FORMACION DEL ADJETIVO
Adjective Suffixes (From: )
Forming adjectives from other word forms
Noun → Adjective word form
|NOUN WORD FORM |
|Some adjectives are formed from nouns and others are formed from verbs. The word forms are from Latin, Greek and other languages. There is no |
|simple rule for adding suffixes, but there are common patterns. |
|DET + NOUN (N) |
|The sky was a spectacle. (a very beautiful thing to see) |
|The sky was filled with colors. |
|The sunset was red. |
|We felt awe. (a feeling of inspiration and respect) |
| |
|ADJECTIVE WORD FORM |
|Adding a suffix to a noun form is one way of forming an adjective. A suffix is a part added to the end of a word to mark the word form. An |
|adjective is often used after It is or It seems (stative verbs). |
|BE + ADJ |DET + MODIFIER + N |
|It was spectacular.¹ |It was a spectacular sky. |
|It was colorful. |It was a colorful sky. |
|It looked reddish. |It was a reddish sky. |
|It was awesome. |It was an awesome sight. |
¹It + be + adjective (predicate adjective or predicate complement) See describing "be" (ascriptive "be").
NP –noun phrase; N – noun; Det – determiner; AdjP– adjective phrase; Adj – adjective
Also see Noun Suffixes – changing adjectives to noun forms.
Common Suffixes — noun to adjective
|SUFFIX |NOUN – ADJECTIVE |NOUN – ADJECTIVE |NOUN – ADJECTIVE |
|-AL relating to |accident – accidental |brute – brutal |region – regional |
| |region – regional |person – personal |universe –universal |
|-ARY relating to quality or place |custom – customary |moment – momentary |caution – cautionary |
| |compliment – complimentary |honor – honorary |diet – dietary |
|-FUL full of |beauty – beautiful |wonder – wonderful |awe – awful |
| |skill – skillful |success – successful |delight – delightful |
|-IC having the nature of; caused by|athlete – athletic |base – basic |history – historic |
| |photograph – photographic |science – scientific |rhythm– rhythmic |
|-ICAL having the nature of |magic – magical |logic – logical |history – historical |
| |practice – practical |statistic – statistical |alphabet – alphabetical |
|-ISH origin, nature |fool – foolish |child – childish |self – selfish |
| |sheep – sheepish |pink – pinkish |girl – girlish |
|-LESS without |power – powerless |friend – friendless |worth – worthless |
| |use – useless |home – homeless |penny – penniless |
|-LIKE like |like – lifelike |lady – ladylike |war – warlike |
| |child – childlike |bird – birdlike |spring – springlike |
|-LY like |friend – friendly |cost – costly |month – monthly |
| |day – daily |order – orderly |coward – cowardly |
|-OUS quality, nature |poison – poisonous |danger – dangerous |nerve – nervous |
| |courtesy – courteous |mystery – mysterious |victory – victorious |
|-Y like |rain – rainy |fun – funny |dirt – dirty |
| |mess – messy |dirt – dirty |spot – spotty |
Changing verbs to adjectives
Verb word form → Adjective word form
|VERB WORD FORM |
|Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix to the verb form. A suffix is a part added to the end of a word to mark the word form. |
|VERB |
|They create ideas. |
|She is expecting a baby. |
|They don't permit smoking here. |
|They urge us to come immediately. |
|Today's news interests me. |
|ADJECTIVE WORD FORM |
|Adjectives commonly occur after be verbs as predicate adjectives or predicate complements. Adjectives also occur as modifiers to nouns |
|(pre-position and post-position) |
|BE + ADJECTIVE |MODIFIER TO A NOUN |
|They are creative. |They have creative minds. |
|She is an expectant mother. |We congratulated the expectant mother. |
|Smoking is permissible. allowed |Smoking is a permissible activity. |
|The matter is urgent. |This urgent matter needs your attention. |
|The news is interesting. |We have interesting news. |
|I am interested. |I am an interested reader. |
Modifiers ending in -ed / -ing
Participial Modifiers -ed vs. -ing
|PAST PARTICIPIAL MODIFIER -ED |
|The past participle modifies the noun that is the receiver of the feeling or emotion. |
|[pic]an amused child |
|The child receives the feeling of amusement. |
|Interested people can sign up for the class. |
|(The people feel interest in the subject.) |
|Bored speakers should find something exciting to say. |
|(The speaker feels boredom while speaking!) |
|Amused viewers enjoy the short films. |
|(The viewers feel the amusement.) |
|Overwhelmed students end up dropping a course or two . (The students feel overwhelmed.) |
|PRESENT PARTICIPIAL MODIFIER -ING |
|The present participle modifies the noun that is the source of the feeling or emotion. |
|[pic]an amusing ride |
|The ride causes amusement. |
|Interesting people will speak during the class. |
|(People cause others to feel interest.) |
|Boring speakers put their attendees to sleep. |
|(The speaker causes others to be bored.) |
|Amusing short films are shown at the animated film festival. |
|(The films cause the amusement.) |
|Overwhelming amounts of work are given to high school students. (The amount of work causes the overwhelming.) |
Common suffixes — verb to adjective
|SUFFIX |VERB – ADJECTIVE |VERB – ADJECTIVE |VERB – ADJECTIVE |
|-ABLE able, can do |agree – agreeable |expand – expandable |laugh – laughable |
| |pass – passable |remark – remarkable |pay – payable |
|-IBLE able, can do |access – accessible |force – forcible |sense – sensible |
| |flex – flexible |permit – permissible |force – forcible |
|-ANT performing agent |please – pleasant |rely – reliant |ignore – ignorant |
| |resist – resistant |vacate – vacant |comply – compliant |
|-ENT performing agent |excel – excellent |depend – dependent |confide – confident |
| |urge – urgent |differ – different |equal – equivalent |
|-IVE causing effect |attract – attractive |create – creative |select – selective |
| |posses – possessive |prevent – preventive |destruct – destructive |
|-ING causing effect |amuse – amusing |excite – exciting |confuse – confusing |
| |relax –relaxing |surprise –surprising |amaze – amusing |
|-ED receiving effect |amuse – amused |excite – excited |confuse – confused |
| |relax – relaxed |surprise – surprised |overwhelm – overwhelmed |
|-EN receiving effect |freeze – frozen |lighten – lightened |darken – darkened |
| |braze – brazen |shorten – shortened |widen – widened |
Adjectives: Similar but Different
|VERB |SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT PAIRS |
|AWE |It was an awesome movie. having a great quality, inspiring |
| |It was an awful movie. having a terrible quality |
|DEPEND |We have two dependent children. needing someone for care |
| |We have two dependable children. having a nature of completing promises |
|LAUGH |The laughing child was playing. having a good nature |
| |The laughable car was powered with tequila. impossible to be serious about |
|LIGHT |She has light hair. a natural quality |
| |She has lightened hair. an unnatural/changed quality |
|LOVE |He is a loving son. having a quality of giving love |
| |He is a lovable son. having a nature of attracting love |
|SELECT |He is selective a bout what he eats. having a quality of being choosy |
| |They are selling selected items. particular, carefully chosen |
| |Select people can live there. a small number, exclusive, wealthy |
|SENSE |He is a sensible person. reasonable [sensible] |
| |He is a sensitive person. easily irritated or hurt [L. sensitivus] |
|NOUN |SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT PAIRS |
|CHILD |It was childish behavior (behavior). having immature behavior, negative |
| |It was childlike behavior. qualities like a child, positive |
|CONFIDE |We are confident about winning. sure [L.confidere] |
| |The message is confidential. private [L. confident] |
|CRISP |It is a crisp day, today. cool and dry |
| |It is a crispy cracker. thin and crunchy (makes a pleasant sound) |
|FUN |We had a fun time at the movies. amusing |
| |We saw a funny movie. causing laughter |
|TACT |The general made a tactical advance. military move [L. tacticus] |
| |He is a tactful politician. having skills handling situations [L. tactus] tact (n.) – skill in dealing with difficult or |
| |delicate situations |
|TASTE |Your food is tasty. having a good taste |
| |You are a tasteful dresser. having good judgment for fashion |
|WORTH |He is a worthy competitor. having good value, character |
| |He is a worthless competitor. having no value or importance |
Suffixes -ic versus –ical: Adjectives -ic and -ical
|-IC |
|There is no particular way to know whether a word will use the -ic or the -ical ending. The suffix -ic comes from French -ique, or Greek |
|-ikos. and means having the nature of , or causing something. |
|academic, algebraic, arithmetic, artistic, athletic, catholic, domestic, dramatic, egoistic, emphatic, energetic, fantastic, geometric, strategic, |
|linguistic, majestic, neurotic, pathetic, pedagogic, phonetic, public, semantic, syntactic, systematic, tragic |
|He buys classic cars. traditional, old style |
|His comic verse filled books. artistic comedy |
|His economic theory was proved unsound. of the science of economics |
|An electric motor powered the car. a particular machine |
|That was a/an historic moment. recorded in past history |
|The hysteric / hysterical woman was out of control. unable to control your behavior or emotions |
|The little girl played with a magic wand. of a mysterious source |
|He was a medic in the military. intern or doctor |
|He wrote in a poetic speech. imaginative, having the quality of poetry, like poetry |
|It's not politic to ask such questions wise |
| |
|-ICAL |
|The -ical form is often added to a word that already has a final -ic. Such adjectives often have a different or an additional meaning from the |
|more basic -ic form. |
|alphabetical, alphanumerical, archeological, biblical, biological, chemical, chronological, critical, cynical, ethical, grammatical, fanatical, |
|illogical, logical, mathematical, mechanical, medical, musical, pedagogical, physical, radical, surgical tactical, topical |
|We listen to classical music. from a cultural (sometimes Greek, Roman, European) source, or 18thC. |
|His comical verse entertained audiences. funny |
|He chose an economical car. inexpensive to use |
|Electrical equipment makes our work easier. general, mass |
|This is a/an historical moment. worthy of being recorded in history |
|The movie was hysterical. very funny, causing uncontrollable laughter |
|It was a magical experience. mysterious, wonderful, exciting |
|He did medical research. related to medicine |
|He wrote in a poetical manner. having the form of poetry |
|It was a political question. concerning government and politics |
Common Mistakes: Errors and Solutions
| FOCUS |SOLUTION |
|His answer was logic, but I didn't agree with him.|His answer was logical, but I didn't agree with him. |
|How can I tell if a word is an adjective or a |Tip: If you want to know if a word is an adjective, place "very" before the word. It's very |
|noun? → |logical. (OK) / It's *very logic*. (not OK) |
| | |
|My dad likes to listen to classic music on the car|My dad likes to listen to classical music on the car radio. |
|radio. |This book is a classic. enjoyed by generations |
|Use this to refer to traditional music (not Bach |Use "classical music" to refer to Beethoven, Bach, Haydn, etc. |
|and Beethoven) | |
|Do you know where I can buy an economic car? |Do you know where I can buy an economical car? (money saving, affordable, gas saving?) |
|Hal is a tasty dresser. |Hal is a tasteful dresser. |
| |Use tasty for food. Use tasteful for fashion sense (dresses appropriately, has good fashion |
| |judgment). |
| | |
|It was a chilly, crispy day. |It was a chilly, crisp day. (dry, low humidity) |
|Don't shout at my son. He's a very sensible |He's a very sensitive person. (easily hurt) |
|person. | |
| | |
FORMACION DEL ADJETIVO
Puede efectuarse por adición de sufijos, separables o no:
a) A PARTIR DE UN SUSTANTIVO
hope, esperanza
grace, gracia
child, niño
rain, lluvia
gold, oro
West, oeste
friend, amigo
pleasure, placer
atom, átomo
hopeless, desesperanzado
graceful, gracioso
childish, aniñado
rainy, lluvioso
golden, dorado, de oro
Western, occidental
friendly, amistoso
pleasurable, placentero
atomic, atómico
b) A PARTIR DE UN VERBO
to eat, comer
to act, actuar
to contribute, contribuir
to work, trabajar
eatable, comestible
active, activo
contributive, contribuyente
working, que trabaja
c) A PARTIR DE OTRO ADJETIVO
blind, ciego
yellow, amarillo
practic, práctico
blindfold, a ciegas
yellowish, amarillento
practical, práctico
Los sufijos son aquellas partículas que se le agregan a una palabra (después, y no antes como los prefijos), para de esta forma indicar en qué caso gramatical se encuentra, o modificar de alguna manera su significad.
Un ejemplo en español: el sufijo –s, o es. al agregarlo a una palabra, le da un significado de plural ej: carro, carros
Los sufijos en inglés más usados son los siguientes:
- able
forma adjetivos a partir de verbos. No se aplica a sustantivos. Significa able, ible :
-to reason/reasonable = razonar/razonable
-to drink/drinkable = beber/bebible (potable)
-ful
este sufijo es agregado a sustantivos para formar sustantivos y adjetivos. significan ada, ado, ido, oso :
-color/colorful = color/colorido
-wonder/wonderful = maravilla/maravilloso
- y
este sufijo es utilizado en inglés con 3 propósitos: Se añade a sustantivos para convertirlos en adjetivos y expresar semejanza o para indicar abundancia. Y en caso de que un sustantivo finalice en e convierte la e simplemente en y. Significa ado, oso y raramente significa able; Utilizado para obtener el disminutivo, para el efecto si finaliza en consonante esta se repite. significa ito, ita.
noise/noisy = ruido/ruidoso
water/watery = agua/acuoso
anger/angry = enojo/enojado
- cal
Este sufijo convierte sustantivos. en adjetivos. Sustantivos terminados en c solamente agrega al. Significa ico, ica
-medic/medical = médico/médico (a)
-alphabet/alphabetical = alfabeto/alfabético(ica)
- ous
este sufijo equivale al sufijo oso, osa del español, con el trasformamos un sustantivo en adjetivo y de acuerdo al procedimiento siguiente :
Sustantivos terminados en r basta agregar ous; los terminados en e cambian e por ous; el terminado en y la cambia por i y agrega ous, al sustantivo terminado en o agrega us, los terminados en on elimina la n y se reemplaza por us.
-fury/furious = furia/furioso
-danger/dangerous = peligro/peligroso
- less
Este sufijo altera a los sustantivos para obtener adjetivos. Y es muy útil con los comparativos. Es un sufijo tipo negación y el cual significa sin, in,.
-hope/hopeless = esperanza/sin esperanza
-worth/worthless = útil/inútil
- ish
El sufijo ish se le agrega a sustantivos para formar adjetivos y así indicar semejanza o atenuación.
Si el sustantivo termina en e cambia la e por i y se le agregas sh. Si el sustantivo finaliza en y la conservara y se le agrega -ish. Si el sustantivo termina en consonante simplemente se le agrega ish para obtener el adjetivo.
-boy/boyish = niño/como niño
-woman/womanish = mujer/como mujer, mujeril
Some more adjective endings:
|able |acceptable, available, capable, comfortable, desirable, … |
|al |abnormal, central, digital, conventional, personal, rational, … |
|an |authoritarian, bohemian, republican, urban, veteran, … |
|ant |arrogant, constant, distant, dominant, pleasant, relevant, … |
|ar |familiar, particular, popular, similar, regular, spectacular, … |
|ary |arbitrary, contrary, elementary, involuntary, revolutionary, … |
|ate |accurate, adequate, considerate, delicate, desperate, … |
|ed |complicated, connected, expected, related, sacred, united, … |
|en |barren, drunken, heartbroken, open, swollen, wooden, … |
|ent |absent, efficient, different, frequent, impatient, insolent, … |
|etic |diabetic, energetic, genetic, magnetic, pathetic, synthetic, … |
|ful |beautiful, careful, colorful, harmful, painful, successful, … |
|ible |audible, compatible, convertible, credible, impossible, … |
|ic |atomic, alcoholic, alergic, analytic, electronic, pacific, … |
|ical |alphabetical, asymetrical, biblical, biological, chemical, … |
|id |arid, avid, candid, frigid, humid, hybrid, rapid, rigid, … |
|ile |agile, docile, fertile, fragile, hostile, sterile, versatile, … |
|ine |alkaline, bovine, divine, feminine, masculine, genuine, … |
|ish |amateurish, childish, feverish, foolish, lavish, selfish, … |
|less |aimless, careless, fearless, flawless, friendless, harmless, … |
|like |alike, childlike, ladylike, lifelike, manlike, warlike, … |
|ly |brotherly. chilly, costly, deadly, ghostly, holy, kindly, … |
|ory |circulatory, compensatory, conciliatory, contradictory, … |
|ous |ambiguous, anonymous, dangerous, famous, nervous, … |
|sive |aggresive, adhesive, compulsive, evasive, impulsive, … |
|some |awesome, bothersome, tiresome, lonesome, gruesome, … |
|tive |addictive, attractive, constructive, corrective, defective, … |
EXERCISES:
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