LATIN I FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
I. Grammar Define the following terms: TermDefinitionAccusativeThe case used to indicate direct objects or the object of certain prepositions.Action verbA verb which implies doing something. Not a linking verb!AdjectiveModifies (describes) a noun. Nouns and adjectives agree in number, gender, and case.AdverbA word or phrase modifying (describing) an adjective, verb or other adverb. Many in English end in –ly, but not all of them!CaseRefers to the declined forms (or variations) of a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Different cases indicate different grammatical uses or functionsConjugationA family of verbs with the same fixed endings. ConjunctionConnects words, phrases, clauses, or sentencesDeclensionA family of nouns with the same fixed endings. Latin has five noun declensions, but we have studied only the first three.Direct objectReceives the action of the verb. In Latin, direct objects are in the accusative case.GenderLatin nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender is an inherent part of a noun and must be memorized as part of the noun.ImperativeA command. It may be positive or negative. Only used in the 2nd person.Indirect objectShow to whom or for whom the action of a sentence is intended. Often seen with a verb of giving, saying, showing, or telling.IndicativeThe mood of verbs in objective statements. InfinitiveThe present active infinitive is the second principal part of a verb. The “to…” form. It is the verb without any inflected endings.InflectionThe changing of words to express different grammatical uses.InterjectionA part of speech that may stand alone. It expresses emotion or a reaction.Linking verbFunctions like an equal sign. It ‘equalizes’ a subject and a predicate noun or adjective. It cannot take a direct object. MacronA mark over a vowel to indicate length.MoodAn extremely complicated topic. We have learned two moods: the imperative (command) and the indicative. If it isn’t in the imperative, then it is indicative. That is all you need to know.NominativeThe case used to indicate subjects, predicate adjectives, and predicate nominatives. NounA person (Caecilius / vir), place (villa), thing (poculum), or idea/quality (veritas)NumberSingular or pluralObject of prepositionThe noun or pronoun following a preposition. The preposition and noun/pronoun make up a prepositional phrase. The object of the preposition will be in the accusative or ablative case.Person1st person refers to the speaker (I/we). 2nd person refers to the person to whom the speaker is speaking (you). 3rd person refers to someone about whom the speaker is speaking (he/she/it/they)Predicate nominative/noun, adjectiveFollows a linking verb. Must be in the nominative case.PrepositionPrepositions show relationships between words in the sentence. Prepositions in Latin are followed by a noun or a pronoun in the accusative or ablative case.PronounTakes the place of a noun. It may be declined. This year, we have learned the forms of “I” and “you” in the singular and plural.SubjectThe performer of the action in a sentence (with an active verb). In Latin, the subject is indicated by the nominative case.TenseIndicates when an action took place. Latin has six tenses: the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect.VocativeCase of direct addressVoiceIf the subject does the action of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. If the subject has the action of the verb done to it, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functionsNominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futurus “to be.”Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession. e.g. oculī monstrī flammās emittēbant. The eyes of the monster were sending out flames. turba ancillārum ā Quīntō fūgērunt. The crowd of slave-girls fled from Quintus. Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obstō, appropinquō, promittō, studeō, pareō, resistō, confidō, noceō, persuadeō, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case. Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse, decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis. Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. apud among/at the house of post behind/after ad to prope near per through in + Acc. into/onto ante before Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “sidspace.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant. sine without sub under in in, on pro in front of dē about, down from ā/ab away from cum with ē/ex out of, from Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative caseFor most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominativeFor 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in e For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in īThe vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī (singular) filiī(plural) Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine gender; second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender; third declension nouns are masculine , feminine, and neuter genders; fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter ; and fifth declension nouns are generally feminine gender. From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base. Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative and accusative cases the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and neuter nouns are found in the 2nd , 3rd and 4th declensions. Decline the following nouns: donumcanisflumenSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativedonumdonacaniscanēsflumenfluminaGenitivedonīdonōrumcaniscanumfluminisfluminumDativedonōdonīscanīcanibusfluminīfluminibusAccusativedonumdonacanemcanēsflumenfluminaAblativedonōdonīscanecanibusfluminefluminibusVocativedonumdonacaniscanēsflumenfluminamanuscornueffigiesSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativemanusmanūscornūcornuaeffigiēseffigiēsGenitivemanūsmanuumcornūscornuumeffigiēīeffigiērumDativemanuīmanibuscornūcornibuseffigiēīeffigiēbusAccusativemanummanūscornūcornuaeffigiemeffigiēsAblativemanūmanibuscornūcornibuseffigiēeffigiēbusVocativemanusmanūscornūcornuaeffigiēseffigiēsIII. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number, gender, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives use the endings of 1st and 2nd declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use 3rd declension endings and change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudeleMasculine of laetusFeminine of laetusNeuter of laetusSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativelaetuslaetīlaetalaetaelaetumlaetaGenitivelaetīlaetōrumlaetaelaetārumlaetīlaetōrumDativelaetōlaetīslaetaelaetīslaetōlaetīsAccusativelaetumlaetōslaetamlaetāslaetumlaetaAblativelaetōlaetīslaetālaetīslaetōlaetīsMasculine of crudelisFeminine of crudelisNeuter of crudelisSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativecrudeliscrudelēscrudeliscrudelēscrudelecrudeliaGenitivecrudeliscrudeliumcrudeliscrudeliumcrudeliscrudeliumDativecrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibusAccusativecrudelemcrudelēscrudelemcrudelēscrudelecrudeliaAblativecrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibusGive the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules – same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending! HappyCruelQuintus _____ erat.laetuscrudeliscives _____ leones spectant.laetīcrudelēsmercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.laetīscrudelibusQuintus Clementem _____ liberavit.laetumcrudelemQuintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.laetōcrudelīGrumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.laetaecrudelīancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.laetacrudelisSalvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.laetāscrudelēsSalvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.laetōcrudelīservus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.laetīcrudelisAdjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:e.g. notus well known notior more well known notissimus very well known celer quick celerior quicker celerrimus quickest IV. Pronouns Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:Nominative Singularego – Itu – youReflexive — self Genitive Singular XXXXXXXXXXXXXsuiDative SingularmihitibisibiAccusative SingularmētēsēAblative SingularmētēsēNominative PluralnōsvōsGenitive Plural XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXDative PluralnōbīsvōbīssibiAccusative PluralnōsvōssēAblative PluralnōbīsvōbīssēRelative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are translated as who, whose, whom, that, or which. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only. They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.SingularPluralMasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuterNominativequīquaequodquīquaequaeGenitivecuiuscuiuscuiusquōrumquārumquōrumDativecuicuicuiquibusquibusquibusAccusativequemquamquodquōsquāsquaeAblativequōquāquōquibusquibusquibushic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are demonstratives. They can be used as quibus, which means they modify a noun, or as pronouns, which means they take the place of a noun . In both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in number, gender, and case . hic, haec, hoc is translated as this or these; ille, illa, illud is translated as that or those. Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuterNominativehichaechocilleillailludGenitivehuiushuiushuiusilliusilliusilliusDativehuichuichuicillīillīillīAccusativehunchanchocillumillamilludAblativehōchāchōcillōillāillōNominativehīhaehaecillīillaeillaGenitivehōrumhārumhōrumillōrumillārumillōrumDativehīshīshīsillīsillīsillīsAccusativehōshāshaecillōsillāsillaAblativehīshīshīsillīsillīsillīsTell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat. Acc, fem, sing / acc, masc, pl: Rufilla scolds this slave-girl; but she often praise those slaves.Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult. Abl, fem, sing: Bregans does not want to live in this house.Quintus his templis appropinquavit. Dat, neuter, pl: Quintus neared those temples.Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit. Acc, neuter, pl; acc, neuter sing: Clemens did not visit those temples, but he always comes/came (no long mark, so how do I know?) to that temple of Isis.haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit. Fem, nom, sing/ masc, nom, sing: This girl always reads books; but that boy never reads.is, ea, id is the personal pronoun. It is used to replace a noun. It must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun it replaces. It is translated as he, she, it (or as a weak form of this/that). Fill in the chart with the forms of the personal pronoun.SingularPluralMasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuterNominativeiseaideīeaeeaGenitiveeiuseiuseiuseōrumeārumeōrumDativeeīeīeīeīseīseīsAccusativeeumeamideōseāseaAblativeeōeāeōeīseīseīsGive the correct form of the personal pronoun to replace the underlined nouns.Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.eīsClemens vinum hospitibus offert.idClemens vinum hospitibus offert.isRufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.eaRufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.eōRufilla Barbillo fabulas narravit.eīRufilla pecuniam Barbilli cupivit.eiusV. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.Principal partExampleUseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do carry, am carrying”First person singular present activeSecond principal part portāre “to carry”Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses activeused for imperative active mood identifies the conjugationThird principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense Fourth principal partportātus “having been carried” Perfect passive participle: functions as a verbal adjective used to form Perfect passive tenses The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner. e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futurus possum, posse, potuī, — volō, velle, voluī, — nolō, nolo, noluī, — ferō, ferre, tulī, latus eō, īre, iī, itus N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning: possum , volō , and nolō . e.g. Salvius Bregantem punīre poterat. Salvius was able to punish Bregans. B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularamōamābamamāvīamāveramtranslationI love, I am loving, I do loveI was loving, I used to loveI loved, I have loved, I did love I had loved2nd singularamāsamābasamāvīstīamāverāstranslationyou love, you do love, you are lovingyou were loving, you used to loveyou loved, you have loved, you did loveYou had loved3rd singularamatamābatamāvitamāverattranslationhe/she/it loves, is loving, does lovehe/she/it was loving, used to lovehe/she/it loved, has loved, did loveHe had loved1st pluralamāmusamābamusamāvimusamāverāmustranslationwe love, we are loving, we do lovewe were loving, we used to lovewe loved, we have loved, we did loveWe had loved2nd pluralamātisamābatisamāvistisamāverātistranslationyou love, you are loving, you do loveyou were loving, you used to loveyou loved, you have loved, you did loveYou had loved3rd pluralamantamābantamāvēruntamāveranttranslationthey love, they do love, they are lovingthey were loving, they used to lovethey loved, they have loved, they did loveThey had lovedConjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futurus “be.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularsumeramfuīfueramtranslationI amI wasI have beenI had been2nd singulareserāsfuistīfuerāstranslationyou areyou wereyou have beenyou had been3rd singularesteratfuitfuerattranslationhe/she/it ishe/she/it washe/she/it has beenhe/she/it had been1st pluralsumuserāmusfuimusfuerāmustranslationwe arewe werewe have beenwe had been2nd pluralestiserātisfuistisfuerātistranslationyou areyou wereyou have beenyou had been3rd pluralsunterantfuēruntfueranttranslationthey arethey werethey have beenthey had beenConjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potuī, — “able.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularpossumpoterampotuīpotueramtranslationI am ableI was ableI was/have been ableI had been able2nd singularpotespoterāspotuistīpotuerāstranslationYou are ableYou were ableYou were/have been ableYou had been able3rd singularpotestpoteratpotuitpotuerattranslationHe is ableHe were ableHe was/has been ableHe had been able1st pluralpossumuspoterāmuspotuimuspotuerāmustranslationwe are ablewe were ablewe were/have been ableWe had been able2nd pluralpotestispoterātispotuistispotuerātistranslationYou are ableYou were ableYou were/have been ableYou had been able3rd pluralpossuntpoterantpotuēruntpotueranttranslationthey are ablethey were ablethey were/have been ableThey had been ableConjugate and translate the following tenses for volō, velle, voluī, — “want, wish.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularvolōvolēbamvoluīvolueramtranslationI wantI was wantingI (have) wantedI had wanted2nd singularvīsvolēbāsvoluistīvoluerāstranslationYou wantYou were wantingYou (have) wantedYou had wanted3rd singularvultvolēbatvoluitvoluerattranslationHe wantsHe was wantingHe (has) wantedHe had wanted1st pluralvolumusvolēbāmusvoluimusvoluerāmustranslationWe wantWe were wantingWe (have) wantedWe had wanted2nd pluralvultisvolēbātisvoluistisvoluerātistranslationYou wantYou were wantingYou (have) wantedYou had wanted3rd pluralvoluntvolēbantvoluēruntvolueranttranslationThey wantThey were wantingThey (have) wantedThey had wantedConjugate and translate the following tenses for nolō, nolle, noluī, — “not want, wish.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularnolōnolēbamnoluīnolueramtranslationI don’t wantI was not wantingI (have) not wantedI had not wanted2nd singularNon vīsnolēbāsnoluistīnoluerāstranslationYou don’t wantYou were not wantingYou (have) not wantedYou had not wanted3rd singularNon vultnolēbatnvoluitnoluerattranslationHe doesn’t wantsHe was not wantingHe (has) not wantedHe had not wanted1st pluralnolumusnolēbāmusnoluimusnoluerāmustranslationWe don’t wantWe were not wantingWe (have) not wantedWe had not wanted2nd pluralNon vultisnolēbātisnoluistisnoluerātistranslationYou don’t wantYou were not wantingYou (have) not wantedYou had not wanted3rd pluralnoluntnolēbantnoluēruntnolueranttranslationThey don’t wantThey were not wantingThey (have) not wantedThey had not wantedtranslationWe goWe were goingwe went/have goneWe had gone2nd pluralītisībātisiistisierātistranslationYou goYou were goingYou went/have goneYou had gone3rd pluraleuntībantiēruntieranttranslationThey gothey were goingthey went/have goneThey had goneC. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: SingularPluralamō, amāre, amāvī, amātus amāamātesedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussedēsedēteducō, ducere, duxī, ductus duc(I’m not sure why this was used. It is irregular)ducitesentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus sentīsentītee.g. dā cibum servō! Give the slave food! e.g. legite epistulās! Read the letters! Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive. e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water! puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run! D. Participles Participles are also known as verbal adjectives because they are part verb and part adjective. Like verbs, they have tense, which tells the time of the verb, and voice. Like adjectives, they have number, gender, and case, all three of which must agree with the noun that they describe. Present active participles are formed from the present stem of the verb (1st/2nd principal part). The nominative singular ends in ns the rest of the forms change this ending to nt and then add 3rd declension endings. Perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of verbs. They may often be translated with the ending -ed into English. N.B. They are not always translated with -ed: singed, telled, sinked, thinked. Give the Present active and Perfect passive Participles for the following verbs and translate.Present activeTranslationclamō, clamāre “shout”clamānsshoutingterreō, terrēre “scare”terrēnsscaringgarriō, garrīre “gossip”garriēnsgossippingcontendō, contendere “hurry”contendēnshurryingcapiō, capere – “take”capiēnstakingParticiples are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. Give the forms for laudans, laudantis “praising” Masculine of laudansFeminine of laudansNeuter of laudansSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativelaudānslaudantēslaudānslaudantēslaudānslaudantiaGenitivelaudantislaudantiumlaudantislaudantiumlaudantislaudantiumDativelaudantīlaudantibuslaudantīlaudantibuslaudantīlaudantibusAccusativelaudantemlaudantēslaudantemlaudantēslaudānslaudantiaAblativelaudantelaudantibuslaudantelaudantibuslaudantelaudantibusUnderline the participle and connect it to the noun it describes. Then translate each sentence.tum Plancus nobiscum ibat garriens. Then Plancus, talking, was going with us. Ego deum in templum sedentem adorabam. I was worshipping the god sitting in the temple sacerdotes effigiem portantes ad templum contendunt. The priests, carrying the statue, hurry to the temple. Salvius Clementem salutans ridet. Salvius, greeting Clemens, laughs. Salvius Clementem ridentem salutat. Salvius greets the laughing Clemens. dominus latronem e villā servum fugientem necat. The master kills the robber fleeing from the house. servus punitus e villā contendit. The punished slave hurries from the house. Metella in foro ambulans togam Quinto natalem celebranti quaerebat. Metella, walking in the forum, was seeking a toga for Quintus, who was celebrating his birthday. Servi Salvium vulneratum ad villam portaverunt. The slaves carried the wounded Salvius to the house. VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter. Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs. Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs. VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences. servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in viā videt. Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentē ambulābat. Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat. Plancus, a tabernā ambulāns, de templīs narrāvit. VIII. Dependent clauses In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the antecedent. A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and gender, but their case comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause. Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the sentences into English. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habēre vult.Rufilla, who is never happy, wants to have a ring. rex, cuius servī in fundō laborant, est Cogidubnus. The king, whose slaves work on the farm, is Cogidubnus.rex servum, quī in hortō laborat, laudat. The king praises the slave who works in the garden. ancillae, quās rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt. The slave-girls whom the king scolds flee from the house. templum, cui in Alexandriā appropinquāvī, magnum erat. The temple which we approached in Alexandria was great. subito Salvius servōs, quī non laborabant, punīvit. Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who were not working.IX. Quam With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible. Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun. e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is! e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio! e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible. e.g. puella quam videō est Cornelia. The girl whom I see is Cornelia. IX. Interrogatives/Question words -ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no. e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy? e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? /Surely Marcus is a Roman boy? e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he? / Surely Marcus is not a Roman boy? Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.e.g. quis Who? quid What? ubi Where? cūr Why? ................
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