Toxicity and health
toxicity and health
robert sylak
ANTHROPOGENIC HAZZARD- don’t smoke
3 million die per year
in U.S.-1150 deaths PER DAY
passive smoke-53,000 deaths per year
costs us $4.10 per pack in health costs
risky business
RISK
PROBABILITY OF SUFFERING HARM FROM A HAZARD
RISK ASSESMENT- HAZARDS ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY OF HARM TO INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY, OR SYSTEMS FROM EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC HAZARDS
USES DATA
HYPOTHESES
MODELS
how you and I percieve risks
we have an exaggerated view of our own abilities to control our fate.
I’m immortal and better at doing things than everyone else. my car won’t crash, these cigs won’t hurt.
news media gives us a biased perspective on the frquencies of certain health hazards.
we have irrational fears not based on data.
10,000 coal mining deaths in US vs. 0 for nuclear energy
HAZARDS
CULTURAL HAZARDS
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
CULTURAL HAZARDS-
UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS,POOOR DIET, UNSAFE SEX, POVERTY
CHEMICAL HAZARDS- POLLUTION
PHYSICAL HAZARDS- IONIZING RADIATION, NOISE, NATURAL DISASTERS
BIOLOGIC HAZARDS-FROM PATHOGENS, ALLERGENS,
ANIMALS THAT EAT YOU
cultural hazards
Most have little affect on average life span.
Most have cumulative effects.
Cultural Hazards
The largest hazards are smoking and diet:
Diet
correlations between salt and cardiovascular disease; fat intake and breast cancer; etc.
Chemical Hazards
Toxic chemicals:
fatal to over 50% of test subjects at given concentrations
some from industrial or agricultural sources
dioxin, mercury, cyanide, benzene, chloroform
others natural
cobra venom, hemlock
kill cells
Cultural Hazards
The largest hazards are smoking and diet:
Smoking
smoking is the nation’s leading cause of preventable death
equivalent to 3 jumbo jets crashing every day (1150/day)
only 1 in ten can quit
TOXICOLOGY
STUDY OF ADVERSE AFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON HEALTH
TOXICITY-MEASURE OF HOW HARMFUL A SUBSTANCE IS
DOSE/TIME
ACUTE EXPOSURE-
CHRONIC EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
ACUTE= SINGLE DOSE
CHRONIC= OVER ALL OR MOST OF LIFETIME
SUBCHRONIC- REPEATED DOSES FOR SOME FRACTION OR PART OF LIFE
RESPONSE
TYPE AND AMOUNT OF DAMAGE TO HEALTH
ACUTE EFFECT
CHRONIC EFFECT
MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY
BIOACCUMULATION
BIOMAGNIFICATION
ACUTE- DIZZINESS, RASHES, ETC
CHRONIC- PERMANANT OR LONG LASTIN EFFECT=KIDNEY OR LIVER DAMAGE,ACUTE SENSITIVITY
DOSE AND RESPONSE
BIOACCUMULATION- INCREASE IN CONC OF CHEM IN SPECIAL ORGANS OR TISSUES
WATER SOLUBLE RARELY ACCUMULATE, FAT SOLUBLE ACCUMULATE
BIOLOGICAL HALF LIFE-TIME TO BE REDUCED BY HALF
NO2=O3=CH=PAN=BAD FOR ASTHMATICS
BIOMAGNIFICATION - MAGNIFIED AS PASS THRU FOOD CHAIN
EFFECTED BY
ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONS -REDUCED TOXICITYBY (VITAMINS ETC)
SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS -
POISON
HAS LD50
LETHAL DOSE- 50 MG OR LESS/KG BODY WEIGHT THAT KILLS 1/2 OF TEST ANIMALS WITHIN 14 DAYS
WHAT IS TOXIC?
CASE REPORTS
LAB INVESTIGATIONS
INVESTIGATE METABOLITES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS-
DOSE RESPONSE CURVES
NO THRESHOLD LEVEL-
ANY SIZE DOSE HAS HARM
THRESHOLD LEVEL
CERTAIN AMOUNT NEEDED TO CAUSE HARM
LINEAR DOSE RESP MODEL
ANY DOSE HAS CERTAIN RISK OF CAUSING HARM
WHICH DO WE CHOOSE?
ALL MODELS HAVE LIMITATIONS
ANIMAL ACTIVISTS
COSTS
LIMITED ABILITIES TO DEAL WITH COMBINATIONS
NEW CHEMICALS EACH DAY
BIASES
POLLUTION PREVENTION
CHEAPER THAN STUDIES
REDUCES RISK
WHY NOT?
Teratogens example: thalidomide
Environmental estrogens
Hormone disrupters : example
alligators in Florida lake
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
TOXIC CHEMICALS
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL
FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE
IRRITATING OR DAMAGING TO SKIN AND LUNGS
ASPHYXIATING
ALLERGENS
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL (CONT)
MUTAGENS
TERATOGENS
CARCINOGENS
MUTAGENS- EFFECT FUTURE GENERATIONS
TERATOGENS- CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS PCB, THALIDOMIDE
STEROID HORMONES, HEAVY METALS
CARCINOGENS- CELLS MULTIPLY UNCONTROLLABLY---METASTISIZE AND KILL
80% DUE TO ENV AND LIFESTYLE
CIGARRETTES-30-40%
DIET 20-30%
occupational-5-15%
environmental 1-10%
Hormone Disrupters
OTHER HARMS
IMMUNE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
DOSE RESP CURVE IS OFTEN U SHAPED
COMBINATIONS(3) OF PESTCIDES GIVE 100 TO 1200X DISRUPTION OF HORMONE FUNCTION(POTENTIATION OR SYNERGISM)
IMMUNE SYS-IONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL (HIV), UV LIGHT, PESTICIDES . WEAKENS AND MAKE YOU MORE LIKELY TO BE HARMED BY DISEASE.
NERV SYS - NEUROTOXINS -
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, DDT, PBB, DIOXINS.
ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES, FORMALDEHYDE- IN GLUES IN PANELLING ETC.
CPDS. OF LEAD, MERCURY, CADMIUM
SOLVENTS-TCE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- PRODUCES HORMONES
ESTROGENS AND ANDROGENShormone disruptors- -51 WIDELY USED CHEM. =DIOXINS FROM BURNING PLASTICS, PCB’S
PLASTICS CHEMICALS, CERTAIN PESTICIDES
horRMONE MIMICS-
HORMONE BLOCKERS
EX: RANCH MINKS, ALLIGATERS IN FLA-LITTLE PENISES, HYPERACTIVE RATS-PCB’S, PVC INHIBIT TESTACLE GROWTH
Electromagnetic Fields (EMF’s)
Low energy, non-ionizing radiation
power lines, electric appliances, computers
no clear answer about effects, may cause leukemia
RADIATION
IONIZING RADIATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ABLE TO DAMAGE BODY TISSUES
UV, X-RAYSALPHA, BETA, GAMMA RADIATION, NEUTRONS FLYING AROUND
GENETIC DAMAGE
SOMATIC DAMAGE
SUPERLINEAR HYPOTHESIS
GENETIC DAMAGE
SOMATIC DAMGE- BURNS, MISCARRIAGES, CATARACTS, CERTAIN CANCERS.
1990 STUDY LIKLIHOOD OF GETTING CANCER FROM LOW DOSAGES 4X HIGHER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT, NO THRESHOLD EFFECT.
SUPERLINEAR HYP = LOW DOSAGES OF RADIATIONPRODUCE MORE CANCER PER UNIT THAN HIGH DOSES. LEUKEMIA HIGHER IN CHILDREN WHOSE FATHERS RECEIVE PERMISSIBLE LOW DOSES OF RADIATION.
ALPHA PARTICLES - BAD IF BREATH IN OR INGEST, BETA - PENETRATES, DAMAGES INTERNAL ORGANS. HALF LIFE IMPORTANT. MID LIFE MOST DANGEROUS, HANG AROUND LONG ENOUGH TO BE INGESTED AND DECAY FAST ENOUGHT TO CAUSE DAMGE ONCE INSIDE THE BODY.
IONIZING RADIATION SOURCES- NATURAL 82%, MAN MADE-18%, RADON IS 55% (NATURAL)
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation:
X-rays, UV light, alpha, beta an gamma rays emitted by radioactive substances
exposure includes rocks, water, air, outer space
nuclear power plant accidents-Chernobyl
How are we affected?
Linear dose-response
maybe threshold due to repair
superlinear - small doses worse
Effects
genetic or somatic damage
1% of cancers, and 5-6% of genetic defects
Thermal Pollution
When heat is release in the environment and causes unwanted effects
mostly caused by nuclear and electric power plants
effects in a river can change ecosystem (water temp, dissolved O2); harm species that are present
can capture heat and use for other purposes
use heat to foster species of commercial value
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
CRITTER BORNE PATHOGENS
HUMAN BORNE
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF RESISTANCE AND SPREADING
PATHOGENS- INFECTIOUS AGENTS SPREAD FROM BY AIR WATER, PEOPLE ETC.
MOSQUITOES- INFECT 330 MILLION PEOPLE/YEAR - YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE, VIRAL DISEASES
HOUSE FLY- TB KILSS 3.1 MILLION/YEAR, CHOLEREA, PLAGUE,POLIO, DYSENTERY, AND EYE DISEASES.10 MILLION CHILDREN A YEAR DIE FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES.
EBOLA AND HANTA VIRUSES- KILL FEW
BACTERIA EXCHANGE PLASMIDS- LOOPS OF DNA THAT ENABLE THEM TO PASS TRAITS FROM ONE TO ANOTHER
TETRACYCLINES AND PENICILLUM PUT IN LIVESTOCK
PANDEMICS- MASSIVE EPIDEMIC, LIKE 1918 FLU KILLED 30 MILLION
Transmissible/ Infectious Diseases
Epidemiological Transition
As a country industrializes, the infectious diseases of childhood (and adulthood) become less important, and the chronic disease of adulthood become more important in causing mortality
non-transmissible diseases
Distribution of malaria
RISK ANALYSIS
ASSESSMENT
COMPARATIVE
MANAGEMENT
COMMUNICATION
COMPARATIVE RISK ANALYSIS- RANKING RISKS. PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC RANKING DIFFERENT SEE FIG 10-9
RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS- 80% OF EPA FUNDS SPENT ON LOW RISK POLLUTANTS, 20% O GREATEST RISK POLLUTANTS, 1% ON HIGH RISK WORK RELATED, DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT GLOBAL CHANGES AND OZONE DEPLETION.
ASSESSMENT- DETERMINE TYPES OF HAZARDS, PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE, EST #’S OF PEOPLE AFFECTED (EXPOSED AND HARMED)
RISK MANAGEMENT- WHICH, WHAT AVAILABLE FUNDS, WHAT ORDER, HOW RELIABLE THE ASSESSMENT, COST TO REDUCE RISK, HOW COMMUNICATED AND ENFORCED---EX TAILPIPE MONITORING
Risk-benefit analysis
What are the benefits of the exposure relative the risks of exposure?
X-rays
SOLUTIONS
MORE RESEARCH
CLEAN UP
MONITER AND RESPOND
HOLD BACK ANTIBIOTIC USE
DEVELOP MORE VACCINES
Cost-benefit analysis
Comparison of the costs of a program (ex. pollution clean-up) to the benefits of the program
Cost usually increases non-linearly with amount of reduction
Benefits do not increase linearly (fall off at high reduction level)
Cost-benefit analysis
Public preferences
The public can have a huge influence on public policy
This can be good, but the public isn’t always informed, and may force politicians to allocate money in places that may not help the most people
Also, people aren’t always informed about the most significant issues affecting them
difference inn perceived risks vs. actual risks
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
SOLID WASTE
U.S. WITH 4.6% OF POP PRODUCES 33% OF WORLDS SOLID WASTE
98.5% OF THAT FROM MINING, OIL AG AND INDUSTRY
1.5 %MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
182 MILL METRIC TONS/YEAR
700 KG/PERSON
24% OF THAT RECYCLED, 60% LANDFILLS, 16% BURNED
FACTOIDS
WE THROW AWAY
ENOUGH AL TO REBUILD AIRLINE FLEET
TIRES TO CIRCLE THE GLOBE X 3
18 BILLION DISPOSABLE DIAPERS
2.5 BILLOIN NONRETURNABLE PLASTIC BOTTLES
10 BILLION METRIC TONS OF WASTE
75% MINING OIL AND GAS
13% AGRICULTURE
9.5% INDUSTRY
1.5% MUNICIPAL
1% SEWAGE SLUDGE
HAZARDOUS WASTE
CONTAINS ONE OR MORE OF 39 TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC, MUTAGENIC TERATOGENIC CPDS
CATCHES FIRE EASILY
REACTIVE OR UNSTABLE
CORROSIVE
NON HAZARDOUS WASTE
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
HOUSEHOLD TOXINS
MINING WASTES
OIL AND GAS WASTES
LIQ. ORGANIC HYDROCARBONS
CEMENT KILN DUST FROM BURNING TOXICS
SMALL BUSINESS TOXINS LESS THAN 100 KG/MONTH
MORE FACTOIDS
5.5 BILLION METRIC TONNES/YR HAZARDOUS WASTE
21 METRIC TONNES / PERSON
6% IS DEFINED HAZARDOUS, 94% UNREGULATED
SOLUTIONS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HIGH WASTE APPROACH
CRADLE TO GRAVE
WASTE PREVENTION
LOW WASTE APPROACH
THREE R’S
SAVES E AND RESOURCES
REDUCE EXTRACTION DAMAGE
IMP WORKER HEALTH
DECREASE POLLUTION
SAVES MONEY
SOLUTIONS
DECREASE CONSUMPTION
REDESIGN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
RECYCLABLE CARS
PRODUCE LESS WASTE AND POLLUTION
DRYCLEANING WITH PEROXIDE
PAPER BLEACHING WITH PEROXIDE
IND USE BETTER CLEANING PRODUCTS
DETOXIFYING, BURNING, BURYING , AND EXPORTING WASTES
DETOXIFYING
BIOREMEDIATION
MICRO ORGANISMS
BURNING
125 MASS BURNING INCINERATORS
MIX WASTE, PVC’S = DIOXINS, LEAD, AND Hg
LAND DISPOSAL
SANITARY LANDFILL
PREVENTS LEACHATE RELEASE
DECOMPOSE SLOWLY
PRODUCE METHANE = EXPLODING BASEMENTS
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
EARTHQUAKES CAUSED (COLORADO)
SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT AND SUPERFUND
1976, CRADLE TO GRAVE TRACKING
DEFINED TOXIC WASTES
SUPERFUND
1980, 86, 90
$16.3 BILLION
POLLUTER PAYS
TIE UP IN COURTS
1300 SITES, 279 STABILIZED
COULD COST $TRILLION
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