ENVSCI 390C - PRINCIPALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL



ENVSCI 315 - PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL

TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY (PETC)

INSTRUCTORS: I. J. Clark (jclark@vasci.umass.edu) - Course Coordinator, VASCI,

545-1052

II. S. Simkins (ssimkins@umass.edu) SSA, 545-5211

T.A. S. Andrewes (sandrewe@mcb.umass.edu) MCB, 545-1038

TIME: T/Th, 4:00-5:15 pm.

PLACE: Marston Hall, Rm 132

COURSE Three fundamental areas of environmental science are presented in an

DESCRIPTION: integrated, interdisciplinary sequence of lectures: (1) environmental

toxicology, (2) environmental chemistry, fate, and degradation of toxicants, (3) effect of toxins in the environment

Credits 3.

PREREQUISITES: Introductory Biology 101, Organic Chemistry (1 semester).

COURSE GRADE: Three (3) one-hour exams (100 pts. each, 300 pts. total) to be

administered after the completion of each third of the course.

EXAM FORMAT: Four sections:

I 28% True-false II 28% Fill-in

III 28% Multiple choice IV 16% Definitions, Computations

Note: Calculators may be used during all exams

I. Environmental Toxicology (J. Clark).

Dates Lec Title

1/21 Introduction

1/23 1 Biochemistry of toxicology I (lipid structure and function)

1/28 2 Biochemistry of toxicology II (protein structure and function)

1/30 3 Biochemistry of toxicology III (protein structure and function)

2/4 4 Receptor-ligand interactions I - toxicologic response

2/6 5 Receptor-ligand interactions II - structure activity relationships

2/11 MID-SESSION REVIEW

2/13 6 Dose-response relationship / Acute and chronic toxicity

2/18 Monday Class Schedule

2/20 7 Absorption (penetration) and distribution of toxicants

2/25 8 Metabolism and elimination of toxicants - Phase I and II reactions

2/27 Section Conclusions and Summary / END-SESSION REVIEW

3/4 EXAM 1 - Environmental Toxicology, 1 hour

II. Environmental Fate and Biodegradation (S. Simkins).

Dates Lec Title

3/6 9 Neurotoxins of axonic transmission, e.g., tetrodotoxin and DDT.

3/11 10 Neurotoxins of synaptic transmission, e.g., parathion and sarin.

3/13 11 Environmental “absorption”: toxicant classes, sources, and routes of entry

(3/15 – 3/23) Spring Break

3/25 12 Intro to environmental distribution and partitioning.

3/27 13 Environmental distribution of toxicants (part 2): partitioning, transport, and exposure.

4/1 14 Environmental distribution (part 3): ionization. Hysteresis in desorption.

4/3 EXAM 2 - Neurotoxins and Environmental Distribution, 1 h

4/8 15 Partitioning and remediation: soil vapor extraction vs. “pump and treat”

4/10 16 Water-table lowering, aquifer sparging, off-gas treatment.

4/15 17 Biochemical “fates” of organic toxicants. Environmental analogues of Phase 1

reactions: important oxidases and peroxidase

4/17 18 Mineralization as Phase II: aerobic chain and ring catabolism

4/22 19 Bioventing and land farming

4/24 20 Anaerobic mineralization and reductive dehalogenation. Applications to remediation

4/29 Section Conclusions and Summary/ END-SESSION REVIEW

Final Exam Period EXAM 3 -, 1 hour

REQUIRED READINGS: PETC Notebook

I. Environmental Toxicology (J. Clark).

Lecture Reading

1-2 Cellular Components are Bounded by Membranes

3 Proteins Consist of Chains of Amino Acids

3-4 Proteins Structures Extremely Versatile

4 How Do Proteins Fold Into the Correct Conformation?

5 Toxicant-Receptor Interactions: Fundamental Principles

6 The Typical Dose-Response Curve

6 The Probit and Similar Transformations

6 The Logit Transformation

6 Acute Toxicity and Chronic Toxicity 7 Absorption and Distribution

8 Metabolism of Toxicants: Phase I & II Reactions

II. Environmental Fate and Biodegradation (S. Simkins).

12 To be uploaded

13 To be uploaded

14 Classes … envion. toxicants; Route of environ. absorption

15 Environ. partitioning

16 Environ. Distribution of Toxicants II (and following figures)

17 Figures illustrating hysteretic sorption. Ionic Environ. Toxicants.

18-19 To be uploaded

20 Environmental elimination of toxicants; Characteristics of oxygenases

21 Predicting mineralizability; Beta-oxidation

22 To be uploaded

23 Anaerobic elimination of toxicants. Applications to remediation

24 To be uploaded, if necessary

RECOMMENDED READINGS: Toxicological Chemistry (3rd Ed), S.E. Manahan

I. Environmental Toxicology (J. Clark).

Lecture Chapter Pages

1 1 1-38

2 3 59-61

3 3 61-69

4 3 69-78

5 6 124-138

6 6 115-119

7 7 161-164

7 8 167-180

8 6 120-124

8 7 141-157

II. Environmental Fate and Biodegradation (S. Simkins).

Lecture Chapter Pages

22-25 Handout

26 Handout

27-28 Handout

29-31 Handout

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

Environmental Toxicology:

Goldstein, A., Aronow, L. and Kalman, S. 1974. Principles of Drug Action. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Hodgson, E. and Gurhie, F.E. 1980. Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology. Elsevier North Holland, Inc., New York.

Doull, J., Klaassen, C.D. and Amdur, M.O. 1980. Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 3rd Ed. Macmillan Publ. Co., Inc., New York.

Lehninger, A.L. 1975. Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Worth Publ., Inc., New York. Chapters 3 and 11.

Environmental Fate and Biodegradation:

Lecture Notes: Most of the readings envisioned for this section of the course will be in the form of handouts prepared to accompany lectures covering two different kinds of material: i, for the most introductory subjects, e.g., cometabolism vs. mineralization; and ii, for topics that are very active areas of research, and for which no up-to-date review articles are available, e.g., covalent incorporation of synthetic aromatics into growing humic compounds. These handouts will include figures or tables modified from those in recent, original research articles.

Review Articles:

Alexander, M., and K.M. Scow. 1989. Kinetics of biodegradation in soil, p. 243-270. In B.L. Sawney and K. Brown (ed.) Reactions of movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Bollag, J.-M., and S.-Y. Yiu. 1990. Biological transformation processes of pesticides, p. 169-212. In H.H. Cheng (ed.) Pesticides in the soil environment; Processes, impacts, and modeling. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Kuhn, E.P., and J.M. Sufflita. 1989. Dehalogenation of pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms, p. 111-180. In B.L. Swaney and K. Brown (ed.) Reactions of movement of organic chemicals in soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Thauer, R.K., K. Jungermann, and K. Decker. 1977. Energy conservation in chemtrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:100-180. (Only selected sections will be assigned.)

Original Research Articles: The following papers hold sufficiently important implications to merit assignment as readings for this course:

Dolfing, J. and J.M. Tiedje. 1987. Growth yield increase linked to reductive dechlorination in a defined 3-chlorobenzoate degrading methaogenci coculture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:102-105.

Grbie-Galic, D., and T.M. Vogel. 1987. Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methaogenic cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:254-260.

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