Summary of Perspectives



Topic 1: History and Approaches, Review of Chapter 1Part IDescribe the major contribution(s) of each of the following famous names in psychology. When applicable, tie them to a psychological perspective.Wilhelm Wundt: 1st Psych Lab, __________introspection, structuralism _________________________________________________Perspective Structuralism_______________Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis, id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms, unconscious, dream interpretation and analysis, manifest vs latent content, stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital), free association, iceberg metaphor, fixation . Perspective Psychoanalysis______________John Watson: Classic Conditioning, Little Albert, advertising ________________________________________________________Perspective Behaviorist_________________William James: American Psychologist, First Psych Textbook, Functionalism, James Lange Theory of Emotion ______________Perspective: Functionalism______________B.F. Skinner Operant conditioning, operant chamber, schedules of reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, shaping, generalization, discrimination, extinction, theory of language development .Perspective Behaviorist_________________Jean Piaget Cognitive development, assimilation v. accommodation, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, schemas, conservation, object permanence, animism, hierarchical classification, abstract reasoning .Perspective Cognitive/Developmental_____Albert Bandura Social Learning, Bobo Doll, Observational Learning, Theory of Reciprocal Determinism a Social‐cognitive theory of personality (internal mental events, external environmental, and behavior all interact reciprocally) Perspective Behaviorist/Cognitive________G. Stanley Hall First president of the APA__________________________________________________________________________Perspective Developmental______________Mary Whiton Calkins First Female President of the APA _____________________________________________________________Perspective Functionalism______________Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning, Dogs, generalization, discrimination, extinction, stimulus, response, spontaneous recover, UCS, UCR, CS, CR, neutral stimulus, digestion research _____________________________________________________Perspective Behaviorist_________________Abraham Maslow Humanism, Hierarchy of Needs, Self Actualization, Self Esteem____ ____________________________________Perspective Humanistic_________________Roger Sperry Nobel prize winner‐ split brain research ________________________________________________________________Perspective Biological/Neuroscience______Part II Multiple-ChoiceYou are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt’s theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his argument?Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this led credence to his theory in the scientific community. Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific methods to be used. Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical. Structuralism was based on careful anecdotes gathered from Wundt’s extensive clinical career. Wundt was the first person to study psychology in an academic setting. Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mindwas revolutionary because it was the first comprehensive explanation of human thought and behavior. Resulted from discoveries about the human brain obtained by cadaver dissection. Is outdated and has no relevance for modern psychology. Focused entirely on human males’ sex drive. Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory. In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression?A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a past repressed experience. A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code, while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an expressed desire to fulfill certain life needs. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior. A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because they both believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process certain behaviors. Dr. Marco explains to a client that his feelings of hostility toward a coworker are most likely caused by the way the client interprets the coworker’s actions, and the way he thinks that people should behave at work. Dr. Marco is most likely working from what perspective?behavioral cognitive psychoanalytic humanist social-culturalPart IIIDescribe the major viewpoint of each of the following perspectives.Psychoanalysis How we are affected by__________ unconscious drives and conflicts___________________________________________________________________________________________________Humanism How healthy people strive to reach their full potential; humans have free will ________________________________________________________________________________________________Behaviorism How we learn through rewards,______ punishments, and observation; only observable___ events can be studied scientifically._______________________________________________________Cognitive How we process information________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biological How our biological structures and_____substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or__emotion_____________________________________________________________________________Evolutionary Behavior patterns have evolved as we adapt for survival; natural selections favors ______reproductive success___________________________________________________________________Topic 2: Research Methodology, Review of Chapter 2Amber, a fifth grade teacher, believes that s short recess before her afternoon classes will improve the memory of her students. She designs an experiment to test this idea. Identify the following for her experiment:Hypothesis: A short recess before afternoon class will improve student memory.independent variable: Recessdependent variable: Memorya possible confounding variable: Student answers will vary.Assume that a questionnaire was handed out only to the firs twenty-five people to arrive to a clinic. What is wrong with this method of distributing surveys?Not a representative random sample.A private school is trying to determine whether or not wearing uniforms will improve the behavior of its students. During the month of October and November, an experiment is conducted to compare the behavior of students who wear uniforms to those who do not. Who is the control group in this experiment? Students without uniforms.The experimental group? Students with uniforms.What is the dependent variable? Behavior.For the following correlational coefficients, give an example of a relationship between variables that would give these statistical outcomes. +1.0 = Student answers will vary.-1.0 = Student answers will vary. 0.0 = Student answers will vary.A new drug has been developed which is believed to have the capability to reduce hand tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Design an experiment to show that there is a scientific basis for the claims of the company that has introduced this drug. Include all of the following in your design:random selection: sample of population, so long as people in sample suffer from Parkinson’srandom assignment: randomly assign to control/experimental groupthe independent variable: Drugthe dependent variable: Hand tremorsthe control group: Placebo group, or no druga placebo: Sugar pillThe essence of the experimental method isaccurate calculation of correlations obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences. careful measurement and record keeping using control to identify cause and effect connections Which of the following is an appropriate use of naturalistic observation?to raise questions and suggest hypotheses to develop formal psychological theory to test hypotheses derived from theory to answer questions about cause and effect relationships In the simplest experiment, the two groups of subjects are treated exactly alike except for the _________ variable.independent dependent extraneous control The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the experiment are calledconstants dependent variables extraneous variables independent variables A researcher wants to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on human problem solving. Subjects in an appropriate control group for such an experiment would be described as havingMuch more sleep than normal. Much less sleep than normal A normal amount of sleep The same amount of sleep as the experimental group Which type of variable is measured in both the experimental and control groups of an experiment?the dependent variable the independent variable extraneous variables the reference variable One of the limitations of the survey method isobserver bias that it sets up an artificial situation that replies may not be accurate the self-fulfilling prophecy Professor Ma wants to design a project studying emotional response to date rape. He advertises for participants in the school newspaper, informs them about the nature of the study, gets their consent, conducts an interview, and debriefs them about the results when the experiment is over. If you were on the IRB, which ethical consideration would you most likely have the most concern about in Professor Ma’s study?coercion deceptionconfounding variablesanonymity Topic 3: Social Psychology, Review of Chapter 16Part IFind the Social Psychology terms that correspond to the descriptions of the various situations and scenarios that are described below.ALTRUISMBYSTANDER EFFECTCOGNITIVE DISSONANCEDEINDIVIDUATION DISCRIMINATIONFOOT-IN-THE-DOORFRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESISFUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERRORGROUP POLARIZATIONGROUPTHINKPREJUDICESCAPEGOATSOCIAL FACILITATIONSOCIAL LOAFINGSTEREOTYPESCAPEGOAT: Disgruntled taxpayers blame welfare recipients for a large increase in their property taxes, and unfairly blame these folks for “using the system” when in fact these individuals are poverty stricken and need help from government funding.Definition: People may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger. In essence, they use the group they dislike as their target for all of their anger.ALTRUISM: A young college student risks his life by rescuing a young child who has fallen through the ice on a lake while playing there.Definition: Altruism refers to unselfish behaviors or actions done for the sake of someone else.COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: A thirteen-year old is uncomfortable with her smoking habit since this is inconsistent with what her parents have taught her about the risks of starting this habit at such a young age.Definition: A psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent.PREJUDICE: Nine-year old Maria has developed the attitude that elderly people are mean and stingy.Definition: A negative attitude held toward members of a group.FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR: Kevin assumed on the first day of school that his math teacher, Mr. Wallaby, was going to be a mean teacher based solely on the fact that he saw him arguing in the hall with another teacher before class. It turned out Mr. Wallaby was one of the most personable teachers he had ever had.Definition: Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior.FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR: A local car dealership offers customers a $25 gift certificate for coming in to test drive on of their new cars in hopes that they will then agree to buy a car.Definition: Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later.SOCIAL FACILITATION: When Angela is running laps after work at the high school track, she notices that she runs faster if other runners are also out there running with her.Definition: People perform certain tasks better when they are in the presence of other people. This is true for simple tasks, tasks people are good at already, or already learned tasks, but not for difficult or novel tasks.STEREOTYPE: Mary, an elderly woman, believes that all teenagers are rebellious, rude, and have little regard for the feelings of others.Definition: Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.DEINDIVIDUATION: When Jeremy, a junior in college, participated in an anti-war demonstration on his campus, he was overwhelmed by the emotions of the protests and found himself throwing rocks at cars and windows. This was behavior highly uncharacteristic of him and something he would not even consider doing if alone.Definition: People in groups tend to lose some of their own self-awareness and self-restraint when in groups. They become less of an individual and more anonymous. In a sense, people will do things in groups they otherwise would not because they feel less responsible for their actions and less like an individual.DISCRIMINATION: Eleven neighborhood children are invited to a birthday party for ten-year old Steven. The only children who are not invited are the two kids who belong to the family of immigrants who just moved into the neighborhood.Definition: Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.GROUP POLARIZATION: As a group of college students who agree on their stance on gun control talk about their opinions on this, their feelings seem to get stronger as the discussion proceeds.Definition: A phenomenon that occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction.GROUPTHINK: As a group of generals make a major tactical error while planning a military battle. When later polled individually about their decision, most of them indicate individually that they were not in favor of the decision, but went along with what seemed to be the group’s consensus.Definition: A process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.BYSTANDER EFFECT: While an elderly man is beaten and robbed on a busy city street, several people stand by and watch, assuming that someone else will intervene or call for help.Definition: A paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.SOCIAL LOAFING: Daniel noticed that when he was at a basketball game with a large crowd the he did not cheer and scream as loud as when the crowd was small and he seemed like a large part of the action.Definition: Social loafing is the tendency for people in a group to put less effort into the task when the effort is pooled (when they are all supposed to work on the task) compared to when they are all responsible for their own contributions.FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS: James, a running back on the football team, gets into a fist fight after a shouting match on the practice field with his best friend, Mike. When he talked about this later, he indicated that this may not have happened if the coach had not denied everyone a water break causing everyone to feel agitated.Definition: Frustration is a feeling of tension that occurs when our efforts to reach some goal are blocked. When this occurs, it can produce feelings of anger, which in turn can generate feelings of aggression and aggressive behavior.Part IIGive an example to show how discrimination differs from prejudice. Prejudice: Prejudice is a negative, usually unjustified attitude directed toward people simply because they are members of a specific social group.Discrimination: Actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.Give an example to show how the “just-world phenomenon” contributes to stereotyping.Just-World Phenomenon: The just-world phenomenon is the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. If you have this belief, and something good happens to you, you may conclude that the world is just because you are a good person and so good things happen to you. In the same way, when you see something bad happen to someone else, you may conclude that they did something to bring on this bad event. Otherwise, it would not have occurred since the world is a just place.Give an example to show how prejudice differs from stereotyping.Prejudice: Prejudice is a negative, usually unjustified attitude directed toward people simply because they are members of a specific social group.Stereotype: A stereotype is a "fixed" way of thinking about people in which you classify others into specific categories without much room for individualism or variation.What do each of the following experiments validate about human behavior:The “Robbers-Cave” ExperimentOne conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that building peaceful relations between conflicting groups can be accomplished by having the groups work together to solve problems. In this way, people from different groups come to see their interdependence and the benefits of cooperation.The Milgram ExperimentMilgram’s experiments in particular demonstrate how “ordinary” people will behave cruelly while just trying to do the jobs they’ve been asked to do and without explicitly malicious intentions. The fact that the teachers increased the shocks incrementally allowed them to feel better about and to justify their actions more than if they had been instructed to give a very heavy shock immediately.The Asch-Line ExperimentThe results of this experiment suggest the power of conformity. Subsequent experiments have found that people are likely to conform to group standards under the following conditions:?when they feel incompetent or insecure?when the group has at least three people?when everyone in the group agrees on an answer?when the group is perceived to be of high status?when a person comes from a culture that places high value on respecting group standardsHow do each of the following contribute to prejudicial behavior:In-group biasIngroup Bias: Ingroup bias is a simple concept, but one that has very powerful affects on people, societies, and life in general. Ingroup bias is simply the tendency to favor one's own group. This is not one group in particular, but whatever group you associate with at a particular time. So, for example, when you play on an intramural softball team that meets once a week, you are part of that softball team's ingroup. Or, it can be something on a much more grand scale like, the situation between religious groups in Ireland. They have been killing each other for years, because they each perceive their own group as being the "right" and "good" group, while the other group (the outgroup) is "bad" and "evil". The “just-world phenomenon”Just-World Phenomenon: The just-world phenomenon is the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. If you have this belief, and something good happens to you, you may conclude that the world is just because you are a good person and so good things happen to you. In the same way, when you see something bad happen to someone else, you may conclude that they did something to bring on this bad event. Otherwise, it would not have occurred since the world is a just place.Give two examples of situations where social conformity is a positive behavior.Students’ answers will vary.Give two examples of situations where social conformity is a negative behavior.Students’ answers will ic 4: Biological Basis of Behavior, Review of Chapter 3Which specific brain function or nervous system is affected in the following examples:Following a head injury, Jack has ongoing problems staying awake and focusing attention. RETICULAR FORMATIONAfter a gunshot wound, Sandy is uninhibited, irritable, and profane. FRONTAL LOBEA rat attacks another rat in the same cage after this area is electrically stimulated. AMYGDALARoger “wets his pants” while running away from a bear that is chasing him through the woods. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM or HYPOTHALAMUSKathy cannot remember last Christmas after this area was damaged. HIPPOCAMPUSJessica had difficulty keeping her balance after receiving a blow during a gymnastics routine. CEREBELLUMa) What is aphasia?An acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality. This may include difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language.b) Give two examples of how this can occur.Damage to either Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area.Multiple ChoiceA split-brain patient has a picture of a knife flashed to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right hemisphere. She will be able to:identify the fork using her left handidentify a knife using her left handidentify a knife using either handidentify a fork using either handstand on her head and eat with both handsDr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The patient could probably:write the word “key” using the left handdraw a picture of a key using the left handdraw a picture of a key using the right handverbally report that a key was seendo none of the aboveDr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster “saw” with his ears and “heard” with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein “rewired” neural connections in the monster’s: hypothalamuscerebellumfrontal lobethalamuspituitary glandA body builder friend of yours suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend has been using drugs that affect the:thalamus adrenal glandsmedullapituitary glanddopamineBlindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?visual cortex in the frontal lobe visual cortex in the temporal lobe sensory cortex in the parietal lobe visual cortex in the occipital lobe cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in themotor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere. sensorimotor cortex in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere. motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere. motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere. Deafness can result from damage to the inner ear or damage to what area of the brain?the auditory cortex in the frontal lobe. the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. the areas of the sensory cortex that receive messages from the ears. the hypothalamus. the left and right sensory areas of the cerebellum. Which chemicals pass across the synaptic gap and increase the possibility the next neuron in the chain will fire?synaptic peptides inhibitory neurotransmitters adrenaline-type exciters excitatory neurotransmitters potassium and sodium You eat some bad sushi and feel that you are slowly losing control over your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from the bad sushi most likely interferes with the use ofserotonin dopamine acetylcholine thorazine adrenalineWhich sentence most closely describes neural transmission?An electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell. A chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced, and the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells. The electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding cells. Neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric changes in the cerebral cortex. Neural transmission is an electrochemical process both inside and outside the cell. When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity, they are talking aboutthe brain’s ability to regrow damaged neurons. The surface texture and appearance caused by the layer known as the cerebral cortex. The brain’s versatility caused by the millions of different neural connections. Our adaptability to different problems ranging from survival needs to abstract reasoning. New connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections. Which type of procedure is described in each of the following methods of evaluating activity in the brain.Uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce computer generated images to distinguish among different types of brain tissue. MRIUses glucose to develop a visual display of brain activity. PETMeasures electrical activity across the surface of the brain. EEGAs a summer camp counselor you have been able to identify your ten-year old campers as either “right-brained” or “left-brained.” After dividing them into two groups based on their thinking styles, decide on three group tasks that you could assign to each group that should correspond to their cognitive abilities. Left-brained Campers: Right-brained Campers: SpeechVisualReadingSpatialWritingMusicalTopic 5: Sensation & Perception, Review of Chapter 4Part IMultiple ChoiceThe cochlea is responsible for protecting the surface of the eye transmitting vibrations received by the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup. the receptors at the top of each nostril connect with the cortex smell is a powerful cue for encoding memories into long-term memory strong smells encourage us to process events deeply so they will most likely be remembered. In a perception research lab, you are asked to describe the shape of the top of a box as the box is slowly rotated. Which concept are the researchers most likely investigating? feature detectors in the retina feature detectors in the occipital lobe placement of rods and cones in the retina binocular depth cues shape constancy The blind spot in our eye results from the lack of receptors at the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina the shadow the pupil makes on the retina competing processing between the visual cortices in the left and right hemisphere floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina retinal damage from bright light Smell and taste are called _______ because energy senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of electric energy chemical senses; they detect chemicals in what we taste and smell flavor senses; smell and taste combine to create flavor. chemical senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of chemicals. memory senses; they both have powerful connections to memory What is the principal difference between amplitude and frequency in the context of sound waves ? Amplitude is the tone or timbre of a sound, while frequency is the pitch. Amplitude is detected in the cochlea, while frequency is detected in the auditory cortex. Amplitude is the height of the sound wave, while frequency is a measure of how frequently the sound waves pass a given point. Both measure qualities of sound, but frequency is a more accurate measure since it measures the shapes of the waves rather than the strength of the waves. Frequency is a measure for light waves, while amplitude is a measure for sound waves. Weber’s law determines Absolute threshold. Focal length of the eye. Level of subliminal messages. Amplitude of sound waves. Just-noticeable difference. Gate control theory refers to which sensory impulses are transmitted first from each sense which pain messages are perceived interfering sound waves, causing some waves to be undetected the gate at the optic chiasm controlling the destination hemisphere for visual information from each eye. how our minds choose to use either bottom-up or top-down processing. Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation and perception? Sensation is a strictly mechanical process, while perception is a cognitive process. Perception is an advanced form of sensation. Sensation happens in the senses, while perception happens in the brain. Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected. Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not. Color blindness and color afterimages are best explained by what theory of color vision? Trichromatic theory Visible hue theory Opponent-process theory Dichromatic theory Binocular disparity theory What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense? integrating what we see and hear writing our name repeating a list of digits walking a straight line with our eyes closed reporting to a researcher the exact position and orientation of our limbs Part IIJohnny’s parents always complain that he doesn’t listen to them. They say that when he is watching TV or listening to music, he acts like he just doesn’t hear them. Johnny claims that he doesn’t even remember them trying to talk to him. Johnny’s ability to choose what sensory information he perceives demonstrates SELECTIVE ATTENTION.What is Gestalt? Give three examples of Gestalt principles as they relate to perception.Emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. We use Gestalt principles to explain how we perceive objects. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.When I am standing in front of the class talking and you are focused on me, THE TEACHER is the figure and BOARD is the ground. However, when I begin to write on the board and you are focused on that, THE BOARD becomes the figure, and THE TEACHER becomes the ground.What is a visual cliff? When do babies acquire depth perception?Test by Eleanor Gibson to assess depth perception in babies. Crawling age.Why is it so hard to catch a ball with one eye closed? Name and describe two binocular cues help with depth perception.You need both eyes to experience this type of depth perception.Retinal disparityImages from the two eyes differ. ConvergenceCues from your eye muscles. You have been asked to paint a picture that includes buildings, fields, a river, and a mountain. Describe how you would use at least five monocular cues to give your painting a sense of depth.STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY. Relative Size, Interposition, Relative Clarity, Texture Gradient, Relative Height, Linear Perspective.What is the phi phenomenon? Give an example.When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.Objects that are further away appear to move more slowly than those that are close by. Give an example of this. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.What is perceptual constancy? What are three forms of perceptual constancy that we have? How would your perception be altered if you lacked one or more form of constancy?We perceive objects as remaining the same, despite the images they cast on our retina.SizeShapeBrightnessHueLocation in spaceSTUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.What is perceptual set? Give a specific example of how a perceptual set can alter one’s experience.An expectancy of what we are ready to perceive. Colored by our experiences. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.Part III1.When a stimulus is constant, sensory neurons fire less. What do we call this? SENSORY ADAPTATION2.What is the name of the theory that states that absolute threshold varies depending on psychological factors? SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY3.The minimum stimulus you can detect at least 50% of the time is called what? ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD4.What is the process by which your brain organizes and interprets information is called? PERCEPTION5.What is the name of the center of the retina with greatest visual acuity? FOVEA6.What is the part of the outer ear that you can easily see on your neighbor called? PINNA7.What are the three types of cones according to the trichromatic theory? RED, GREEN, BLUE8.What organ that regulates the vestibular sense? SEMICIRCULAR CANALS9.What is another word for smell? OLFACTION10.What is the only sense that does NOT go through the thalamus? SMELL11.What sense knows the location of the body parts? KINESTHETICTopic 6: Learning, Review of Chapter 6Part IClassical ConditioningContributor(s): Ivan Pavlov, John WatsonKey terms related to Pavlov’s experiment:Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = foodConditioned Stimulus (CS) = bellUnconditioned Response (UCR) = salivationConditioned Response (CR) = salivationOther important terms related to classical conditioning:Acquisition: Learning begins with an association between a CS and a UCS. (The bell introduces the food and the dog salivates only to the bell.)Extinction: The behavior stops when the CS no longer introduces the UCS. (The dog no longer salivates to the sound of the bell since no food is presented with the bell.) Spontaneous Recovery: The behavior resumes when the CS again is presented with the UCS after extinction and a rest period. (The dog again salivates to the bell alone.)Generalization: A CR occurs to any stimulus that is similar to the original CS. (The flog responds to any bell similar to the one first presented.) Discrimination: A CR only occurs to certain stimuli even if similar to the original CS. (The dog only responds to certain bells or the first one presented.) Operant ConditioningContributor(s): B.F. Skinner, ThorndikeKey Terms: Positive Reinforcement = Receiving a positive reward for good behavior Example: A piece of candy for buckling a seatbelt. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.Negative Reinforcement = Removing a negative stimulus to encourage good behavior Example: The buzzing sound stops when you buckle the seatbelt. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.Punishment = Discourages undesirable behaviorExample: Getting spanked for not buckling or take away toy for not buckling seatbelt. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.Other important terms related to operant conditioning:Acquisition: Learning occurs when a behavior is rewarded or punished. (A child is given a dollar for a good grade.) Extinction: The behavior stops when the consequence stops. (The child stops making good grades since there is no reward.) Spontaneous The behavior resumes after extinction and a rest period when a consequence is againRecovery: presented with the behavior. (The child resumes making good grades for getting a dollar.) Generalization: The behavior occurs to any reward similar to the original reward. (The child makes good grades for a dollar or a quarter.) Discrimination: The behavior only occurs to rewards similar to the original reward. (The child makes good grades for a dollar but not a quarter.) Part IIDefine the schedules listed below. Also, draw a graph of the rates of responding for each schedule of reinforcement.fixed-interval schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.variable-interval schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.fixed-ratio schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.variable-ratio schedule: A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responsesInstructions: Identify the reinforcement schedule being used in each of the examples that follow.FR1. Paid 10 dollars for every 20 puzzles solved VI2. Studying for a class that has surprise quizzes VR3. Slot machines are based on this schedule VI4. Trolling for fish in a lake in the summer VI5. Speed traps on highways VR6. Selling a product door to door FI7. Getting the clothes out of the dryer once it buzzes FR8. Going up a staircase to reach a landing with a nice view FR9. Doing 20 pushups to help stay fit VR10. Playing Bingo FI11. Getting a paycheck at the end of 2 weeks VI12. Random drug testing VR13. A strike in bowling VI14. Calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet FR15. Frequent flyer program where one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles flown VR16. Child screams and cries in store to get what he wants, every so often?it works FI17. Child who likes to hear theme music from Jeopardy every night at 7PM VR18. Trying to find a parking spot in Metropolis with a meter that works FI19. Wife is watching boxing match with husband-she receives a kiss at?the end of every 3-minute round VI20. Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach VI21. Surfer waiting for the perfect wave to ride in VR22. Looking under rocks for wormsTopic 7: Cognition, Review of Chapters 7 & 8External events are initially recorded as sensory memorywhich is eitherICONIC MEMORY(visual sensory memory)ECHOIC MEMORY(auditory sensory memory)orIf we pay attention to the information, it is encoded into:Memory that holds a few items briefly, or SHORT-TERM MEMORYTo get information into storage, we must ENCODE it.The relatively limitless, permanent memory where information is stored is LONG-TERM memory.which may be categorized asEXPLICIT MEMORY Conscious memory of facts and events, (aka, DECLARATIVE MEMORY)IMPLICIT MEMORYAutomatic memory of skills and conditioned behaviors (aka, PROCEDURAL MEMORY)Which are formed by the CEREBELLUM.which includeSEMANTIC MEMORY (memories for facts, general knowledge)EPISODIC MEMORY(memories for personal experiences)Which are formed by the HIPPOCAMPUS And stored in the CEREBRAL CORTEXTo get information out of storage, we must RETRIEVE it. Part I EFFORTFUL processing (facts for class, names)AUTOMATIC processing (where word was on page, what you ate for breakfast).Requires REHEARSALDepends on the amount of TIME spent learningIs enhanced by MNEMONICSEncodingEncoding strategies that enhance memory:Space out study sessions. It is better to study 10 minutes a night for 10 nights than to study 100 minutes in one night. DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE/SPACING EFFECTYou tend to remember the beginning (PRIMACY effect) and end (RECENCY effect) of a list better than the middle. Start and end your studying with material that will be more represented on the test. SERIAL POSITION EFFECTThink about the meaning of words that you are trying to remember. For example, “serial position effect” means that the position of the words in a series affects your ability to remember it. SEMANTIC ENCODINGThink about how the material relates to you. We are much better at remembering information that relates to us in some way. SELF-REFERENT ENCODINGUse IMAGERY to create mnemonic devices (ie., a HIPPO on CAMPUS would be MEMORABLE). The more outrageous the image, the better!Pitfalls:STRUCTURAL encoding (thinking about what a word looks like) is not particularly effective for remembering terms. PHONEMIC encoding (thinking about the sound of the word) is also not particularly effective for long-term retention. The exception to this is if you set it to music (ie, the ABC song, “1-800-588-2300 Empire”, “Two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce…”) Long-term MemoryVirtually UNLIMITEDcapacityLearning alters synaptic connections. Repeated stimulation of a neural pathway causes LONG-TERM POTENTIATION, thus less stimulation is required to create the same response (like a neuron bruise).ADRENALINE (hormone released during acute stress) enhances memory. This explains FLASHBULB memories (clear memories of emotionally significant events).Can be enhanced or hindered by STRESSCORTISOL (hormone released in response to chronic stress) can destroy the hippocampus.ForgettingENCODING Failure (we didn’t pay attention or rehearse it)STORAGE Failure (memories that aren’t rehearsed are lost)EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING curve – over 50% of what we learn is quickly forgotten (if not rehearsed), but the remainder sticks for a long time.RETRIEVAL Failure (an inability to “locate” memories) A “Tip of the tongue” phenomenonPROACTIVE Interference (when old memories interfere with new memories)RETROACTIVE Interference (when new memories interfere with old memories)REPRESSION(forgetting things we don’t want to remember)MISINFORMATION EFFECT (we tend to incorporate misleading information into our memories)SOURCE MONITORING ERROR (misattributing the source of information)Memory ConstructionPart IIWhen her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word “arms” referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista’s correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of:semantics the representativeness heuristic syntaxmorphemesWhich of the following contributes most directly to people’s exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence?the belief perseverance phenomenon the representativeness heuristic overconfidencethe availability heuristicBehaviorists such as B. F. Skinner have emphasized that the acquisition of language can be explained in terms of:the association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions and qualitieschildren’s imitation of the words and grammar modeled by parents and othersthe positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctlyall of the aboveTwo-year-old Stephen’s sentences—“Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of:babbling artificial grammar telegraphic speech universal grammarAfter taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of:the representativeness heuristicfunctional fixednessthe belief perseverance overconfidenceAccording to Chomsky, the fact that young children overgeneralize certain rules of grammatical structure suggests that:Language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement.Language acquisition does not proceed in an orderly sequence.Language acquisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction.Parents overemphasize correct grammatical usage.Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their _________ of a mammal. PrototypeMental set HeuristicAlgorithmRaul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates:The availability heuristicConfirmation biasBelief perseveranceFunctional fixednessLolita sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:belief perseverance confirmation biasthe framing biasthe availability heuristicThe tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a construction worker illustrates the use of:The availability heuristicThe framing effectBelief perseveranceThe representativeness heuristicIn the words “lightly,” “neatly,” and “shortly,” the “ly” ending is a(n):AlgorithmPhenotypePhonemeMorphemeLeland’s language does not distinguish between “family love” and “romantic love,” so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland’s difficulty?the representativeness heuristicthe belief perseverance phenomenonfunctional fixednessthe linguistic relativity hypothesisTopic 8: Developmental Psychology, Review of Chapter 111. Explain why the correlation between authoritative parenting and social competence does not necessarily reveal cause and effect.Correlation does not equal causation. Other factors, such as peers and other family members.2. What was the specific relevance of Harry Harlow’s experiment?Importance of nurturing, contact comfort over basic needs.3. Define the following parenting styles:Authoritarian: high obedience, low warmthAuthoritative: moderate obedience, high warmthPermissive: low obedience, high warmth4. Give an example of how a baby would exhibit a lack of object permanence.Student answers will vary.5. Into which stage of Piaget’s developmental theory do each of the following fit?a) A child saying, “that’s my star in the sky!” = preoperationalb) A child getting anxious if someone other than their parents holds them = sensorimotorc) The ability to do a liquid conservation test = concrete operationald) The ability to pretend = preoperationale) A child asking if someone can “buy” their way into heaven by giving money to a church = formal operationsf) The ability to add, subtract, and do multiplication tables = concrete operational6. What is plasticity?The ability for nerve cells to change through new experiences.7. What type of development did each of the stage theorists that we discussed focus on? (cognitive, social, etc.)Erikson = psychosocialKohlberg = moralityPiaget = cognitiveAccording to these three theorists, what stage of development would a three year old be at according to their theories?Erikson = initiative vs. guiltKohlberg = preconventionalPiaget = preoperationalAccording to these three theorists, what stage of development would a twelve year old be at according to their theories?Erikson = competence vs. inferiorityKohlberg = conventionalPiaget = formal operationsA local computer company tries to hire new employees who are under the age of 30, because these prospects seem to have higher reasoning skills. What type of intelligence is it theorized that these young people have? FluidA large department store chain only promotes individuals to top management positions who have at least 10 years of retail and marketing experience. What type of intelligence do these prospects for these upper management positions have due to their extensive experience? CrystallizedTom finished college at age 23, married at age 25, had two children by the age of 31. What term in the text refers to this progression at which he made these life commitments? Social clockTony, a 73 year old man, was recently told that he had only six months to live due to a very rare kidney condition. Give a specific example of how this individual would deal emotionally with each of the five stages of the grief cycle as proposed by Elizabeth Kubler Ross. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.What neurotransmitter plays a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease? Acetylcholine. What neurotransmitter plays a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease? ic 9: Motivation and Emotion & Stress and Health, Review of Chapters 10 and 13Part ISITUATION 1: You are a Theory Y shift manager for a Burger King restaurant here in Hialeah. Based on the description of the Theory Y management style, what are three specific applications of this management style that you could use to motivate you employees? GOOD WORK POLICIESSITUATION 2: You are a Theory X manager for a factory that makes hospital equipment. The workers on your shift are involved in tasks such as welding, assembling, and packaging this equipment. What are three specific applications of this management style that you could use to motivate you employees? REWARD W/ BENEFITS; PUNISHMENTSITUATION 3: You are the owner of an employment agency. After interviewing Tim, a 23-year old college graduate, you have decided that he is mostly intrinsically motivated. What are five occupations that you would recommend for him to satisfy his intrinsic needs? NEED TO FEEL CHALLENGED.SITUATION 4: You are the guidance counselor in a large inner city high school in Michigan. You have just finished a discussion with Tamara, a seventeen-year old senior about her plans for college. It is obvious that Tamara is extrinsically motivated. What are five college majors that you would suggest that she consider? EXTERNAL REWARDS.SITUATION 5: Your management consulting company has been offered a contract to do some independent contract work for a small community hospital. The personnel manager has contacted your agency because she has noticed a significant morale problem among the employees. This seems to be especially true of those involved in direct patient care (nurses, physician’s assistants, etc.) Using Maslow’s triangle as a basis for your recommendations for these employees, what is a specific suggestion for each of the four bottom levels of the triangle that would help these employees reach the top of the ladder (self-actualization). SELF-ACTUALIZATIONESTEEM: APPROVAL & RECOGNITIONBELONGINGNESSSAFETYPHYSIOLOGICALStudent suggestions will vary.SITUATION 6: You walk into a movie theatre and see your significant other of two years hugging an attractive person of the opposite sex in the lobby. After an initial response of anger and rage, you quickly calm down when they introduce the other person as the cousin they have not seen in over five years. How would each of the following theories of human emotion explain your reactions in this situation:Cannon-Bard: FLUSH FACE + ANGER James-Lange: FLUSH FACE = ANGER & RAGETwo-Factor Theory: FLUSH FACE + LABELING EVENT AS CHEATING = ANGER & RAGEPart II1. List four adjectives to describe an individual who exhibits TYPE A behavior: HOSTILE, COMPETITIVE, IMPATIENT, VERBALLY AGGRESSIVE, HARD-DRIVING2. List four adjectives to describe an individual who exhibits TYPE B behavior: EASY-GOING, RELAXED, PATIENT, NOT EASILY ANGERED, NOT ANXIOUS3. Who came up with the notion of the General Adaptation Syndrome to describe prolonged stress reactions? HANS SEYLE4. Describe how the General Adaptation Syndrome would apply to a young mother who had just given birth: ALARM: PANIC, WATER BREAKS, PAINRESISTANCE: GIVING BIRTHEXHAUSTION: SLEEP, BABY SLEEPS, PAIN GONE5. Give an example of each of the following types of conflict:APPROACH-APPROACH= TWO-ATTRACTIVE GOALS; STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.AVOIDANCE-APPROACH= ATTRACTIVE & UNATTRACTIVE ASPECTS TO GOAL; STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE= TWO-UNATTRACTIVE GOALS; STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.MULTIPLE-APPROACH-AVOIDANCE= MULTIPLE GOALS, EACH HAS BOTH ATTRACTIVE & UNATTRACTIVE GOALS; STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL ic 10: Theories of Personality, Review of Chapter 12Summary of Perspectives Psychoanalytic – personality is determined by how our ego mediates UNCONSCIOUS conflicts between pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints.Trait – Personality is the expression of BIOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT influenced dispositions.Humanistic – Personality is how each person attempts to meet their needs, especially the need for SELF-ACTUALIZATION.Behavioral – Personality is learned through REINFORCEMENT and PUNISHMENT. Part IMatching Set I:oral stage (B)anal stage (F)phallic stage (E)identification (A)id (G)ego (H)latency period (C)superego (I)genital stage (D)A child’s attempt to be similar to a same sex parent.Fixation here may cause one to be overly dependent on others as an adultChildren’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.Marked by mature sexual behavior.This is a period of learning to cope with natural incestuous feelingsFixation at this stage may lead to one being overly controlling as an adult.Operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)Operates on the reality principleProvides standards and judgments for future aspirationMatching Set II:repression (C)regression (E)displacement (A)rationalization (B)projection (D)reaction formation (F)sublimation (G)Directing an unwanted feeling or thought toward a weaker person or object instead of the one who elicited the feeling.Justifying a negative thought, feeling, or behavior to protect self-esteem.Unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.Attribute one’s own inadequacies or faults to someone else.Exhibiting behavior reminiscent of an earlier stage of development.Adopting behaviors that are opposite of your true (but unwanted) feelings.The diversion of unwanted impulses into socially acceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.38100309880What type of test uses the image to the left (don’t answer “inkblot test”)? RORSCHACH TESTWhich personality theory would use a test like this? PSYCHOANALYSISWhy are such tests rarely used anymore? IT’S NOT EMPIRICAL/SCIENTIFICALLY VALID; HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE.What is Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious?HUMAN BEINGS SHARE A COLLECTION OF MEMORIES; ARCHETYPES.Matching Set III:Allport (B)Freud (A)Jung (A)Rogers (D)Skinner (C)Maslow (D)Bandura (E)PsychoanalyticTraitBehavioristHumanistSocial-cognitivePart IIThe GrinchDo you know the Grinch? He lives alone on top of Mt. Crumpit and hates X-mas (all the “noise, noise, noise, NOISE!”). He has a dog (Max) that he treats cruelly. His heart and his shoes are too small. He pretended to be Santa (and disguised Max as a reindeer) and stole all the presents (and trimmings and trappings, shoving trees up the “chimbly”) from Who-ville. He even took the last can of who-hash and left crumbs too small even for the Who’s mouses. He lied to poor Cindy-Lou Who when she caught him taking her X-mas tree. Despite his efforts to ruin X-mas, the Who’s woke up X-mas morning and sang (“Fah who for-aze! Dah who dor-aze!”) and held hands in a big circle, clearly undeterred by the Grinch’s efforts. When the Grinch heard this, his heart grew three sizes and he pulled the sleigh bearing gifts from the edge of the cliff and carried them down to the Who’s, who accepted him and let him carve the roast beast.Analyze the Grinch from the various perspectives. For each perspective, explain: 1) Why is the Grinch so neurotic?2) How is the Grinch healed?FreudFreudian Concepts: Death Instincts -- the Grinch demonstrates a drive toward aggression and destruction. His desire was to destroy the Whos and their love of Christmas; perhaps indicative of an unconscious desire for his own death, but turned against the Whos. Projection -- the Grinch projected his own feelings of disappointment and misery onto the Whos when he predicted that they would all cry "boo, who" upon discovering that Christmas would not be coming. Oral Aggressive or Sadistic -- the Grinch's tendency toward pessimism, hostility, and aggressiveness typifies this personality. The Grinch can also be seen biting his nails and eating on a toothpick. Id -- the Grinch had an overactive id. He sought to reduce the tension, created by the Whos' enthusiasm for Christmas, by trying to keep it from coming. The Grinch wanted the Whos' merry-making to stop, and he had no regard for their wants and wishes.Possible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:The Grinch's unconscious motives became conscious. Freud would say that the Grinch gained insight into his desire for destruction. Perhaps he also developed a stronger superego that led him to rescue the sled before it toppled off the mountain.AllportAllport’s Trait Concepts: Cardinal TraitCentral TraitSecondary TraitGenotypesPhenotypesFunctional AutonomyPossible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:AdlerAdlerian Concepts: Organic Source of Inferiority -- the Grinch's heart was two sizes too small Superiority Complex -- characterized by an exaggerated opinion of one's abilities and accomplishments. The Grinch's need to demonstrate his dominance over the Whos by taking away Christmas is indicative of this complex. Avoiding Style of life -- an avoiding type stays safe by not facing life's problems so as to avoid possible failure. For years the Grinch lived alone on Mount Crumpit and avoided contact with the Whos. Social Interest -- innate potential to cooperate with others and serve society. Demonstrated by the Grinch at the end when the Grinch returned all the presents and even carved the Roast Beast.Possible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:Adler posited that we all have the innate potential to cooperate with others and to work toward societal goals (social interest). Adler also believed that environmental influences were stronger than biological influence; therefore, only when the Grinch encountered the "socially useful" environmental influences of the Whos did his potential for social interest become activated. Conversely, it may have been that his heart grew three sizes that day, thus compensating for his original source of organic inferiority.MaslowMaslow's Humanistic Concepts: Deficiency Needs (physiological and safely needs) -- the Grinch had food, water, shelter, order, and stability in his life on Mount Crumpit. Belongingness and Love Needs -- the Grinch had adequately satisfied his physiological and safely needs, but he was lacking in the area of belongingness and love. He lacked others with whom he could feel as sense of affiliation, affection, and acceptance. Without fulfilling this level of the hierarchy, the Grinch was unable to progress any farther up the hierarchy. Peak Experience -- a moment of complete ecstasy when the self is transcended. The Grinch may have had a peak experience when he realized that the Whos did not need their decorations and presents, but that "Christmas perhaps means a little bit more." When the Grinch saves the sled from sliding off the mountain, his eyes change from red to blue, perhaps signaling a peak experience. Jonah Complex -- our doubts about our own abilities and our fears that we are not up to the task of becoming self-actualized. The Grinch spent so many years hating the Whos because he was afraid to maximize his innate tendencies and live in a different way.Possible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:The Grinch experienced from the Whos a sense of belongingness and love that he had never known. It allowed him to proceed up the hierarchy, possibly to becoming self-actualized at the end when he gives back all the decorations and presents and functions harmoniously with the Whos.RogersRogerian Concepts: Positive Regard -- the Grinch most likely did not receive much approval, acceptance, or love in his life. This deficiency led him to live a life of withdrawal. Unconditional Positive Regard -- the Grinch experienced this acceptance of him even though he had tried to stop the Whos' Christmas from coming. They cared about him regardless of his behaviors. Incongruence -- discrepancy between one's self-concept and experience or behavior. At the end, the Grinch experienced a discrepancy after his heart grew; he found himself having just stolen the Whos' Christmas and now desperately needed to return their belongings to establish congruency within himself. Fully Functioning Person -- at the end, the Grinch exhibited many characteristics of a fully functioning person (or Grinch). He lived fully and richly in the moment. He had a more open awareness to all experience. He became open to positive as well as negative feelings.Possible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:The Whos provided the Grinch with a curative relationship. They were genuine and empathic, and they provided the Grinch and his dog Max with unconditional positive regard. Roger believed that experiencing such a relationship could be curative and that it was not necessary to enter therapy to experience this acceptance. The Whos' acceptance of the Grinch allowed him to accept himself and become fully functioning.Skinner1) His behaviors were reinforced (i.e. feeling happy when others were sad).2) Behaviors were extinguished when the Who’s did not provide reinforcement. Skinnerian Concepts: Possible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:Bandura1) He watched and modeled his parents behavior.2) Watched and modeled the Who’s behavior. Bandurian Concepts: Reciprocal DeterminismObservational LearningPossible Explanation for the Grinch's Personality Transformation:Topic 11: Testing and Individual Differences, Review of Chapter 9Mention a major accomplishment or theory about human intelligence that is credited to each of the following individuals:Alfred Binet: FIRST TO ASSESS CHILDREN’S MENTAL ABILITIES; WAS MEANT TO ASSIST, NOT LABEL, THEM.David Wechsler: (WAIS) WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALECharles Spearman: GENERAL INTELLIGENCE (g); SPECIAL ABILITIESLewis Terman: CAME UP WITH THE IQ FORMULAHoward Gardner: THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES.What is the formula for determining IQ? MENTAL AGE/CHRONOLOGICAL AGE x 100Apply it to determine the IQ for the following individual: A twelve-year old with a mental age of eight: 8/12 x 100 = 66What would be the special classification of this individual? MILD MENTAL RETARDATIONGive a specific example of each of the following:Savant syndrome: People with savant syndrome typically score poorly on intelligence tests, but have specific talent or skill for which they are exceptional. For example, someone who may be of limited intelligence may be a remarkable painter or musician. Another example may be someone who is barely able to speak correctly but is a mathematical genius. STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.Practical intelligence: The ability to translate theory into practice and abstract ideas into practical accomplishments. If you recognize that you're not good at taking tests, get yourself a tutor or enroll in a pretest class. STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.Factor Analysis: Factor analysis is a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test. For example, when you take a multiple choice Introductory Psychology test, a factor analysis can be done to see what types of questions you did best on and worst on (maybe they did best on factual types of questions but really poorly on conceptual types of questions). STUDENT EXAMPLES WILL VARY.Indicate how an IQ test could be classified as either an achievement test or as an aptitude test? WHAT YOU KNOW VS. POTENTIALWhich one is it considered to be? APTITUDEA second grade teacher is giving the FCAT to her students. Briefly discuss the importance of each of the following with the administration of this test:Validity: MEASURES WHAT IT CLAIMS TO MEASUREReliability: CONSISTENT SCORESStandardization: COMPARISON TO A PRE-TESTED GROUP; EQUAL TESTING OPPORTUNITYDescribe the normal distribution. (Include standard deviations).Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve. Mean, median, and mode are the same or very similar, and in the center of the curve.Describe positively and negatively skewed distributions. (Discuss mean, median, and mode.)Majority of the data fall on either the right or left end of the scale. Asymmetrical.In a negatively skewed distribution, the order is = mean, median, mode; mean is the smallest.In a positively skewed distribution, the order is = mode, median, mean; mean is the ics 12 & 13: Abnormal Psychology & Treatment of Psychological Disorders, Review of Chapters 14 & 15For the following five case studies of abnormal behavior, determine the following:What is the specific mental illness? (hypochondriasis, paranoid schizophrenia, bipolar, etc.)What general classification does the illness fall into? (dissociative disorder, somatic disorder, anxiety disorder, etc.)What type of therapy would you recommend for this patient? (cognitive, humanistic, behavior modification, etc.)Why would you recommend this type of treatment?Would medication be appropriate for this patient?If so, what would you prescribe and why?Case 1: The Case of Neat Freak Nellie:Nellie is a 32 year old medical lab technician who is very successful at her job because she is very meticulous and detailed in her work. What her co-workers do not know about her, however, is that Nellie is so concerned with neatness and order that she is causing a dramatic amount of stress at home because she is constantly cleaning and rearranging things. She recently color coded all of her husband’s shirts and placed an identification label on all her son’s toys which had a number to identify which room it should be stored in and a letter to determine what time of day he should play with each one.Illness? OCPDGeneral classification? PERSONALITYType of therapy? COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPYWhy this type? CHANGE THE WAY THEY THINK TO CHANGE THE BEHAVIORWould you prescribe medication? YESWhat type and why? XANAX, ATIVAN; DEPRESS CNS ACTIVITYCase 2: The Case of Missing Mike:Michael is a 54 year old administrator for the United Way in Sacramento, California. He is known for his public relations skills and his political adeptness. When he was featured in a news story in the Sacramento Bess his sister, Evelyn, recognized him as her long lost brother who she had not seen in several years. Michael had mysteriously left Simi Valley, a few hours away, and had been given up for dead. Evelyn was amazed at the story because her brother had always been extremely quiet and never socialized.Illness? DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIAGeneral classification? DISSOCIATIVEType of therapy? CLIENT-CENTERED; PSYCHONALYSISWhy this type?Would you prescribe medication? What type and why?Case 3: The Case of Paralyzed Phillip:Phillip, a 43 year old father of three, was enjoying success running a business from his home involving computer graphics until he began to experience dramatic nightmares that made it difficult for him to go to sleep at night. Soon after this, he noticed that his right arm began to go numb and eventually his arm became paralyzed. Upon the completion of several neurological tests, it was found that there was nothing medically wrong with Phillip.Illness? HYPOCHONDRIAGeneral classification? SOMATICType of therapy? COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORALWhy this type?Would you prescribe medication?What type and why?Case 4: The Case of “Hick-Up Harry”:Harry, a 34 year old former architect, was institutionalized because he began to have episodes where he believed he was Al Gore. He was also hearing voices that were telling him that it was time to “get out of politics and do something more useful with his life.” These auditory hallucinations caused him to hick-up uncontrollably until he would pass out from exhaustion. His therapist, Ura Nutt, was unsuccessful at helping Harry to realize the extent of his psychosis which made it necessary for him to continue a long-term in-patient treatment program.Illness? PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIAGeneral classification? SCHIZOPHRENIA Type of therapy? BIOMEDICALWhy this type? Would you prescribe medication? YESWhat type and why? ANTIPHSYCHOTICS; DOPOMINE BLOCKERS; SEROQUEL, ABILIFYCase 5: The Case of Restless Ryan:Ryan is an 18 year old vendor at a baseball stadium. Lately, he’s noticed that when he is in a crowded location, he has started feeling a sense of breathlessness, he sweats, and he feels pain in his chest. He only feels better when he leaves the situation or the environment. Ryan fears he will lose his job if these attacks continue and that is his only means of support.Illness? AGORAPHOBIA + PANIC DISORDERGeneral classification? ANXIETYType of therapy? BEHAVIORALWhy this type? EXPOSURE THERAPY; SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATIONWould you prescribe medication? YESWhat type and why? ANTIANXIETY; XANAX, ATIVANTopic 14: States of Consciousness, Review of Chapter 5Sleep StagesType of Brain WavesStage 1ALPHA to THETAStage 2THETA & SLEEP SPINDLESStage 3DELTA (SWS)Stage 4DELTA (SWS)REM SleepBETASleep StagesDuring which of the stages of sleep that we discussed in class do each of the following occur:“sleep spindles”: STAGE 2dreams involving imagery: REMvery light dreams related to conscious activity: STAGE 1rapid heart rate and breathing: REMsleep-walking: STAGES 3 & 4physical restfulness: STAGE 4sleep-talking: STAGE 2introduction to deep sleep: STAGE 3introduction to alpha wave sleep: STAGE 1genital arousal: REMSleep DisordersPick one of the sleep disorders that we discussed and determine if drug treatment for that disorder would involve a stimulant or depressant drug. Briefly justify your answer.STUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY.DrugsList the three general classifications of types of drugs that we discussed in class. For each classification give one specific drug as an example and explain how this particular drug affects typically affects an individual using it.ClassificationExampleEffects of the drug listed as an examplea)DEPRESSANTSSTUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARYb)STIMULANTSSTUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY4095751525270Hypnosis:____________:the process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject, generally by voicing a series of suggestions.Two theories of hypnosisc)HALLUCINOGENSSTUDENT ANSWERS WILL VARY ................
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