LATIN I FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE



Test format: tba I. Pronunciation Know that the following Latin letters differ in pronunciation from English. vwater, wave ccat, cactusāfather, fraternityaeeye, aislegget, gotīmachine, beepēthey, bay, wayautownII. Grammar Define the following terms. TermDefinitionAccusativeAction verbAdjectiveAdverbCaseConjugationConjunctionDeclensionDirect objectGenderImperativeIndirect objectIndicativeInfinitiveInflectionInterjectionLinking verbMacronMoodNominativeNounNumberObject of prepositionPersonPredicate nominative/noun, adjectivePrepositionPronounSubjectTenseVocativeVoiceIII. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functionsNominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”e.g. Caecilius est argentarius _________________________________________________________ e.g. Cerberus est iratus ______________________________________________________________ [Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession] Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. e.g. Grumio pavonem coquit. __________________________________________________ ad ____________________ prope _______________________ per ___________________ in + Acc. _____________________e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________ Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. N.B. “sidspace” sine_______________________________ sub _______________________________in____________________________ pro _______________________________ dē____________________________ ā/ab ______________________________ cum_______________________________ ē/ex ______________________________ e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative caseFor most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________Give the vocative for Grumio _______________________________Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________ Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________ B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension plete the table with the correct endings. 1st Declension2nd Declension3rd DeclensionSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeFor practice, decline the words below.villacibuscanisSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeviapuerleoSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeVocativeIdentify the case of each noun in the following sentences. puellae gladiatores in aren? vident. __________ __________ __________ leo pedem agricolae in silv? ostendit. __________ __________ __________ __________IV. Adjectives modify nouns or pronounsAdjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. ____________________________________________________________e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. _________________________________________________________e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. _____________________________________________V. PronounsFill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:Nominative Sing.ego – Itu – youGenitive Sing. Dative Sing.Accusative Sing.Ablative Sing.Nominative PluralGenitive Plural Dative PluralAccusative PluralAblative PluralVI. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.Principal partExampleUseFirst principal part porto “I carry, do carry, am carrying”First person singular present activeSecond principal part portare “to carry”Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses activeused for imperative active mood identifies the conjugationThird principal part portavi “I carried, did carry, have carried”First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.e.g. sum, esse, fui, futurus adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus absum, abesse, afui, afuturus Answer the following questions about navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus “to sail.” What is the perfect stem? ____________________ What is the first person singular present active? ____________________ What is the first person singular perfect active? ____________________ What is the present active infinitive? ____________________ What is the present stem? ____________________ To which conjugation does this verb belong? ____________________ B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus “sit.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationConjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.” PresentImperfectPerfect1st singulartranslation2nd singulartranslation3rd singulartranslation1st pluraltranslation2nd pluraltranslation3rd pluraltranslationIdentify the correct tense of the following verbs. She kept leading. __________ We did lead. __________ I am leading. __________ You have led. __________ You lead. __________ They used to lead. __________ He does lead. __________ They led. __________ It leads. __________ ducebat __________ duco __________ duxistis __________ ducitis __________ ducit __________ ducebamus __________ ducebatis __________ ducis __________ duxit __________ Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs _______________ Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus _______________ VII. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.e.g. intentê _______________ ferōciter _______________ graviter _______________ VIII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat. servi lectum ex triclini? in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in vi? videt. Melissa cum Grumione in for? lentê ambulabat. IX. Dependent clauses Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb. e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit. ____________________________________________________________________________________ e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat. ____________________________________________________________________________________ X. Interrogatives/Question words Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.e.g. quis _______________ ubi _______________ quid ________________ cur __________________XI. Culture Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics. Suggested definitionsDeclensionFamily of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I.Conjugation Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations.Case NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a sentence.Number SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than oneGender Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTERTense When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)]Inflection An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence. Subject a noun or a pronoun performing the action of a verb, or is described by a linking verb. Direct objecta noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb.Predicate nominative/ adjective Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject.Nominative An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE in a sentence.Accusative An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain prepositions in a sentence.Vocative An inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS.Parts of SpeechNoun person, place, thing or idea Pronoun takes the place of a noun Adjective modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone. Verb shows action or condition (i.e. state of being) Adverb modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs Preposition word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION. Conjunction a word that hooks up words, phrases, and clauses. ................
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