA AND HANTA VIRUSES- KILL FEW

BACTERIA EXCHANGE PLASMIDS- LOOPS OF DNA THAT ENABLE THEM TO PASS TRAITS FROM ONE TO ANOTHER

TETRACYCLINES AND PENICILLUM PUT IN LIVESTOCK

PANDEMICS- MASSIVE EPIDEMIC, LIKE 1918 FLU KILLED 30 MILLION

Transmissible/ Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological Transition

As a country industrializes, the infectious diseases of childhood (and adulthood) become less important, and the chronic disease of adulthood become more important in causing mortality

non-transmissible diseases

Distribution of malaria

RISK ANALYSIS

ASSESSMENT

COMPARATIVE

MANAGEMENT

COMMUNICATION

COMPARATIVE RISK ANALYSIS- RANKING RISKS. PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC RANKING DIFFERENT SEE FIG 10-9

RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS- 80% OF EPA FUNDS SPENT ON LOW RISK POLLUTANTS, 20% O GREATEST RISK POLLUTANTS, 1% ON HIGH RISK WORK RELATED, DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT GLOBAL CHANGES AND OZONE DEPLETION.

ASSESSMENT- DETERMINE TYPES OF HAZARDS, PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE, EST #’S OF PEOPLE AFFECTED (EXPOSED AND HARMED)

RISK MANAGEMENT- WHICH, WHAT AVAILABLE FUNDS, WHAT ORDER, HOW RELIABLE THE ASSESSMENT, COST TO REDUCE RISK, HOW COMMUNICATED AND ENFORCED---EX TAILPIPE MONITORING

Risk-benefit analysis

What are the benefits of the exposure relative the risks of exposure?

X-rays

SOLUTIONS

MORE RESEARCH

CLEAN UP

MONITER AND RESPOND

HOLD BACK ANTIBIOTIC USE

DEVELOP MORE VACCINES

Cost-benefit analysis

Comparison of the costs of a program (ex. pollution clean-up) to the benefits of the program

Cost usually increases non-linearly with amount of reduction

Benefits do not increase linearly (fall off at high reduction level)

Cost-benefit analysis

Public preferences

The public can have a huge influence on public policy

This can be good, but the public isn’t always informed, and may force politicians to allocate money in places that may not help the most people

Also, people aren’t always informed about the most significant issues affecting them

difference inn perceived risks vs. actual risks

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

SOLID WASTE

U.S. WITH 4.6% OF POP PRODUCES 33% OF WORLDS SOLID WASTE

98.5% OF THAT FROM MINING, OIL AG AND INDUSTRY

1.5 %MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

182 MILL METRIC TONS/YEAR

700 KG/PERSON

24% OF THAT RECYCLED, 60% LANDFILLS, 16% BURNED

FACTOIDS

WE THROW AWAY

ENOUGH AL TO REBUILD AIRLINE FLEET

TIRES TO CIRCLE THE GLOBE X 3

18 BILLION DISPOSABLE DIAPERS

2.5 BILLOIN NONRETURNABLE PLASTIC BOTTLES

10 BILLION METRIC TONS OF WASTE

75% MINING OIL AND GAS

13% AGRICULTURE

9.5% INDUSTRY

1.5% MUNICIPAL

1% SEWAGE SLUDGE

HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONTAINS ONE OR MORE OF 39 TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC, MUTAGENIC TERATOGENIC CPDS

CATCHES FIRE EASILY

REACTIVE OR UNSTABLE

CORROSIVE

NON HAZARDOUS WASTE

RADIOACTIVE WASTES

HOUSEHOLD TOXINS

MINING WASTES

OIL AND GAS WASTES

LIQ. ORGANIC HYDROCARBONS

CEMENT KILN DUST FROM BURNING TOXICS

SMALL BUSINESS TOXINS LESS THAN 100 KG/MONTH

MORE FACTOIDS

5.5 BILLION METRIC TONNES/YR HAZARDOUS WASTE

21 METRIC TONNES / PERSON

6% IS DEFINED HAZARDOUS, 94% UNREGULATED

SOLUTIONS

WASTE MANAGEMENT

HIGH WASTE APPROACH

CRADLE TO GRAVE

WASTE PREVENTION

LOW WASTE APPROACH

THREE R’S

SAVES E AND RESOURCES

REDUCE EXTRACTION DAMAGE

IMP WORKER HEALTH

DECREASE POLLUTION

SAVES MONEY

SOLUTIONS

DECREASE CONSUMPTION

REDESIGN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

RECYCLABLE CARS

PRODUCE LESS WASTE AND POLLUTION

DRYCLEANING WITH PEROXIDE

PAPER BLEACHING WITH PEROXIDE

IND USE BETTER CLEANING PRODUCTS

DETOXIFYING, BURNING, BURYING , AND EXPORTING WASTES

DETOXIFYING

BIOREMEDIATION

MICRO ORGANISMS

BURNING

125 MASS BURNING INCINERATORS

MIX WASTE, PVC’S = DIOXINS, LEAD, AND Hg

LAND DISPOSAL

SANITARY LANDFILL

PREVENTS LEACHATE RELEASE

DECOMPOSE SLOWLY

PRODUCE METHANE = EXPLODING BASEMENTS

DEEP WELL DISPOSAL

EARTHQUAKES CAUSED (COLORADO)

SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT AND SUPERFUND

1976, CRADLE TO GRAVE TRACKING

DEFINED TOXIC WASTES

SUPERFUND

1980, 86, 90

$16.3 BILLION

POLLUTER PAYS

TIE UP IN COURTS

1300 SITES, 279 STABILIZED

COULD COST $TRILLION

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