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ФГБОУ ВПО НГПУ им. К. МининаУчебно-методические материалыпо английскому языкудля студентов неязыковых вузов очного и заочного отделения,обучающихся по специальности Изобразительное искусство и технология? и студентов очного и очно-заочного отделения, обучающихся по специальности ?Декоративно-прикладное искусство и народные промыслы?.Нижний Новгород 2013УДК 75.058 (07)ББК 85.12я 7А 81Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Нижегородского государственного университета имени К. МининаОтветственный редактор: Ю. М. Борщевская, канд.пед.наук, доцент кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ им. К.МининаАвторы-составители: Ю. М. Борщевская, канд.пед.наук, доцент кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ им. К.Минина, И. Л. Будцына, ст. преподаватель кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ им. К.Минина, Ю. В. Клопова ст. преподаватель кафедры ин. яз. НГПУ им. К.МининаРецензенты: Е. Ю. Илалтдинова, канд.пед.наук, доцент НГПУ им. К.МининаТ.А. Ревягина, канд.пед.наук, доцент, доцент ГХИ ННГАСУArts and crafts: Учебно-методические материалы по английскому языку для студентов неязыковых вузов очного и заочного отделения, обучающихся по специальности Изобразительное искусство и технология? и студентов очного и очно-заочного отделения, обучающихся по специальности ?Декоративно-прикладное искусство и народные промыслы?. - Нижний Новгород: НГПУ им. К.Минина, 2013. - 78с.Учебно-методические материалы включают оригинальные тексты по искусству, а так же лексико-грамматические задания. Материалы составлены с учетом требований программы по английскому языку для высших учебных заведений по формированию у студентов иноязычной компетенции.? НГПУ им. К. МининаСодержаниеПредисловие ………………………………………………………………….The British museum…………………………………………………………….Renaissance art. Raphael………………………………………………………..Leonardo Da Vinci ……………………………………………………………….Michelangelo………………………………………………………………………Rembrandt……………………………………………….…………………..Dialogue 1………………………………………………………………………William Hogarth………………………………………………………………..Sir Joshua Reynolds………………………………..…………………………...Thomas Geinsborough…………………………………………….…………….John Constable ……………………………………………………..…………...Dialogue 2……………………………………………………….……………...Joseph Mallord William Turner...........................................................................Henry Moore…………………………………………………..………...English Porcelain..................................................................................................The National Gallery of Art of the USA..............................................................Claude Monet…………………………..……………………………….The Tretyakov Gallery…………………………………………………………..Ancient Russian Paintings....................................................................................V.D. Polenov........................................................................................................Levitan……………………………………………….………………………….Andrew Wyeth……………………………….………………………..Pablo Picasso……………………………………………………………The Nizhny Novgorod Region Art Handicrafts………………..……………….Gorodets painting and wood carving………………………………...………….Khokhloma painting…………………………………………..………………...Lace-making…………………………………………………..………………...Kazakovo Filigree……………………………………………………................Stone-carving………………………………………………..………………….Artistic Metal processing……………………………………………………….Supplementary reading…………………………………………….................Hieronymous Bosch……………………………………………………………The painter of the poetic current ……………………………………………..Tintoretto………………………………………………………………………..American art…………………………………………………………….............What has Delacroix to tell us? ……………………………………...…………..Augustus John ……………………………………………………...………..Collection of paintings in the Russian Museum………….……………….Bone – carving………………………………………………………….............Tanning craft……………………….…………………………………………...Словарь искусствоведческих терминов……………………………………...4571012151720222425272830323435373839414446484849515354555757575960616263666667Предисловие Предлагаемые учебные материалы предназначены для студентов первого курса неязыковых вузов очного, заочного и очно-заочного отделения. Материалы построены на основе компетентностного подхода, целью которого является формирование речевой, языковой учебно-познавательной компетенций. Данные материалы имеют целью развивать и совершенствовать навыки чтения и понимания оригинальной литературы на английском языке, литературы по своей специальности, пополнять словарный запас общеязыкового и специального характера, а также, выбирая соответствующие значения лексических единиц, составлять краткие устные и письменные сообщения на основе прочитанного. Материалы включают оригинальные тексты о выдающихся художниках, величайших музеях, и народных промыслах. Материалы состоят из двух разделов. В первом разделе к текстам прилагаются грамматические и лексические упражнения в пределах определенной авторами тематики, во втором разделе представлены тексты для дополнительного чтения, в материалы включены два диалога, в конце дан словарь искусствоведческих терминов.Материалы рекомендуются для использования студентами и магистрантами при обучении иностранному (английскому) языку.The British museumThe British museum celebrated the 260th anniversary of its foundation in 2013. Its principal aims today are to be at the centre of international scholarship and to disseminate knowledge for the education in the widest sense of the word. This is achieved through display at the Museum, and elsewhere by loans, a vigorous programme of lectures and seminars, and publication in large numbers of articles and books. From the very beginning interests were universal. The Museum collected, displayed, stored and preserved the works of humankind with great earnestness. The British museum was founded by Act of Parliament in 1753 to house the collection of Sir Hans Sloan a physician by profession and an antiquarian by inclination. After his death he wanted his collection to be given to King George II for the nation.The British museum first opened its doors to the public in 1759, for “studious and curious persons” as they were described.The new Museum started to collect enthusiastically a large proportion of the antiques being donated. Great Britain was active in voyages of discovery at this time, so a lot of objects reached the Museum from Greece, Rome, Egypt, Constantinople, Middle East and other areas. Nowadays the collections cover Ancient Near East, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, Asia, the Classical world, Europe, coins, medals and prints and drawings. Taken together they make the British museum, perhaps the best introduction to world cultures and civilizations that exists today.The remarkable new heart of the British museum, known as the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, was opened in December 2000. This building, designed by Lord Foster of Thames Bank, created a new public space around the famous circular Reading Room. This solved problems of access circulation and congestion. Capping the Great Court is a magnificent, delicate, web-like roof of steel and glass. The Great Court contains shops, exhibition gallery, a restaurant, the Hamlyn Library and the multi-media programme Compass. Compass provides an online guide to the Museum on computer terminal in the Reading Room and on the Museum’s website (the britishmuseum.ac.uk/compass). There are online tours on a variety of subjects and exhibitions. General admission is free, around 5 million visitors come to the Museum each year.Today the British museum is one of the world’s universal museums, concerned not only with art but with cultural history from prehistoric times to the present day.The most famous possessions of the British museum are the Parthenon Sculptures from temples in Athens (known as Elgin Marbles). The frieze portraying long procession of horsemen and votaries, representing the Great Panathenia, a festival held every 4 years. The Kosetta Stone, which was used by scholars to find the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs (198 BC, Memphis); Inner coffin of Irtyru 26th dynasty (550BC); Ivory carving from Nimrud (800-750BC); British treasures include the beautiful 7th century Satton Hoo finds from a rich Anglo-Saxon burial contained the hull of a longship with gold, jewelry, weaponry, a musical instrument. The most spectacular is a magnificent helmet, a pair of gold shoulder claps inlaid with garnet and coloured glass and the gold belt-buckle; the 12th century chess-pieces from Norway, probably, made of walrus ivory and whales teeth in the forms of kings, queens, bishops and knights. And a lot of drawings of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Edgar Degas, Pablo Picasso, E. L. Kirchner, Katsushika Hokusai, Leonardo da Vinci, Paul Gauguin and others. Answer the questions:How the British museum’s aims are achieved?What was Sir Hans Sloan’s will?Works from what countries are represented in the British museum?What is there in the Great Court?How much does it cost to visit the museum?Are there works from Britain in the museum?Complete the sentences with highlighted words.The house has been in the family’s …………… since the 1500.Last year he …………… $1000 to cancer research.These stories have …………… appeal.It’s Dad’s birthday and we are going out for a meal to …………… .She never agreed to the public …………… of her sculptures while she was still alive.The book is a useful …………… to British geology.She looked …………… in a long red dress.Although he smiled, Ashley knew he would prepare with …………… .Work in pairs. Tell your partner if you would like to visit the British museum and what you would like to see there?Renaissance artThe period of the classical Renaissance was strikingly short compared with the development which led up to it. It began with Leonardo da Vinci's achievements in the eighties of the 15th century, and by the beginning of the 16th century had branched out into its classical forms in Florence, Rome and Venice.Era Bartolommeo, Raphael and Titian form the culminating points of the Renaissance. Michelangelo, the fourth artist belonging to the same generation, created a new style. Under the stimulus of Leonardo da Vinci's art he painted pictures in which line, light and colour fulfilled the classical demands of a perfect balance of expression. The classical nobility and beauty of the human body reflected an imagination which gradually turned towards a novel sphere of idealism and spiritualism.The tense spiritual climate of Florence formed a common basis for the many different artists of strong individuality.RaphaelMany great artists have not been called great until after they were dead. Raphael's story is very different. The people of his time recognized him as one of their greatest artists. They called him divino piitore, which means "divine painter". The sweetness and charm of his pictures of the mother of Jesus — his Madonnas — won immediate praise. Just as his Madonnas were loved by all kinds of people, the artist was loved by rich and poor, young and old. When he died, such crowds came to his funeral that it seemed all Rome was there.Raphael (1483-1520) — his full name was Raphael Sanzio — was born in Urbino, Italy. His father was a painter and poet. The boy was left an orphan when he was 11. It was clear that Raphael had remarkable talent, and his father had given him lessons in painting. At 16 he entered the workshop of the artist Perugino at Perugia. In almost no time he was painting as well as his master. He began to paint pictures of his own in addition to helping Perugino.When he was 21, Raphael visited Florence for the first time. At this time two of the greatest artists the world has ever known were living there — Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. When Raphael saw their work he knew that he still had much to learn. And he set about learning it. Raphael, like almost all artists, borrowed from other artists any ideas that would help his own work. From Leonardo he learned about drawing and about making rich patterns. From Michelangelo he learned how important it is for an artist to know the human body thoroughly.Raphael's visit to Florence was a short one, but he soon returned there to live. He remained there almost two years. During these two years he painted many of his most famous Madonnas.The beauty of these paintings has made them popular all over the world. Today they may be seen in museums in Italy and Vienna, Madrid, London, Paris, Munich, Berlin, New York, and a few other cities. The most famous Madonna of all, the Sistine? Madonna, was the last one Raphael painted. It belongs to the Dresden Picture Gallery. A Raphael Madonna is almost the most popular painting in any museum that has one.From 1508 until his death Raphael worked in Rome. There he did more than paint pictures. He was doing at least half a dozen different kinds of work. He had become the architect of St. Peter's Church. He made plans for private palaces. He had charge of digging up and saving relics of ancient Rome. He designed mosaics and tapestries. And he kept on painting frescoes and portraits. He could not carry out all this work without help. He had about 50 younger artists working with him. Raphael's work brought him a high social position. But he did not live long to enjoy it. He was always rather frail, and he was tired from overwork. Late in March of 1520, he caught a fever. He died on April 6, 1520, his 37th birthday.? - the Sistine Chapel Сикстинская капелла (в Риме, бывшая домовая церковь в Ватикане, ныне музей)Answer the questions:How did the people of Raphael's time call him?Where was Raphael born?What did Raphael borrow from Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo?What is the most famous Raphael's Madonna?What kind of work did Raphael do in Rome?Complete the sentences with highlighted words.The doctor checked him up ……………. .We went to the church to see beautiful …………… .His first novel received high …………… .Owners came in and took …………… the situation.He has a lot of …………… and his works are fresh and interesting.Guerrero’s music is hugely …………… in Latin America.They …………… a lot from the bank to start their new business.Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519)Leonardo was born near the town of Vinci. He was a natural son of a well-to-do notary and a peasant woman. The boy was lucky to live and get a good education in the house of his father. He was 16 when he moved to Florence and entered the workshop of a talented master A. Verrocchio. Leonardo da Vinci’s achievements were great and were made in many different and seemingly incompatible fields. He was a superb painter and a skillful sculptor and architect as well. He was a poet and a musician — and a military engineer and inventor; a hydraulic engineer — and a life-long student of botany, zoology, anatomy, geography. Moreover, we are fortunate in knowing more about Leonardo's life and thought than we do about most of his contemporaries. In notebooks and journals, brilliantly illustrated with his own drawings, he recorded his observations and the fruits of his studies, and many of these have survived and have been published in modern times. Yet precisely because his genius pulled him in so many directions, Leonardo was likely to take up a project and then abandon it at the call of something new. His immense reputation as an artist rests on fewer than twenty paintings, and several of these are incomplete.It is above all in his ability to evoke complex personality and human emotion that Leonardo's art surpassed the achievements of the fifteenth century. The earlier masters knew how to convey feelings, but their work seems one-dimensional by comparison, with little sense of man's underlying complexity. Leonardo, in his profound knowledge of human nature and mastery of his art, enlarged the range of personality that the painter could represent and discovered new means of suggesting the breadth and depth of human emotions Leonardo's power as an artist and a thinker is nowhere more evident than in the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, his two most famous works, which are also quite possibly the most famous paintings in all of Western art. The reputation is deserved.Leonardo's Last Supper in the refectory of the monastery of Sta Maria delle Grazie in Milan is one of the most famous pictures in the world. Leonardo is known to have been working on it in 1497, and it is the picture, which perhaps more than any other, can be said to be the first painting of the High Renaissance. What is so important in the Last Supper is the way in which Leonardo went far beyond his predecessors in the attempt to render the inner drama of the precise moment at which Christ announced that one of his disciples would betray Him. In Leonardo's picture, for the first time, a grouping of the Apostles is not merely symmetrical. They are shown in groups of three contrasted types that balance each other as they turn questioningly one to another. Judas is singled out; his head is so placed that his face is in shadow.At the end of 1449 the French invaded Milan. Leonardo left the city. He arrived in Florence in 1500. In 1503 he was commissioned to paint on the walls of the Great Council Chamber a picture of the Florentine victory. Leonardo painted several portraits in Milan, but one of them is world-known – the Mona Lisa. Mona Lisa was not a famous beauty, nor a grand person but merely a wife of the Florentine official. She sits before a mysterious landscape background and a sad half-smile plays about her lips. In our country we can admire two masterpieces of Leonardo in St. Petersburg’s Hermitage – Madonna with a flower and Madonna with Child. More nearly than any other artist Leonardo da Vinci fulfilled the Renaissance ideal of Universal Man. Answer the questions:What education did Leonardo da Vinci get?Why do we know more about Leonardo da Vinci’s life than his contemporaries?What are the two most famous paintings of Leonardo?What was Leonardo commissioned to do in 1530?Where are Leonardo da Vinci’s Madonnas displayed in Russia?Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated:Leonardo da Vinci was a son of a worker and a peasant woman.Leonardo was an inconsistent man.His genius pulled him in many directions, but he liked painting best.In Leonardo's Last Supper a grouping of the Apostles is merely symmetrical.Mona Lisa was painted in Florence.Leonardo chose a wife of an official as a model for his Mona Lisa because he loved her.Work in pairs. Imagine you have been to Leonardo da Vinci’s exhibition. Answer your partner’s questions about it.Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)Put the Verbs into correct Tense and Voice:In Michelangelo the culminating period of the High Renaissance1 found a genius who diverted its previous course by sudden excursions into a world of the humanistic Renaissance.Thirst for creation, activity and a proud self-assurance drove Michelangelo throughout his long life. He longed to achieve a synthesis of idealism and realism in classical form. His art, however, was not a synthesis of these two forces, but an expression of the conflict deep within his soul. Michelangelo was a sculptor, but he …………… (to compel) to extend his activities to painting and architecture. His work became of decisive influence on subsequent development.As a boy he had been apprenticed to some painters in Florence, and as a youth he …………… (to develop) into an almost self-taught sculptor. It was then that he turned to antiquity seeking to attain its formal perfection not by imitating the outer form but by penetrating to its fundamental underlying principles.The colossal statue of David (1501-1503) was the first monumental expression of his ability as a creative artist. His works introduced into art a new idea, a novel approach and style which appeared simultaneously in the great cartoon The Battle Near Cascina2 drawn for the mural decorations of the town hall in Florence.Michelangelo's fame spread rapidly, and he (to call) to Rome to erect a tomb, which by its monumental conception and sculptural decorations …………… (to ensure) lasting fame for the ambitious pope. The work …………… (to delay) at the very beginning as the result of disagreement between the artist and patron. In the meantime Julius II had turned his mind to the rebuilding of St. Peters and allotted to Michelangelo the commission of painting the decorations on the ceiling of the Sistine Chape3.During four years (1508 – 1512) of exhausting work the artist …………… (to carry)out this task all by himself, without the least assistance. He depleted The Creation, The Creation of Man4, The Expulsion from Paradise5 and others.Michelangelo's dynamic spirit found almost unlimited scope both in the immense structure of imaginary architecture and in figures set in this architectural framework, with their superhuman size and the dramatic movements of their bodies. His guiding principle …………… (to be) that the spiritual state was the source of all movement, all expression.Michelangelo altered the course of the Renaissance, and he who raised it to its climax, in the very act of doing so, laid the foundations of Baroque Art.With a concentration worthy of great genius, Michelangelo worked on the tombs of the Medici in the Chapel of St. Lorenzo in Florence (1520-1534). The formal composition of the architecture passed from the static Renaissance conception of form to the dynamic Baroque manner, which can also …………… (to find) in the sculptures where the bodies rotate on their axes and reveal contradictory movements of trunks and limbs. His original plan was never completed, but the two walls which …………… (to finish) proved the revolutionary nature of Michelangelo's art.In the last period of his life Michelangelo devoted him-self to architecture. The restless tension of his spirit, seeking deeply into the secret of life and death and yearning for relief in the Christian salvation, sought this salvation in art. Everywhere the embittered old man straining against the bars of the earthy prison that restricted the freedom of his knowledge and …………… (to keep) his will from transcending beyond the limits of human possibilities.He died in 1564, at the age of almost ninety years.With the works of Raphael and Michelangelo Rome became the very centre of classical art, but the influences which spread from Rome ( to adopt) by artists in varying degrees everywhere.1 – Высокое Возрождение2 – Битва при Кашине3 – Сикстинская капелла (в Риме, бывшая домовая церковь в Ватикане, ныне музей)4 – Сотворение человека5 – Изгнание из раяAnswer the questions:What did the High Renaissance find in Michelangelo?What drove Michelangelo throughout his life?What did his art express?Why was Michelangelo’s work in Rome delayed?Was Michelangelo assisted while painting the decorations on the ceiling of the Sistine Chape?Work in pairs. Tell your partner what you like in Michelangelo’s creative work.Rembrandt (1606 – 1669)Rembrandt, the outstanding genius of the Dutch school of painting in the 17th century, was born at Leiden in 1606. His father was a miller, while his mother was the daughter of a baker.In 1620 Rembrandt entered the University of Leiden, but he did not stay there long. So in 1624 he went to Amsterdam and became a pupil of the historical painter Pieter Lastman. He had a strong desire to become a painter.So far Rembrandt has been considered as a painter of classical and biblical themes, but already in this early period a large proportion of his work consisted of portraits and studies of single figures and he was making his first experiments in etching, a medium in which he was later to achieve great results. The sitters for the portrait studies were frequently members of his own family. These are not portraits in its fashionable sense, but studies in character, expression and lighting that he used in his subject pictures.The means by which he became a great painter as well as his early success was due to his own industry.In 1634 he married Saskia van Uylenburgh. In his art as well as in his life this was a period of growth and expansion.In the Self-Portrait with Saskia on His Knee Rembrandt is seated at a richly garnished table, one hand raising a drinking glass, while the other clasps the waist of Saskia, who sits on his knees. He was only 22 years old when he painted his first self-portrait. His self-portraits show us how he developed as a painter and how he gradually aged. Rembrandt did a whole series of them: in total he must have sat before the mirror some eighty times to record his features in painting, etching and drawing. As a result, his appearance is also better known to us than that of any other 17th century figure.During this period his colouring grew warmer, with brown and golden tones predominating. In giving expressions to figures and faces, and in the management of light and shade, few painters have equalled him.In 1632 he painted his first big portrait—Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp.1 This picture reveals the inherent drama of the moment, trying at the same time to convey the humane and compassionate motives.From 1636 Rembrandt produced a small number of landscapes, most of them on panel and small in size.The celebrated picture known as The Night Watch,2 which was completed in 1642, may be regarded as a culminating masterpiece of this decade of successes. Shown here is the company of “vendel” of Amsterdam guards led by the captain Frans Banning Cocq. He gives a command and the whole company is set in motion. The ensign raises the standard, the drummer beats the drum, the guards grasp their weapons. Rembrandt didn’t paint a neatly arranged portrait of civil guards in line, but created an exciting spectacle of men in action. The portrait became world famous. Saskia died in 1642, and a series of misfortunes overtook Rembrandt.In 1656 he was declared bankrupt and had moved into a humble lodging in a poorer quarter of the city. He died in 1669.1 – Урок анатомии доктора Тульпа2 – Ночной дозорAnswer the questions:What did Rembrandt want to be?What genre did Rembrandt paint in?Did Rembrandt paint portraits?What do we learn from his self- portraits?What picture is considered his first big portrait?What is depicted in Rembrandt’s The Night Watch?Where did Rembrandt spend his last years of life?Give Russian equivalents of the following words:Classical and biblical themes, achieve great results, subject pictures, growth and expansion, record his features in painting, predominating, equalled him, humane and compassionate motives, culminating masterpiece.Dialogue 1J: - Morning, Vera!V: - Good morning, James.J: - What are your plans for today?V: - I’m going to visit Art galleries.J: - Good idea!V: - I want to start with the National Gallery. Is it in Trafalgar Square?J: - Right, if you stand with your back to the Nelson’s Column, you will see a wide horizontal front in a classical style – it’s the National Gallery.V: -The Gallery is large, isn’t it?J: - Yes, quite large, it contains mostly European art. It was founded in 1824, but at that time there were many English painters who were against this idea.V: - Oh! Who could object to?J: - it’s hard to believe – one of our best painters John Constable. He said: “Should there be a National Gallery there will be an end of the art in poor Britain”.V: - Sounds strange!J: - Fortunately, he was wrong. The pictures of old famous masters were brought to London for everybody to see and for the painters to get their inspiration from. Almost all old masters are represented in the Gallery. There is the richest collection of Dutch masters including 19 Rembrandts. British art of painting flourished too, pictures representing British life and landscape and British people painted by W. Hogarth, J. Constable, T. Gainsborough, J. Reynolds soon became famous all over the world.V: - I see, but where can I see these paintings?J: - In the Tate Gallery. It’s the most rewarding. V: - Oh! I’ve heard of Sir Henry Tate, a well known English patron of art, who gifted 65 paintings and 2 sculptures to the nation and built a gallery to house them like our Russian Pavel Tretyakov. Do you know Moscow’s Tretyakov Gallery?J: - I know nothing of it, but I must see the website. You see, I wish I had a chance to visit The Hermitage in St. Petersburg.V: - the Hermitage is really worth visiting. I’m sure you’ll enjoy it. As for the Tate Gallery, does it contain only British paintings?J: - Not at all. Except unique collections of W. Turner, W. Blake, superb Constables the Tate Gallery owns the vast collection of pictures from the 16th century to the present day and the sculpture collection by A. Rodin, Epstein, H. Moore as well. But the Tate Gallery is the name of several art galleries in the UK – Tate Modern and others, you can’t see everything in one day.V: - Really! What galleries are there in the central London?J: - Well, you can go to the Royal Academy to admire the famous Exhibition of contemporary art.V: - Is it far from Trafalgar Square?J: - No, you should walk there from Trafalgar Square to Piccadilly Circus, then along Piccadilly Street, you will see on the north side Burlington House, home of the Royal Academy of Arts. A statue of J. Reynolds stands in the courtyard. You can’t miss it.V: - And what else?J: - Well, if you are not exhausted go to the Museum of Ornamental Art in Victoria ans Albert Museum. This museum includes fine and applied arts of all kinds – European and oriental. I say, Vera, I’ve got to go. Let’s go. I’ll give you a lift to the nearest underground station.V: - OK. I’m ready.Match the words and the definitionsto foundto objectinspirationsto representto flourishrewardinga giftvastadmirationcontemporaryto missexhaustedvery large and wide, great in amount or in areamodern, belonging to the present timethe act or state which gives a person the urge or the ability to do somethinga natural ability to do somethingto be against somethingto fail to hit, catch, find, meetto start the building or development ofa feeling of pleasure or respectto feel tired out, lacking power in body or mindworth doing or havingto depictto be active and successfulWilliam Hogarth (1697-1764)William Hogarth was unquestionably one of the greatest of English artists and a man of remarkable individual character and thought. It was his achievement to give a comprehensive view of social life within the framework of moralistic and dramatic narrative. He produced portraits which brought a fresh vitality and truth into painting. He observed both high life and low with a keen and critical eye. His paintings contained not only dramatic composition but an element of satire or caricature. His fist success as a painter was in the “conversation pieces” in which his bent as an artist found its logical beginning. These informal groups of family and friends surrounded by the customary necessaries of their day-to-day life were congenial in permitting him to treat a picture as a stage. Series – “The Hartot’s Progress”°, “The Rake’s Progress”? and story series “Marriage á la Mode”? followed after. This set of contains the most important and highly realistic of Hogarth’s comedies. The artist describes the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield , the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl. Pride and pomposity of the Earl, full money bags of Alderman, the bride, twiddling her marriage rings – Hogarth exposed himself on the canvas as a “literary” artist. William Hogarth expressed in his art the new mood of national elation, the critical spirit of the self-confident bourgeoisie and the liberal humanitarianism of his age. He was the first native-born English painter to become famous on the continent. He even was a hero of English tenement. One reason for his popularity was that the genius of the age found its highest expression in wit. It was the great and single-handed achievement of Hogarth to establish comedy as a category in art to be rated as highly as comedy in literature. The quality of Hogarth as an artist is seen to advantage in his sketches and one of his sketches stands alone in his work, taking its place among the masterpieces of the world in its harmony of colour, form and content – it’s his famous “Shrimp Girl”.? ° - карьера продажной женщины? - карьера мота? - модный брак? - продавщица креветокAnswer the questions:What did William Hogarth achieve according to the article?When was his first success?What was depicted in his works? William Hogarth was the first famous artist on the continent, wasn’t he?Why was his popularity so great?Are there any famous sketches that we know?Match the words and the definitions:unquestionablyachievementcaricatureto describeself-confidentto establishadvantagea funny drawing of someone that makes them look sillyto start a company, organization, system, etc. that is intended to exist or continue for a long timeused to emphasize that something is certainly truesomething that helps you be more successful than others to say what something or someone is like by giving details about themsure that you can do things well, that people like you etc. something important that you succeed in doing by your own effortsWork in pairs. Imagine you have been presented William Hogarth’s painting. Tell your partner about it.Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)and his portrait of ‘ Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse.’ The Theorist on art and the most respected painter, the president of the Royal Academy Sir J.R. wrote 15 discourses to the students. What did hi plead for in them? ‘Study the great masters’…who have stood the test of ages; … ‘study the works of ancient sculptors; keep ‘principal attention fixed upon the higher excellencies, …who borrows an idea from an ancient, or even from a modern artist,… can hardly be charged with plagiarism;… he should enter into a competition with his original and endeavour to improve what he is appropriating to his own work. From his point of view the portrait of Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse is a perfect illustration of Reynolds’s advice to the students. But what is eminently important about Reynolds is the contrast between what he preached and what he did as a great and talented painter. At the time the portrait was painted Sarah Siddons was in her late twenties but she already had a solid decade of acting experience behind her and was the first lady of the British stage. The central figure sits on a thronelike chair. She doesn’t look at the spectator but appears in deep contemplation. Her expression is one of melancholy musing. Her gestures aptly reinforce the meditative air of the head and also contribute to the real quality of the whole figure. In the background are two attendant figures. One, with lowered head and melancholy expression, holds a bloody dagger; the other his features contorted into an expression of horror. If the arrangement of the figures in the portrait of Mrs. Siddons suggests Michelangelo’s prophets and Sybils of the Sistine ceiling. Mrs. Siddons pose recalls that of Isaiah and one of attcudants-the left very closely modelled of the prophet Jeremiah, other aspects of painting – the colour, the shadow effects and the actual application of the paint, are totally unlike the work of Michelangelo. The disparate elements have all been transformed through Reynolds’s own visual imagination and have emerged as a unit in which the relationship of all the parts to one another seems not only correct but inevitable. In ‘The Tragic Muse’ Reynolds achieved an air of grandeur and dignity which he and his contemporaries regarded as a prime objective of art and which no other portrait of the day embodied so successfully.Answer the questions:What is the idea of Reynold’s advice to his students?What is eminently important about Reynold’s?What was Mrs. Siddons famous for?How many figures are there in the portrait?What are remarkable features of these figures?Add the missing words:The President of the …………… Sir J.Reynolds wrote 15 …………… to the students.She doesn’t look at the …………… but appears in …………… …………… .In the …………… there are two …………… figures.The ……………, the …………… and the actual application of the paint, are totally unlike the work of Michelangelo.The disparate elements have all been transformed through Reynolds’s …………… .Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) Gainsborough’s greatest power was as a lyricist. He excelled in two distinct branches of the art, portraiture and landscape, and revealed an unequalled success in combining the two- that is, in adjusting the human figure to a background of natural scenery. Moreover, he excelled in conversation pieces, animals painting, seascapes, genre and even still life. Such was his peculiar variety. Although he painted at court he was not a courtly person, but preferred to associate with musicians, simple folk, with cottagers. His grand sitters seem a little glacial as though a pane of glass was between them and the artist and the sitters with whom he could be informal were always painted by the artist commonly in their habit as they lived. Each of Gainsborough’s portraits is distinct and individual even though taken as a whole; they depict an entire society in its significant manifestations. Gainsborough’s truthful and subtle rendering of character is typical of his portrait painting. His special insight into psychology of women makes him essentially the woman‘s painter. One of the most fascinating of Gainsborough’s works is his study ‘Two Daughters’. Unfinished though it is an exquisite study of young girlhood. Its light tone, use of light blues and yellows belongs essentially to the spirit of the painter. Another his famous painting is ‘ Mr. and Mrs. Andrews’ where Gainsborough shows the pleasure of resting on a rustic bench in the cool shade of an oak tree, while all around the ripe harvest throbs in a hot atmosphere enveloped in a golden light. In his late work ‘The Market Cart’ the season is autumn and the picture is penetrated throughout by the richness and warmth of the colour of this season, by its scents of drenched earth and marshy under growth. And in our country you can enjoy the brilliant portrait of The Duchess de Baufort in the Hermitage, to admire the generous and inspired image of the charming young woman with a silver blue hair. Contrasts of light and shade in a context of flowing, curved and broken lines produce an impression of animation and mobility which is the characteristic of Gainsborough’s art. This mobility is directly connected with his technique of seizing of effect in a rapid stroke, so that a beauty of form emerges from his bold execution and masterly technique.Answer the questions:Which two branches of the art did Gainsborough excel in?In what way did Gainsborough paint his sitters?What makes him essentially the woman‘s painter?Is there any painting by Gainsborough presented in our country?What is special about Gainsborough’s technique?Form all possible derivatives of the following words and translate them:Observer, science, inspiration, impressionist, founder, painting, success, nature, image, significant. Work in pairs. Ask your partner if he/she has seen Gainsborough’s paintings and what he /she thinks of them. John Constable (1776-1837) One of the foremost landscapists in history, Constable represents a full step forward in the modern development of landscape art. His birthplace was Eastern England with its luxurious meadows, distant horizons, picturesque villages, the low hills along which meanders the River Stour. The son of a prosperous mill-owner Constable showed a taste for sketching at an early age but did not become a serious art student untill1799, he entered the Royal Academy School in 1800. Soon Constable realized that within the old model for landscape painting he could not paint the English countryside as he saw it, and in his search for more suitable methods he created his own art. In 1802 he began the practice of sketching in oils in the open air, a form of study which he continued throughout his life. To him they were the exercises and the raw material out of which he could create more ambitious and logically constructed landscapes. Being financially independent, he felt confident enough to work upon a series of large canvases, the subject of which were taken from the banks of the River Stour and which he exhibited in successive years at the Royal Academy. The fist was ‘ Flatford Mill on the Stour’(1817), then ‘The Haywain’(1821), ‘View on the Stour near Dedham (1822) and ‘ The Leaping Horse’(1825). During his lifetime Constable’s originality and uncompromising temper prevented wide recognition of his merits among both artists and the public in England. After 1824 his style of painting was changing, he became more and more concerned with light and shade effects. To Constable’s contemporaries his painting looked unfinished, and the glazed highlights with which he enhanced them became known as ‘Constable’s snow’ In France however he was accepted as an important figure. At the Salon in 1824 his‘The Haywain’ was awarded a gold medal. And his influence on the Romantic and the Impressionist groups is well known. As for the technique of Constable to accomplish his aim of rendering the living, moving quality of nature he used broken touches of colour. On a foundation of warm reddish monochrome he would build up the fresh blues and greens of nature, the undivided sports of pain often laid on with a palette knife in the modern manner. The sparkles of light and colour and the deliberate roughness of texture broke with the tradition of smooth painting. Answer the questions:How did the beautiful nature of Constable’s birthplace influence him as a painter?Why did he create his own art?Where did Constable take the subjects for his canvases?What prevented wide recognition of Constable’s merits in England?What was special about his painting technique?Find the English equivalents of the following words in the text:Наиболее важный, зарисовка, пейзаж, преуспевающий, достоинство, экспонировать, улучшить, красноватый, достигнуть, живописный, современники.Dialogue 2J: - Good evening, Vera. Have you been to any museums today?V: - Oh, yes! I’ve visited the Tate Britain! I’ve seen W. Turner’s paintings. I’m really fascinated!J: - I’m glad you like them. The English are very proud of our brilliant artists.V: -Turner’s great! You see, I knew about him and about his life. He was born in 1775 into a barber’s family. His life wasn’t easy, he was persecuted by the art critics and the literary people. J: - you are right, but at the same time the public, in spite of the novelty of his inspiration, always acclaimed his pictures with great admiration.V: - yes, a Gallery attendant told us the same. Well, I saw his plates in the albums, but when I’ve seen them today with my own eyes, I’m impressed and amazed, not only by his popular ”The Fighting”, “Temeraire” tugged to her last berth to be broken up, I saw it in the National Gallery, but especially by “Snowstorm”, “Shade and darkness”, “Rain, Steam and Speed”, “The evening star”, “Music party” and a lot of other pictures. All of them are fantastic! They are out of the world!J: - Now all the critics and painters of the world proclaim him a genius, they say he “discovered light and air in landscape painting”.V: - He created his masterpieces a hundred years before the French modern painters – he is a predecessor of impressionists.J: - I agree, Turner is unique. Were there any Turner’s exhibitions in Russia?V: - Yes, there were. The first was in 1975 at Moscow’s Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. His oil and water-colours were on display and created great interest. As for me, I’ve seen his works for the first time here in London.J: - I’ve heard that some of Russian painters were influenced by Turner.V: - Yes, one is them is A. Savrasov – a master of a landscape. I say, James, I’d like to see Turners once more. Will you join me, on Saturday, for example?J: - Sounds good. I’d love to.V: - That’s settled. And now I want to say good night. I’m so tired.J: - Good night, Vera. Match the words and the definitionsfascinatingto persecuteuniqueto amazemasterpieceto discoverexhibitionto displayto createto influencecriticgeniusto treat cruelly and cause to sufferto fill with a feeling of great surprise or wonderto produce something newa person who gives judgments about the good and bad qualitiesextremely interesting and charmingto have an effect on something or somebodygreat and rare power of thought, skill, imaginationpublic show of objectsto find something that already existed but wasn’t known about beforeto arrange or spread out for public viewbeing the only one of its typea piece of work, done with extreme skill Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851)William, as his family called him, was born on 23 April, 1775. His home life wasn’t happy because his mother was ill and died in asylum. To his father William was devoted. From the first appearance of his son’s gift he encouraged it in a very practical form-exhibiting his son’s drawing for sale in the window of his barber’s shop. And there were plenty of customers willing to buy them at prices from one to three shillings. The artist was quite young when entered the Royal Academy as a student and in two years William was successful in having a drawing chosen for exhibition at the Royal Academy. The painter made his name creating landscapes in the romantic taste of the time. ‘Calais Pier’ is one of Turner’s grandest creations of that time. This is the scene of storm and craft of the boats. Those who look at the picture can smell the spray and hear the din of the water and the shout of the deafening wind. ‘Windsor, ‘Frosty Morning’, ‘Sun Rising through Vapour’ are canvases delighted by public. Then Turner entered the dreaded ‘middle period’ when old accomplishments did not satisfy him and the new vision was not in yet in focus. In 1819 William visited Italy for the first time, after that he was in Italy several times. Tuner’s journeys to Italy had the paradoxical effect on his art. His interest was directed towards the colour in the visible world, if need be at the expense of its form. His present fascination for the immaterial vehicles of colour, steam, smoke, mist helped to make his choice. So in the later pictures he composes in colour, dissolving, suggesting, and only have- defining form; in his private exercise he composed in coloured washes alone, virtually excluding any reference to the forms of nature, unless we regard them as veiled areas of sky, earth and sea. Critics of course were shocked; they called his pictures ‘of nothing and very line’ or ‘tined steam’. Fortunately at this moment the artist was staying with his friend and patron Lord Egremont at Petworth. In park and surrounding country he painted some of the most extreme of all his sunsets, but even more extraordinary is the series of studies which he made inside the house. ‘Interior at Petworth’ and ‘Music party’ are his first attempts to make light and colour alone the basis of the design. Since that time till his death the painter began to use in oil the gorgeous colour schemes with which he had earlier experimented in water- colour and which were the marked characteristic of the last twenty years of his life. He created spectacular ‘ The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons’(1834), ‘The Fighting Temeraire’(1838), ‘Peace-burial at sea’(1842) and his real masterpieces ‘Snowstorm’(1844), ‘Shade and darkness’(1843), ‘Rain, steam and Speed’(1844), ‘Light and Colour’(1843). Turner was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral. The genius of Landscape painting, he is a pride of the world art.Answer the questions:How did Turner’s father encourage his son’s gift?How did the painter become famous?What effected his art?What was critics’ opinion about Turner’s later art? Say if the following statements are true or false:William Turner was happy during his childhood.Turner’s father supported his son’s gift.Nobody wanted to buy his first drawings.The creating of portraits helped Turner to make his name.William was rather young when some of his paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy.Turner entered the dreaded ‘middle period’ because the public disappointed with his drawings.Some years later he changed his painting technique. Work in pairs. Tell your partner if you would like to visit William Turner’s exhibition and what you would like to see there?Henry Moore (1898-1986)There emerged in the early twenties a sculptor who was within a few years to transform the climate in which British sculptors work and to give a lustre to British sculpture which it had not enjoyed since the Middle Ages.This was Henry Moore. His debts to his masters: the ancient Mexicans and Egyptians, the Negroes, Giotto, Masaccio and Picasso, he has never sought to disguise or even to minimize; he has on the contrary proclaimed his gratitude.Like the other sculptors of his time Moore has looked attentively at contemporary painters, in particular at Picasso, but he has evolved sculpture that is more independent of contemporary painting than that of any British sculptor and more original.Some Moore's sculptures have the appearance of abstractions, but the intention behind even the most abstract of these has not been to create a form valid in itself and without reference to nature but to penetrate to an inner reality, to provide, perhaps, analogies for certain principles of structure, growth, erosion and rhythm. The greater part, however, testifies frankly to his interest in life and most of all to his interest in his fellow human beings. For all his rejection of the classical, he is in one sense at least conspicuously classical himself, in his indifference to the individual and in his concern with such general conceptions as the Family, Mother and Child, Warrior, even generic Man.There is nothing intimate about the art of Moore, not even in the relation between his mothers and their children. His figures, like all his forms, are massive and hieratic; they do not suffer the frets and stresses of common life, rather do they just serenely exist in their remoteness. Inert and massive though they are, Moore's figures possess a latent primeval power, as rare in modern sculpture as it is common in that of primitive people. Unlike Picasso Moore is a man of a few simple slowly but logically evolving ideas, chiefly concerning certain fundamental aspects of man and nature, which he has expressed with a simplicity that is the result of complexities not avoided but resolved, and with memorable strangeness.Answer the questions:What did Henry Moore do with the climate in which British sculptors work?Who were his masters?Did Moor ignore contemporary painters?What was he interested in?How do his figures look like?What are the ideas that Moor expressed in his sculptures concerned with?Complete the sentences with highlighted words.What are the reasons for his …………… of the theory?She had a deep …………… towards David, but she didn’t love him.For the sake of ……………, the tax form is divided into three sections.The wall hangings are thought to be …………… with tiled floors.At least he died suddenly and didn’t …………… .They went into with the …………… of visiting the library.He studied …………… civilizations of Asia.English PorcelainFill in the gaps with the words in brackets: (free-hand paintings, the middle of, to provide, porcelain, stone ware, pottery, moulds, luxurious product, came into fashion, pewter, abroad) Porcelain making began in England about 1) ............... the 18th century. The early factories at Chelsea, Bow, Derby, Worcester and Langton Hall all started work between 1745 and 1752. By that time 2) ............... from the Royal Factory at Meissen near Dresden had set the fashion for this 3) ................ throughout Europe, though in 1756 the lead passed to Serves, patronized by Louis XV of France. The English factories faced financial problems which had proved fatal to some of them by 1770, when cheaper cream coloured earthen wear of Wedgwood type 4) ............... . Derby and Worcester, however, managed to survive into the 19th century. Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) is a characteristic figure of his time, when industry already beginning to move towards mass production. In his Staffordshire works, he catered for all classes with his 5) ............... and jasper ware, creating a big market both at home and 6) ............... . Wedgwood laboured both at finding new types of beauty and at extending and cheapening his business. He experimented with new scientific methods, new 7) ............... and new designs. During this period 8) ............... went out of general use and was succeeded by earthen wear plates and vessels, so that eating and drinking became more hygienic and more delicate. In the next generation men no longer spoke of pewter but of “common Wedgwood”. The most famous of all Wedgwood’s inventions, however, was his jasper an unglazed vitreous fine 9) ............... which could be stained blue, green, lilac, yellow maroon or black 10) ............... a suitable background for white classical reliefs or portraits in the same material. In 1774 Wedgwood completed for the Empress Catherine II of Russia the largest and most famous commission of all, a dinner and dessert service of 952 pieces decorated with 11) ............... of 1244 different English scenes. Several cases displaying pieces of this service are now at the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. Josiah Wedgwood is remembered as the “Father of English Potters”. Answer the questions:When did porcelain making begin in England?What kind of difficulties did the English factories face?What is Josiah Wedgwood famous for?How did he try to improve his business?What was the most famous Wedgwood’s invention?The National Gallery of Art of the USAFill in the gaps with the words in brackets:(outstanding, enjoy, patron, free of charge, collection, on behalf, heritage, masterpieces, highlights, sculpture, tradition) The National Gallery of Art of the USA belongs to all the people of the USA. The Gallery assembles and maintains a national 1)............... of paintings, sculptures and the graphic arts, representatives of the best in the artistic 2) ............... of America and Europe. The Gallery situated at the 6th street of the US capital. During the 1920’s Mr. Mellon, a known American 3) ............... of art started collecting works of art with the intention of forming a national gallery of art in Washington. His collection was given to the Nation in 1937, the year of his death. It was done according to his will. In 1941 the completed Gallery was accepted by president F.D. Roosevelt 4) ...............of the people of the USA. More than 1/3 of the exhibition space on the Main Floor is devoted to Italian paintings and 5) ............... dating from the early Renaissance to the 18th century. Here one can see beautiful paintings by Giotto, Raphael, Titian, Leonardo and others. Flemish, German and Dutch paintings can also be seen at the Gallery. Here the visitors can 6) ............... excellent examples of Spanish painting including ‘Sain Martin and the Beggar’ by El Greco and ‘ Senora Sabasy Garcia’ by F. De Goya. Some famous works of the classical 7) ............... in French art are also here. Painting-lovers can’t help admiring wonderful figures compositions of Poussin and landscapes by C. Lorrian. Nobody remains indifferent to their 8) ................ The large and important collection of British paintings is centred around pictures by Constable and Turner which are 9) ............... of the collection. American paintings are widely exhibited here too. Works by Copley, B. West and G. Stuart are represented by a number of 10) ...............portraits. Guided tours and lectures are given 11) ............... in the Gallery. Answer the questions: Who does the National gallery belong to?Why did Mr. Mellon start his collection?What was written in his will?Whose works can a visitor see on the Main Floor?Are there British paintings in the Gallery?Are there any excursions given in the Gallery?Impressionist landscape painter – Claude MonetClaude Monet, one of the outstanding impressionist landscape painters, in his youth tried to complete his academic studies in Paris, but in the company of his friends Renoir, Sisley and Bazille he abandoned his studies and followed the path which Edouard Manet had set by his work. His Breakfast on the Grass (1865) is one of his best known early works. It was inspired by Edouard Manet. Monet continued his investigations of sunlight and colour (Women in the Garden, Breakfast in the Room).During his London visit (1870-1871) he had seen the outdoor oil studies of Constable and the romantic landscapes of Turner.The new method appeared in a manifest way in the picture of the London embankment -Sunrise (1872) which Monet called impressionism. He made the subjective sight, impression, the decisive factor in the construction of the picture, and placed clear tones in transient patches side by side to give the firework effect of sunset in a humid atmosphere, using contrasting blue, orange and red colours. The picture was shown at a private exhibition to which Monet and his fellow-artists, such as Pissarro, Cezanne, Degas, Renoir, etc., were rejected by the jury of the Salon.From then the group became known as Impressionists. Monet continued to analyse colour and light in pictures of the town and the countryside (Boulevard Des Capucines and others). At the end of the seventies his analysis of light and colour became almost prismatically pure, and each tone was subdivided into tiny colour patches.He moved his studio to the outskirts of Paris and went on painting all the year round from spring until winter revealing the varying face of the landscape. To show that the subject did not matter and that only the state of the landscape and the matter of seeing was of artistic importance, he painted a whole cycle of pictures on the same theme. The reaction of light in the atmosphere in which the motive was set was his actual subject for interpretation in paint. Claude Monet is often described as “the most Impressionist of Impressionists” and regarded as the central figure in the movement. This is the description of Claude Monet’s picture “A field of Poppies”, written by his contemporary: “Here human beings pass as glimmers and glimpse of everything is had through the transparent atmosphere … everything is illuminated and quivers under waves of light propagated in space”.Answer the questions:Did Claude Monet complete his academic studies?Who was Claude Monet inspired by?How did Monet call the new method?What was new in the method?What time of the year did Claude Monet prefer for painting?Did his contemporaries admire his works? Translate into English: Клод Моне – один из выдающихся импрессионистов 19 века.Клод Моне считается ключевой фигурой импрессионизма.Новый метод в живописи был назван импрессионизм.?Восход солнца? Моне была представлена на частной выставке.Моне рисовал пейзаж во все времена года.Главной в его картинах была игра света и цвета.Work in pairs. Imagine you have been to Claude Monet exhibition. Answer your partner’s questions about it.The Tretyakov Gallery Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Tense. Translate the text.In 4986 Moscow's Tretyakov Gallery was 150 years old. It (be) an important event in the cultural life of the capital. This largest collection of Russian pictorial art bears the name of its founder, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov.The merchant Tretyakov was a man who (devote) his life to the creation of a national art gallery. At first, Tretyakov (collect), only the paintings of contemporary Russian masters and (maintain) particularly close ties with the Peredvizhniki. The largest art society of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, this group (unite) nearly all progressive artists of that time. It (receive) its name when, after its exhibition in Moscow and Petersburg, it travelled from town to town and (acquaint) thousands with the works of the most advanced artists.Tretyakov was personally connected with most of the Peredvizhniki, he attentive1y (fo11ow) the progress of their work and (buy) the best of their paintings. Many pictures of the finest Russian painters, including Kramskoy, Repin, Surikov, Vereschagin, Victor Vasnetsov, Levi tan and Serov, were bought by Tretyakov as soon as they were finished.He also(commission) a series of portraits of outstanding men of Russian culture, a collection which has retained its value to the present day.Ultimately, Tretyakov resolved to broaden the scope of his collection and (begin) to acquire the paintings of masters of the 18 and the early 19th centuries. To these he (add) a collection of the finest works of the old Russian icon painters.The gallery (grow) and soon Tretyakov's home in Lavrushinsky street could no longer hold all the pictures. The construction of a special hall for his paintings was begun in 1870.The main building which houses the collection today was designed by the painter Victor Vasnetsov, an authority on old Russian architecture, and it is in this style that the gallery was built.The staff of the gallery do their best to popularize the art treasures of their native land. The museum receives more than a million visitors every year including more than ten thousand organized groups of visitors. Answer the questions:When did the Tretyakov Gallery celebrate the 150th anniversary?Who was Tretyakov?Whose paintings did Tretyakov buy?Did Tretyakov collect icon paintings?How many people visit the Gallery?Ancient Russian Paintings Put the verbs into the correct Tense and Voice. Ancient Russian paintings and articles of applied art from monasteries and temples of Murom (study) and (restore) for the past 50 years only. In 1919 a scientific expedition, led by Academician I.E.Grabar, (bring) from Murom very good icon “Our Lady of Odigitry”, now (deposit) at the Tretyakov Gallery. This masterpiece (do) by an outstanding artist and, there is every reason to believe that it was (do) in a Moscow shop, influenced by Theophanes Grek, highly gifted Byzantine master. Moscow icon painters (detail) to Murom on the promise of Ivan Grozny when the buildings of the temples in Murom (complete). Moscow tsars (send) to Murom as Gifts to temples not only icons, but also valuable handcrafts made by skilled needlewomen. In 1594-1595 Grozny’s Tsar Fedor and his wife Irina (send) an embroidered pall for the sepulchre of Peter and Habronia. Local artists and jewellers (become) active in the second half of the 16th century. Among them (be) Nikita Darydov, a wonderful gunsmith who worked for many years at the Tsar’s court. In the 17th century local artists (paint) many icons describing the history of their native town. Numerous miniatures (paint) by them of Peter and Habronia describing in detail all the events in their biography. Towards the end of the 17th century Murom icon painters began putting their signature and the date of their icons. Artist Alexander Kazantsev is especially notable. Monumental compositions of the Doomsday, Christ the Almighty and Our Lady (portray) by him. The original paintings and articles of applied art of the medieval Murom are a part of the treasury of the history of the culture of Russia. Answer the questions: Where did ancient Russian paintings and articles of applied art come from?Where is “Our Lady of Odigitry” now?Who painted this icon?What was sent to Murom as a gift?When did icon painters start signing their icons?Who is the most notable among them?V.D. Polenov ( 1844-1927)Put the paragraphs in the correct order and translate the text.A..... For many years V.D. Polenov taught at the Moscow school of art, sculpture and architecture. He exercised a beneficent influence on the development of a whole galaxy of brilliant young artists. His pupils include I. Levitan, S.Korovin, I. Ostroukhov, A.Arkhipov, A . Golovin and many other outstanding Russian artists of the latter part of the 19th century. B.... We honour Vassili Polenov as a splendid Russian artist who was a real reformer of a landscape. He is known to have opened the way to the plein – air painting in Russia art.C.....In the eighties of the 19th century Polenov permeated his canvases by dramatic feelings. Under the fresh impression of the death of his beloved sister Vera appeared his picture “the Invalid”. In two years the artist displayed his famous “Christ and a sinner” based on a Gospel plot.D.....After graduating from the St. Petersburg academy of Arts with a gold medal and a six-year scholarship abroad, Polenov worked among the world-known art treasures of Rome and Paris.E..... Vassili Polenov a brilliant Russian landscapist was born into a family of a prominent scientist archaeologist- his father and a gifted writer and portrait- painter his mother. “It was from my mother that I inherited an ardent love for painting”- told the artist years later. F..... Upon his return to Russia Polenov joined the Association of “Peredvizhniki”. He was fully in accord with the advanced line of the Association and exhibited his canvases at its shows. “A little Moscow Couvyard”, “Grandmother’s Garden”, “An Over grown Pond”, “ The old Mill”-all masterpieces of Russian art. G.....A lot of time V.Polenov spent in his estate near the town of Tarusa (nowadays-Polenovo with the museum) It was in this place on the Oka river he created his hymns to Russian nature “Golden Autumn”, “Autumn on the Oka near Tarusa”. Answer the questions: What were Vassili Polenov’s parents?What was his education?Where did Polenov work?Were his pupils a success? What are the most famous Polenov’s paintings?What do you know about Polenov as a reformer of a landscape?Work in pairs. Tell your partner what you know about Vassili Polenov and his works.LevitanIsaac Ilyieh Levitan, the great Russian artist, was one of the first painters of the Russian scenery to reveal its beauty. He is a real poet of the Russian countryside. Levitan developed the traditions of painters of the Russian realistic landscape school – Savrasov, Polenov, Serov and others. He found poetry in what would seem daily life.Levitan is a very special sort of painter. There is something in his landscapes that reflects our own moods. He deeply felt what he wanted to depict, and his brush transferred his feelings to the canvas.A master of landscape, he never introduced figures into it. Though if you look at “The Autumn Day in Sokolniki”, everything seems to bring out the loneliness of the figure in the centre: the trees losing their leaves, the remote, indifferent sky, the path going off into the distance. But the fact is that it was not Levitan who painted the figure. It was Checkov's brother Nikolai who did it.Levitan's art was greatly influenced by his travels along the Volga. He chose Plyoss, a small provincial town on the Volga, for his place of residence and for a subject of many of his canvases. His paintings like “Evening”, “Golden Plyoss”, “After the Rain” depict the scenery of the place. They are full of subtle feeling and tenderness, but there is no sentimentality in them; Levitan's pictures are truly realistic.In the closing years of his life Levitan made several journeys abroad. He travelled to France, Italy and Germany where he painted many of his landscapes. Levitan was only 49 when he died in 1900.Levitan's influence over lyrical landscape painters can't be overestimated. His deep feeling for nature, love for his native land, his ability to reveal the poetry of the Russian countryside have won his paintings the love and gratitude of ical Vocabularyan artist – художник a painter of the Russian scenery – художник, изображающий российский пейзаж to reveal beauty – отразить красотуpoet of the Russian countryside – поет российской деревни to develop the traditions of – развивать традиции кого-либоthe realistic landscape school – школа реалистического пейзажаto reflect one's own moods – передавать чьи-либо собственные настроенияto depict – отражать, передаватьone's brush – кисть to transfer one's feelings to the canvas – перенести чьи-либо чувства на холстa master of landscape – мастер пейзажаto bring out the loneliness of – подчеркивать одиночествоto be greatly influenced by – испытать сильное влияние кого-либоa subject of a canvas – предмет изображения на картинеto depict the scenery – изображать пейзажto be full of subtle feeling and tenderness – быть полным нежностиtruly realistic – действительно реалистическийinfluence over – влияние наto be overestimated - переоценитьto win one's paintings the love and gratitude of people – завоевать любовь и благодарность людейAnswer the questions:What is Levitan famous for as a painter?Why can he be called a very special sort of painter?What genre did he paint in?What was Levitan's art greatly influenced by?Why can you say that Levitan's influience over lyrical landscape painters can't be overestimated?Translate into English: Левитан, знаменитый русский художник, считается мастером русского пейзажа. Левитан, изображая пейзажи, передавал настроение.Мастер пейзажа, Левитан развил традиции русской реалистической пейзажной школы. Многие картины Левитана, полные нежности, но реалистичные, изображают Плес.Трудно переоценить влияние Левитана на русское искусство.Любовь художника а природе, его умение передать красоту русского пейзажа, выразить настроение завоевали картинам Левитана любовь и благодарность людей.Andrew WyethAndrew Wyeth, one of the prominent living American painters, was born in 1917. The son of illustrator N.C. Wyeth, Andrew is the leading member of the dynasty of painters that includes his sisters, their husbands and his own two sons. He won fame at the age of 12 for his illustrations of ?Robin Hood?. He was 20 years old when he first exhibited his paintings.Andrew studied with his father and was strongly influenced by him. His father's style of illustration expresses sentimentality and strives for absolute reality. But very early the young artist gravitated away from his teacher. Wyeth's style is both precise and minute in detail; he is a realist influenced by photography.He painted portraits, landscapes, seascapes and domestic scenery.His favourite media are tempera and water-colour. Wyeth's works are easily recognized by dimly lit and deserted landscapes in tones of grey and brown, which convey feelings of loneliness and solitude. One of the keys to his works is that he creates mysteries that need resolution. This is apparent in many of his works, such as “Inland Shell” or “Christina's World”. In “Inland Shell” he painted a shell above the leafy forest floor. The contrast between the bright shell and the dark surroundings is stark. How the shell arrived in the forest or why it is there he doesn't ical Vocabularya prominent living painter – выдающийся современный художникan illustrator – иллюстраторthe dynasty of painters – династия художниковto win fame – завоевать популярностьto exhibit paintings – выставлять картиныto be strongly influenced by – быть под сильным влияниемto express sentimentality – выражать сентиментальностьto strive for absolute reality – стремиться к абсолютной правдоподобностиto gravitate away from – отойти отstyle - стильprecise and minute in detail – точный и четкий в деталяхa realist – реалист to paint a portrait – написать портретa landscape – пейзажa seascape – морской пейзажdomestic scenery – интерьер, домашние сценыfavourite media – любимые средства выраженияtempera – темпераwater-colour – акварельin tones of grey and brown – в серо-коричневых тонахto convey feelings of loneliness and solitude – передавать чувства уединенности и одиночестваto create mysteries that need resolution – создавать тайны, требующие разгадкиAnswer the questions:What kind of family did Andrew Wyeth come from?When did he win fame?What was Wyeth's style in his early work? What kind of style did he develop later? What were his favourite media?What are his landscapes easily recognized by?Translate into English: Эндрю Вайет завоевал популярность, когда ему было 12 лет; в 20 лет он впервые выставил свои картины.Эндрю Вайет входит в династию художников.На стиль Эндрю Вайета большое влияние оказал его отец.Молодой художник создал свой реалистический стиль, точный в деталях.Его стиль сформировался также под влиянием фотографии.Эндрю Вайет писал пейзажи в серо-коричневых тонах.Его картины передают чувство одиночества.Его картины – это тайны, нуждающиеся в разгадке.Work in pairs. Imagine you have been presented Andrew Wyeth’s painting. Tell your partner about it.Above all, he believes in life (1881 – 1973)Pablo Picasso was born at Malaga, in Spain. His father was an artist and professor at the Academy of Fine Arts at Barcelona, and under him Pablo received his first lessons in art. He showed exceptional talent at a very early age.After many visits to Paris, he settled there in 1903. He developed his art in France where he became one of the outstanding leaders and creators of modern French art. He has never, however, forgotten that he is a Spaniard.He is now probably the most well-known and respected artist in the world, because his art speaks for his country, his beliefs, his comrades.The first time he spoke in this way was when he painted Guernica1 (1937) and other works dealing with2 the Spanish Civil War."What do you think an artist is?" he declared when being interviewed in the spring of 1945. "An imbecile who has only his eyes if he's a painter, or ears, if he's a musician, or a lyre in his heart if he's a poet.""On the contrary, he's at the same time a political being; constantly alive to heart-rending, fiery or happy events, to which he responds in every way."Since 1945 Picasso has spoken in his works many times for all those who demand peace. He has painted on the theme of war and peace itself; he has painted his protests about Korea; his doves of peace have flown all over the world.During his life Picasso has painted in many different styles. But, whatever the style,3 he has always taken reality as his starting point. Above all, Picasso is a man of imagination who believes in life.Picasso has done more than any other artist to destroy and replace the standards of the 19th century bourgeois art. He believes in progress and has a vision of the future. He has realized that to contribute to the future a political man must also be a Communist. He joined the French Communist Party in October 1944. “My adherence to the French Communist Party follows logically on my life, on all my work. Because, I’m proud to say, I have never considered painting as an art of agreement, of entertainment,” said Picasso then. “I have wanted, through drawing and colour, as these are my arms, to penetrate always deeper into knowledge of the world and of men, because this knowledge liberates us more with each day.”1 – Герника (картина Пикассо, принесшая художнику известность)2 – имеющее отношение3 – каким бы ни был его стильAnswer the questions:When and where was Pablo Picasso born?Why is Picasso the most well-known artist in the world?How did he explain the essence of an artist?Which of Picasso’s paintings made him famous?Why did he join the French Communist Party?Say if the following statements are true or false:Picasso’s mother was his first teacher of art.When Pablo Picasso settled in Paris he forgot that he was a Spaniard.There was a protest against the war in Picasso’s paintings.Pablo Picasso always considered painting as an art of entertainment.The painter has done very much to develop the standards of the bourgeois art.The Nizhny Novgorod Region Art HandicraftsToday the Nizhny Novgorod region is among the leaders of Russia in terms of the richness in folk artistic crafts.Golden Khokhloma, Kazanovo filigree, Gorodets, Semyomov and Pokhov Maidan painting and wood-carving, Vorsma knives of stainless steel, Gorodets golden embroidery, Arzamas Rod-braiding and Birch-bark craft, Pottery, Varnavino Bone-carving, Bornukovo Stone-carving, Balakhna lace-making, Shakhunya patterned wearing, Chkalovsk Guipure, Gorodets wooden painted toys and Zhbannikov clay whistles have become recognized all over Russia and are perceived as Russia’s visiting card abroad.Gorodets painting and wood carvingThis topical painting is more than 150 years old. It’s the brightest phenomenon of so called ‘na?ve’ painting. The most popular topics of the painting are public makings, tea parties, a famous Gorodets horse with a horseman mounted on it, local holidays. The painting is very rich in colours of Russia summer, with its magnitude of grass of various colours, is illuminated with the bright sunshine that seem to flood the luxuriant garlands of flowers and whimsical birds.Now Trade House ‘Gorosetskaya Rospis’ produces a wide choice of products with traditional patterned topical painting and also wood-carving. This tradition originated in the old art of home carving, the samples of which are in the collections of the largest Russian museums. It is based on the plant decorative pattern with inserted inscriptions and dates as well as images of lions and fairy-tale personages. The beautiful carving is used for decorating boxes, small panels, icon frameworks, small sculptures and honey-cakes boards. Due to the use of these carved boards Gorodets honey-cakes are not only a delicacy but a work of art. At special orders honey-cakes were baked to be presented to touring actors, the governor and even to Tsar Nicolay II. Answer the questions:What is the genre oа Gorodets painting?What are the most popular topics of the painting? Is Gorodets painting bright and colourful?What are the images of Gorodets wood-carving?Why are the tasty Gorodets honey-cakes work of art? Have you ever tried Gorodets honey-cakes?Give Russian equivalents of the following words:To insert, sample, sunshine, framework, inscription, horseman, whimsical birds, marry-making, fairy-tale, luxuriant garland, honey-cakes board, wide choice, magnitude of grass, to illuminate.Khokhloma paintingGolden Khokhloma is one of the oldest and unique Russian handicrafts that has been forming the tenor and mode of life of many generations and is an integral part of Russian culture.Khokhlomapainting was named after the place where it originated – the village of Khokhloma of Kovernono district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In the 17th century very smart plates and dishes were made there and then delivered to the Tsar’s court. The products were characterized by the peculiar and poetic plant pattern, the festive and solemn colouring and the strict simplicity of the form. The specific feature of Khokhloma craft is production of gifted kitchen wooden utensils without the use of precious metals but with the use of unique glass-line painting. The main colours used in painting are red, black and gold. The combination of the colours that originally was used in icon painting is very symbolic: red is the colour of the power, gold is the colour of the quest prosperity and holy firing, black is the colour of the veil that opens way to the eternal life, the colour of the spiritual purification. For many centuries the masters preserve the art of the Khokhloma and pass it to new generations. The products of this kind were sold at famous Makariev Trade Fair, then at Nizhny Novgorod Trade Fair. Since the 60s of the 19th century Khokhloma plates and furniture were exhibited at Russian and foreign exhobotions. The range of products include over 1,000 utensils and souvenirs, and among them – kits for fish soup, for dessert, place sets, carved ladles and ladles for wine, vases, panels, music boxes and many other things. The bodies of 8 aircrafts of British Airways were decorated with Khokhloma painting to celebrate the 40th anniversary of flights from London to Moscow. The capital town of the crafts nowadays is Semenov 80 km. from Nizhny Novgorod. The Fire-bird decorated with bright flowers is the symbol of Khokhloma paitings. Answer the questions:Where and when did Khokhloma painting appear?What are the peculiarities of this handicraft?What do colours of Khokhloma painting mean?Is Khokhloma painting well-known all over the world?Why is the Fire-bird the symbol of Khokhloma painting?Do you have any of Khokhloma things at home?Complete the sentences with highlighted words.Unfortunately, the problem of fathers and sons is the …………… problem of generations.India is still trading …………… stones and luxury goods with Europe.Next year there will be the 50th …………… of my grandparents wedding.Graham was going for an interview that day and came looking very ............... .Mary’s friends wished her family health, happiness and …………… .It seemed nothing could disturb the …………… of our life in those happy prewar days.The ceremony of getting diplomas was a …………… moment for all the graduates.There is modern kitchen equipment and all cooking …………… in this new café. Lace-makingFrom time immemorial the town of Balakhna has been famous for unique crafts. In the second half of the 16th century people of Balakhna mastered the production of Dutch tiles. The tiles from Balakhna were used to revet architectural monuments, churches and house ovens. A lot of tiles were decorated with painted figures of people, birds, animals and fantastic beasts. Stoves made by Balakhna masters may be found in various parts of Russia even in Granovitaya Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. But it is lace-making that has made Balakhna known world-wide.Special influence upon Balakhna craft was exerted by the Nizhny Novgorod and Makariev Trade Fairs that supplied the town with threads and samples of laces from Western Europe. By means of the fair the laces of Balakhna craftswomen got to various towns of Russia and abroad. The peculiar feature of Balakhna lace is multi-couple technique of lace-making, the most complicated and labour-intensive. The masters use a great number of couples of bobbins, sometimes up to 500.The unique character of Balakhna style consists in the lightness of tulle cells covered with thick bunches of flowers and vine. The originated pattern is outlined with a thick thread, and the inner space between the petals is filled with a transparent lattice. Balakhna masters have always been proud with silk ‘vine’ kerchiefs. Another peculiar feature of Balakhna craft is making black laces, mainly for kerchiefs. Besides, beige and white silk threads were used.Now Balakhna Local Lore Museum possesses a big collection of Balakhna laces of over 500 exhibits. The greatest attention is drown by such exhibits as scarves, kerchiefs, blouses, which are utterly astonishing for their exquisite look and beauty.Thanks to the talent of contemporary lace-makers the tradition of lace-making in Balakhna style has been kept. Answer the questions:When did people of Balakhna master the production of Dutch tiles?How were the tiles decorated?Thanks to the production of Dutch tiles the town of Balakhna became well-known all over the world, didn’t it?What is the technique of Balakhna lace-making?Has the tradition of lace-making been kept in Balakhna?Where can you buy scarves, blouses and kerchiefs decorated with Balakhna laces?Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated:House ovens decorated with Balakhna tiles could be found in a lot of towns of Russia.Nizhny Novgorod Trade Fair supplied Balakhna masters with the parts of the equipment foe lace-making looms.The technique of Balakhna lace-making is of Dutch style.Balakhna craftswomen have always been proud with their ornamental patterns and labour-intensive technique.The only peculiar feature of Balakhna lace is using of black and beige silk for kerchiefs.All the production of Balakhna lace-makers is astonishing for its exquisite look and beauty.Kazakovo FiligreeFiligree is one of the ancient methods of artistic metal processing. The word ‘filigree’ is derived from Italian ‘filigrana’, which in its turn is stemmed from Latin ‘filum’ (thread) and ‘granum’ (grain) as the pattern is frequently made not only of woven wire but of tiny metal balls.In Russia filigree has been known for quite a long time. Filigree objects are found in the archeological digs of the tumuli of the 9th century. In the Nizhny Novgorod region the centre of filigree handicraft is in the village Kazakovo. The first artel was organizes in 1959. Nowadays the artists constantly search for new images and combinations of elements. Thus, they have started to use gilding, natural stones, crystal, bone and enamel. All products are made manually, which adds to the unique character of the filigree. Kazakovo produces various artistic objects: decorated vases, cups, glass-holders, candy boxes, decorations, teaspoons, bowls, medals, signs, orders, insignia for Russian armed forces. Lately the plant in Kazakovo has initiated production of church objects: icon-lamps, icon frameworks, crosses. Moreover, the company produces filigree objects with the heraldry and symbols of state bodies and private companies. Also there is an astonishing show-room at the plant. While admiring the masterpieces of the filigree art, one can plunge into the winter fairy-tale with its unique silver patterns of the frost lace repeated by the artists. Tourists are offered excursions and master-classes. Answer the questions:What is the origin of the word ‘filigree’?Where were the filigree objects found in Russia? Where and when was the 1st artel of this artistic metal processing organized in the Nizhny Novgorod region? What objects does Kazakovo plant produce nowadays?What elements besides metal are used in modern objects? Where can you see the masterpieces of the filigree art?Say if the following statements are true, false or not stated:Filigree is a modern, innovative artistic metal processing.The town Vorsma in the Nizhny Novgorod region is the centre of filigree.All products of filigree are made manually.The plant doesn’t produce filigree objects for church and private companies.During World War II the artel masters wove shoulder straps, made insignia and cigarette-cases.Stone-carvingThe history of stone-carving craft is rooted in the remote past and is connected with mysterious ‘marble’ cave on the bank of the Ryana-river at the village of Bornukovo of Buturlino district. The cave has always been famous for anhydrite stone called ‘Nizhny Novgorod marble’. It was of various colours – pink, white, blue, brown, grey and green – and with different patterns. In the time of Katherine the Great the stone from the cave was used to finish St. Petersburg palaces. Now it is ‘Bornukovskaya Peshera’ enterprise that maintains the traditions of stone-carving art. In stone processing turning is used in combination with bold carving and engraving. The expressive silhouette, soft plasticity, lyrical mood and unsophisticated images of the samples express the beauty and originality of the fauna and the kindness of the Russian national soul. Besides sculptures of birds and animals the craftsmen produce a wide range of various utensils: exquisite candlesticks, vases, boxes, desks sets. Bornukovo craft is unique as it is. It is believed that if a child is taught to work with stone he will become a good man because the nature has put nobleness into stone and stone generously shares it with people. Answer the questions:Is the stone-carving craft in Nizhny Novgorod region old or modern?What is ‘Nizhny Novgorod marble’?Where was the stone from Bornukovo used in the 18th century?In what way do craftsmen maintain the traditions of stone-carving?Why is it believed that only good people can work with stone?Would you like to see the mysterious ‘marble’ cave?Complete the sentences with highlighted words.The singer has a beautiful and ………….. soprano voice.He always gives …………… to the charity.He took the lead and …………… it until the end of the race.I’m afraid but your chances of success I see only in the …………… future.The company tries to project an …………… of being innovative.The …………… disappearance of that rare book was beyond our understanding.Artistic Metal processingThe ancient town of Pavlovo on the bank of the Oka-river has become one of the centers of the blacksmith’s work and knife handicraft. At the end of the 17th century there were about 50 smithies. Among the most famous crafts there was a weaponry one. In the Hermitage there are riftes with the inscription ‘Afanasy Ovsyannikov. The village of Pavlovo’. Later the metal processing craft was developed in production of the goods for practical purposes – knives, locks, scissors. Pavlovo Plant of Metal work preserves the old traditions of metal processing. It is the Russian leader in production of place setting of stainless steel – spoons, forks, knives, samples for restaurants with artistic painting and chasing and golden covering. The produce of the plant is characterized by elegance, fine finishing and practicality. The forgotten craft of artistic forging has also been given its new birth at the plant. Elegant mantel place settings, candlesticks, cornices, window bars, doors have become the fashionable attributes of modern interiors.Not far from Pavlovo there is a ‘knife capital’ of Russia – town Vorsma. Preserving the best traditions of the local handicraftsmen the plant ‘SARO’ introduces the production of knives with the use of engraving and etching techniques; the handles are made of beech, walnut, birch bark, and artistic casting of brass and silver is used in the production. In continuation of the traditions as the weapons centre Vorsma plant produces modern knives ‘Storm’ for the marines, ‘Varan’ for combat-engineers, ‘Comandos’ – assault knives, ‘Shark’ assault knives, knives for privates and officers. As awards to the most merited privates and officers of the Russian army there are modern daggers and hangers ‘Georgievsky’, ‘Andrew and Apostle’, ‘Admiral Kuznetsov’ and other hunting, sports, gift knives, both clasp and fixed.Answer the questions: When did Pavlovo become one of the centers of blacksmith’s work?Where can we see the old objects made by Pavlovo craftsmen?Is the production of modern Pavlovo Plant of Metal work nice and practical? Do you use it at your home?Why is town Vorsma called ‘knife capital’?How do masters nowadays decorate the handles of modern knives?For what purposes does the Plant ‘SARO’ produce different knives?Give Russian equivalents of the following words:Metal processing, engraving, award, weapon, inscription, chasing, fashionable attributes, stainless steel knives, assault knives, fixed knives, merited persons, etching techniques Supplementary readingHieronymous BoschHieronymous Bosch remains an enigma. He was born c. 1453 in "s Hertogenbosch, the small town in North Brabant, where he seems to have spent most of his life, was registered as a painter, married, and died. The town of "s Hertogenbosch lay far from the centres of art. It had nothing much to boast about until Bosch appeared.The new vision introduced by Bosch was serious, vast in scope and sure of itself. However fantastic things he imagined, he was nothing else but heart and soul a man of his time. His ghostly fancies were products of his age, visible evidence of the fear of witchcraft that obsessed the decades immediately preceding the Reformation. What Bosch invented was not very different from what the folk in general took to be real. Nevertheless his was no more fairytale world, though much in it took on the guise of fable. The picture he held before men's eyes could easily be accused of exaggeration and distortion of facts, but it was part and parcel of his single time, the fortune and misfortune of human existence, a theme cloaked in enigmatic language piling riddle upon riddle but whose basic meaning once decoded, proves clear as glass and anything but ambiguous. He painted in riddles and fables. Bosch was always a realist. He was not heralding an apocalyptic end of the world, nor did he portray a desolate wildness of stinking swamp and barren scrubland as the inevitable final destination of the traditions of his age. He was neither heretic nor unquestioning follower of the age-old form of worship. Bosch challenged the old values and foretold the Reformation, and his way was not the destruction of the church, but its salvation. With Bosch sins and human sufferings began to be depicted in a manner no longer dependent on the description in the Bible.The painter of the poetic current (1445 – 1510)Botticelli is an artist who crosses the dividing line between the hopeful confidence of the fifteenth century and the dark fulfilment of the Savonarola period, so that it is not out of character that he eventually developed the same urgency and passionate desire to express the suffering involved in the Passion. Botticelli was a pupil of Filippo Lippi, and is one of the most important among the fifteenth-century painters. Botticelli fortune paralleled the Medici's. The death of Lorenzo ended the world in which Botticelli had found fame. Before him the old masters had drawn the inspiration for their works from the Bible. Botticelli's nature was imaginative: he delighted in myths, fables, and poetry. Botticelli was the first to make his painting a means for the delight of the secular as well as the religious world. He was a leader in the great movement in the history of art in Florence and became an ardent disciple of Savonarola. When Savonarola demanded that bonfires should be made of the works of art, Botticelii contributed many of his pictures to the burning pile.Botticelli pictured human feelings; it is seen in his sad-faced Madonnas and in the sympathetic faces of those who surround her. He created a type of face and figure that is most easily recognisable. His figures are attenuated, often shown through transparent garments; the limbs are slender, the hands long and nervous. His faces are long and thin. His representation of figures in motion is far beyond anything that preceded him and has never been excelled. Botticelli's greatest works are the Primavera and the Birth of Venus. In these paintings he reconciled Christian tradition and Classical mythology. Thus, the Primavera is a kind of allegory of civilised living, with Venus as a sort of pagan Madonna who should lift up Man's mind to the observation of that beauty which is Divine in origin. The Birth of Venus is a very long way away from the Venus of classical antiquity. It may be argued that this is a rather artificial interpretation, but it is an interpretation that made sense to the fifteenth century. It can be seen how under the impact of Savonarola's preaching Botticelli's imagery becomes more Christian. The best possible example is the Mystic Nativity. The feature that links Botticelli most firmly with the Florentine artistic heritage is his linear perspective.TintorettoTintoretto was the founder and the principal advocate of Venetian Mannerism. It was through his work that Mannerism became established in Venice from 1550 onwards. Tintoretto's motto written over the door to his studio was "the draughtsmanship of Michelangelo and the colours of Titian", thus acknowledging the two formative influences on his own new style. The combination of space and figures, of movements and light, together with the FlorentineRoman sense of form and the Venetian palette led in his mature years to highly original solutions and gave his late pictures intellectual intensity and depth.The largest of the canvases, more than forty feet long, is the Crucifixion, painted in 1565, a work of such power that no reproduction can do it justice. It stretches from wall to wall and from floor to ceiling, with the foreground figures more than life-size. St. Jeremy, about 1575, is an example of Tintoretto's effective distortion of form which appears in many of his pictures. The monumental figure of the saint appears life-size right in the foreground.Tintoretto was an official state artist of the Venetian Republic from 1550. Portraits of the Venetian dignitaries make up a considerable portion of his work. Even in this field he went his own original way, away from the idealised concepts of presentation of the High Renaissance and moved towards a more individual, subjective standpoint.Tintoretto became more radical in his late Portrait of a Man with a White Beard, around 1570, where he ignored any sense of space or narrative detail. Tintoretto was able to develop a new type of portraiture. For some official commissions Tintoretto put some outward signs of rank into the foreground, such as those we see in the portrait of the (unknown) Man in Guilded Armour (1555-1560) and that of Sebastian Venier (after 1570). However, even these ceremonial portraits display Tintoretto's Mannerist tastes with their play of contrasts.American artAt the opening of the twentieth century, when the seeds of modernism were germinating in Europe, American Art remained provincial, as it had been throughout most of its history despite the original ideas of a few gifted artists. Every current of European nineteenth-century painting continued to flow in the United States, and the most vigorous American movement of the early twentieth century, the Ash Can was a group of neorealists indebted largely to Courbet and the early Manet. But in these same years, several American artists were absorbing European modernism during trips to France and Germany, and they returned to develop their newly acquired ideas in the United States, chiefly in New York. There in 1908 two photographers began to show at the Photo-Secession Gallery, later renamed 291, works by Cezanne, Matisse, and Picasso; American art, the art of children; and new American paintings and sculptures, including works by John Mann, Marsden Hartly, and Georgia O'Keffe.A totally original American painter, unconnected with any European movement was Georgia O'Keffe (1887-1986). Throughout her long creative life, O'Keffe's imagery was derived from an infinite variety of objects surrounding her, from the magnified forms of flowers to driftwood and animals' skulls. Her Blue and Green Music, of 1919, is a complete invention. The free flow of rhythmic shapes against the massive diagonals moves, as the title suggests, with the quality of visual music, this kind of melodic flow is never absent from her work.A number of gifted American artists turned after World War I to new forms of realism, focusing on, even glorifying the dreariness and banality of much of American urban and rural life. One of the best of these so-called American scene painters was Edward Hopper (1882-1967). He presents us with a bleak world made up of dirty streets, gloomy houses, comfortless rooms such as in the Automate, of 1927.What has Delacroix to tell us? (1798 – 1863)On August 13, 1863 died the French painter Eugene Delacroix, one of the greatest representatives of the 19th century world progressive art.Delacroix stands alongside with the great masters of the Renaissance in diversity of talent. He painted pictures on different contemporary subjects as well as historical pictures, portraits, landscapes, still lives and hunting scenes. He did many illustrations for works of his favourite writers Shakespeare, Byron, Goethe and Walter Scott. Goethe spoke extremely enthusiastically of his illustrations for Faust.The innovatory spirit of Delacroix's work was not something superficial but was deeply rooted in life. The artist came down from1 the cold heights of classicist alienation to the living world of human suffering and struggle. He was a true representative of his age, an age full of turbulent events.Delacroix went boldly into the very thick of events of his epoch. He passionately supported the Greek patriots who revolted against the Turkish rule. In his pictures -Massacre at Chios2 he expressed his sympathy for the freedom-loving Greek people and his admiration for their heroism.It was Delacroix who created the unforgettable image of the Revolution in Liberty Guiding the People.3 For the first time in the history of the world art a monumental painting depicted a mass uprising of people defending their freedom with arms. And in the front ranks of the rebels, alongside of a worker and an intellectual, Delacroix painted a boy with a lively sparkle in his eyes, anticipating by four decades the immortal Gavroshe in Victor Hugo's novel Les Miserables.4All his life Delacroix was searching and experimenting. His quest was never an end in itself, but a means of giving the deepest possible expression to his ideas. And his point of departure5 was always direct observation of life. During his journey to Algeria, Spain and Morocco (1832) the artist-humanist discovered a new world which he subsequently revealed to his contemporaries in his pictures, a world that was picturesque and unusual.The Leningrad State Hermitage Museum owns Delacroix Maroccan Saddling a Horse.6 Here the painter perceives the dynamics of life, he expresses the wild strength of a horse tamed by his master's hand and the smoothness of the huntsman.Delacroix's brief stay in the East influenced his entire output. It was in the East that he found the practical solution of many problems concerning the use of colour. He wrote, however: "Colour is nothing if it is not related to the subject matter and does not increase the impression from the picture by appealing to the imagination."Delacroix is very dear to us as a humanistic artist who sang the people in their struggle for freedom. His humanistic ideas were reflected not only in his pictures and drawings but in all his letters and his literary criticism. His articles on art and famous artists have several times been published in the Soviet Union. His Diary, twice published in Russian, has become a favourite book of Soviet artists.1 – отошел от2 – резня в Хеосе (картина находится в Лувре, в Париже)3 – свобода на баррикадах (картина находится в Лувре, в Париже)4 – Отверженные5 – отправная точка6 – Марокканец, седлающий коняAugustus John (1878-1961)He studied at the Slade School from 1894 until 1898. When he left he was acclaimed the best draughtsman in England. He has remained first and foremost a draughtsman, and for many years his best painting drew its strength from its drawing. John was a true bohemian, living with gypsies through Wales and France. Yet there are two aspects to his character: one of them has been grasped by Wyndham Lewis, who has written of John's "fits of seeing" and has described him as "a great man of action into whose hand the fairies stuck a brush instead of sword". The other aspect has rarely been touched upon but is manifest in several of his landscapes. At the same time John is an intellectual who has absorbed the influences of Cezanne, Puvis de Chavannes1 and the "Fauves".2 He can organize words almost as well as the materials of his art, as his autobiography clearly shows. His greatest portraits show a visionary power allied to great intellectual force; his landscapes and studies for large compositions show more of his intellectual nature. When he is successful few other painters of modern times give such a sensation of pure ecstasy and joy and effortless achievement. Long after his personality and wit have ceased to have a direct effect on the public, his art will exercise its great appeal, and his portraits, his gipsy types, his women and his landscapes will outlast the work of some of his more fashionable contemporaries.1 – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (1824 – 1898), French painter 2 – Fauves (from French fauve – wild beast) – nickname given to the artists who grouped in 1905 round Matisse concentrated on the explosive force of colour in their paintings Collection of paintings in the Russian MuseumThe Russian Museum of St. Petersburg is a world-famous repository of Russian Art. It houses numerous samples of old Russian art and handicrafts, paintings and sculptures, engravings, priceless works of decorative and applied art. Its collection of paintings boasts magnificent canvases by the most prominent Russian artists, reflecting the history of Russian art from the 12th century to the present day. In March 1898 the 1st state museum of Russian art was opened in the Michailovsky Palace, one of the most illustrious architectural monuments of the Russian Empire style, built in 1819-25 to the design of Carlo Rossi, who was also responsible for the interior decoration of the palace.The exposition begins with old icon-paintings of 12th , 14th and 15th centuries and so-called parsuna art (portrait icon) of the end of the 17th century. A typical example of parsuna is Portrait of Yakov Turgenev, Jester of Peter I. in the 20s of the 18th century emerged a new realistic type of portraiture. Two of the most outstanding exponents of this style of the Petrine epoch were I. Nikitin and A. Matveyev. Nikitin’s portraits of Peter I faithfully recreate individual image of this forceful personality. A bit later the best Russian painters F. Rokotov, D. Levitsky and V. Borovikovsky managed to penetrate the inner world of their subjects, their feeling, emotions to capture even nuances of feelings. – Portraits of A. Kokorinov, of Ekaterina Nelidova.In the 18th century made its debut the genre of history painting in Russia. The decisive factor here was the opening in St. Petersburg in 1757 the Academy of Arts. One of the 1st pupils of the Academy and its 1st professor, Anton Losenko painted his picture Vladimir and Rogneda on a subject from Russian history. This tendency went on in the 19th century when K. Brullov painted his gigantic canvas “The Last Day of Pompeii”. – the tragedy of the city by the eruption of Vesuvius. Also we can see the romantic motifs in the plates of A. Venetsianov – the author of the first lyrical landscapes in Russia and in the works of seascape painter I. Aivazovsky with his shipwrecks, storms and at the same time magic charm of a moonlit sea.1870 saw the formation of the Society for Circulating Art Exhibitions. This was an event not only in the artistic, but also in the social life of Russia. The movement of “Peredvizhniki” became synonymous with all that was progressive in the fine arts of the country. The leader of the movement I. Kramskoi produced a whole picture gallery of his contemporaries. In the Russian Museum we can enjoy his portraits of I. Shishkin. An important contribution to the development of Russian landscape paintings was made by A. Savrasov. His canvases for example “Rainbow” are amasing and touching. Emotional and romantic are landscapes of F. Vasilyev – “Scene of the Volga”. We can see the finest works of I. Shishkin: “Oaks”, “Mast-tree grove”. The heritage of A. Kuinji occupied a place apart in Russian art. He is a unique master of lighting. Vivid sunsets, cold moonlight, snow-covered wood – are the themes of his paintings. The follower of Savrasov and Polenov I. Levitan was a creator of so-called mood landscape, where the image of nature is animated with human emotions. “Golden Autumn”, “The lake”, ” Wooden Hollow” are on display. The Russian Museum is proud of such brilliant canvases of I. Repin: “The Zaporozhye Cossacks writing a Mocking letter to the Turkish Sultan” and V. Surikov’s “Taking of a Snow Forests”. A pupil of I. Repin – V. Serov created real masterpieces in all genres of pictorical art. The collection contains several of his pictures and among them poetic and beautiful “Portrait of Z. Yusupova” and “Children”. Symbolic, spiritual, full of inner tension are the plates of M. Vrubel: “Six-winged Seraph”, “The Bogatyr”, “Lady in Violet dress”.While speaking of the early 20th century artists whose works are on show we should mention A. Arkhipov, Ph. Malyavin, N. Roerich, B. Kustodiev, K. Yuon and others.In the first years after revolution especially interesting and significant were works of K. Petrov-Vodkin. Later – of A. Samokhvalov, A. Deineka, A. Plastov. Nowadays the works of outstanding Russian contemporary artists are also notably represented in the Russian Museum. Bone – carvingAt the heart of Varnavino bone-carving there a peculiar artistic style developed on the basis of the expressive pattern of Nizhny Novgorod wood-carving. Each product is carved by a craftsman from the very beginning up to the end without any punches or models, which helps express individuality of the author and artistic approach to the production of each sample.Varco Ltd. Is the company that has revived the traditions of bone-carving in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Now the company in engaged in production of the goods of bone made in the technique of openwork, bold and volume carving. It produces over 300 items of products for practical and decorative purposes. There are decorations – combs, ear-rings, brooches, pendants, as well as boxes, desk sets, chess, candlesticks, vases, glasses and needle-cases. The company is quite experienced in developing and manufacturing of items with firm’s symbols.Tanning craftThe tanning craft started developing in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the second half of the 17th century. It was fairly profitable. The handicraftsmen produced leather and then consumer goods of various finishing and decorating.Now “Renessans” Association is the only enterprise in the Nizhny Novgorod region which is engaged in artistic finishing and leather goods. It specializes in the production of goods of natural leather with kinds of artistic finishing: burning out, leather-carving, lighting out, whickering, stamping and etc. You can be fascinated by various boxes, chests, photo albums with drawings (including the symbols of the Nizhny Novgorod region) or inscriptions, exclusive leather cases for menu, bills of wine. Also the Association developed new line – products for the Orthodox church: book-covers, cases for censers, covers for wedding and christening registration books. Словарь искусствоведческих терминовАабстрактное искусство – abstract artАкадемия художеств – Academy of artавтопортрет – self-portraitакварель – water-colourанималист – animal painterанималистическая живопись – animal paintingантичный – antiqueархитектура – architectureБбаталист – painter of battle-scenes (battle pieces)богатство красок – a riot of colours = a wide colour-schemeбытовой жанр в живописи – genre paintingбытовые сценки – everyday scenes = genre scenesВваяние – sculptureваять, изваять – из камня, дерева, кости – chisel, carve из глины – model из бронзы – cast великий художник – masterвид – view вид сбоку – a side view вид сзади – a back view вид спереди – a front viewвиды искусства – kinds of artвитраж – stained-glass windowвоздух, воздушная среда в живописи – atmosphereвоздушный – atmosphericвоздушность – airinessВозрождение – Высокое возрождение – High RenaissanceГгамма (красок) – palettes colour-scheme (range)гамма (цветов) – range of colours, colour-scaleгладкая (поверхность картины) – Gothic, Gothic styleгородской пейзаж – town (city)-scapeгравер – engraverграверное искусство – engravingгравировать, выгравировать – to engraveгравюра – engraving = printграфик – graphic artist = black and white artistграфика – graphic artгрунт – foundation = groundгуашь – gouacheДдекоративно-прикладное искусство – decorative artдеревенские сценки – rustic scenesдеревенский пейзаж – rural landscapeдиапазон (размах, масштаб) – rangeдоска для живописи – panel Жжанр – genreжанровая картина – genre scenes = domestic interiorживописец – painterживописный – pictoralживопись – paintingжизненный, реалистический – life-like = realistic Ззадний план – backgroundзаказать (портрет) – commission (a portrait)замысел – conception, concept, design замышлять – conceive, designзапечетливать – set downзападно-европейское искусство – West-European art знаток искусства – connoisseurИидейное содержание – messageизлучать (свет, тепло) – to radiateизображение – portrayal, depiction, representationизобразительное искусство – visual arts, Fine artsизобразительный – graphicизогнутый – curvedизысканный – exquisiteинициалы – initialsимпрессионизм – impressionismиндивидуальное (личное) восприятие – one’s personal style, visionинтенсивность (цвета красок) – brilliance, brilliancyискаженный – contorted, distortedискривленный – askewискусный – masterlyискусство – artисторическая живопись (жанр) – historical paintingК карандаш – pencilкарандашный рисунок – pencil drawingкарикатура – caricature, cartoonкартина – picture, paintingкартинная галерея – art galleryкисть – brushклассический – classicalклассицизм – classicismколорит – colouringкомпозиция – compositionкомпактная композиция, группа – closely (tightly) knit composition, groupконтраст тонов – contrasting tonesконтур – outlineкопировать – copyкраситель – pigmentкраска – paint, pigment, colourкривая – curveкруглая – circularкубизм – cubismЛлинейная перспектива – linear perspectiveлинейный (имеющий отношение к рисунку) – linearлиния – lineлиния нисходящая – downward lineМмазок – touch, brush, strokeманера (живописная) – brush-workмаринист – sea-scape painterмаринистская живопись – sea-scape (marine) paintingмасло, масляная краска – oilмасляная живопись – oil paintingмастер линии – a master of lineмастерская – workshopмастерски (искусно) – in a masterly wayмастерство – mastery, artistry, skill миниатюра – miniatureмольберт – easelмозаика – mosaicмонументальная живопись – monumental paintingмузей – museumНнабросок – sketchнаправление – trend, movementнародное искусство – popular (folk) artнатура – modelнатурщик(ца) – model, sitterнатюрморт – still-lifeнеровная (поверхность картины) – rough (surface, finish)нюанс – shade, nuanceОобраз (изображаемое лицо) – subject, character, personageобразец – model, patternобразное воплощение замысла – imageryобращаться (к чему либо) – turn to smth, draw one’s subject from smth, paint, treat a subjectобъем – volumeодухотворенность – spiritualityорнамент – ornamentосновной цвет – primary colourотливать- mouldПпалитра – paletteпарадный портрет – ceremonial portrait пастель – pastelпастельный – pastelпейзаж – landscapeпейзажист – landscape painterпейзажная живопись – landscape paintingпередний план – foregroundпервобытное искусство – primitive artперспектива – perspectiveписать (красками) – paintплавный – fluid, fluentпластика – plastic artплакат – posterпленэр – plein-airплоскость – planeповерхность картины – surfaceподмастерье, ученик – apprenticeподлинный – authenticподлинность – authenticityпозолотить – to gildпозолоченный – giltполотно – canvasпортрет – portraitпортретист – portrait-painter, portraitistпортретная живопись – portrait painting, portraitureпредвосхищать – anticipateпредметное искусство – representational artпридворный художник – court painterприкладное искусство – applied artпринимать (цвет, форму и т.д.) – to take on (a colour, form etc.)пронизывать (пропитывать) – imbue, penetrateпросторность – spaciousnessпросторный – spaciousпропорция – propotionРразнообразие (форм, направлений) – diversity of forms (genres)реализм – realismрисовальщик – draughtsmanрисовать – drawрисунок – drawingСсангина (карандаш) – sanguine (crayon)свет (освещение) – lightсветотень – light and shadeсвободная (манера письма, техника) – broad (style, technique)сельский – rural, rusticсинтез искусств – synthesis of artсливаться – blend, fuseслияние – fusionсложный, разработанный в деталях – elaborateсложный цвет – secondary colourслоновая кость – ivaryсочность (о цвете) – richnessсочный (о цвете) – richспособность (дар к чему-л) – faculty (for smth)средние века, средневековье – the middle agesсредневековый – medievalстанковая графика – easel graphic artстанковая живопись – easel paintingнастенная живопись – moral (wall) paintingстенная роспись – mural(s), fresco(es)стилизованный – stylisedстиль – styleстрогий, суровый – austere, rigidстрогость, суровость – rigidityсхватить, передать – catch, capture, seizeсхематичный – sketchedсходство – likenessсюжет – subjectсюжетно-тематический – narrativeТтворчество – art, creative powers(ability), creative work, paintingтема – subject matter, motifтень – shadow в полутени – in partial shadowтеория искусств – theory of artтон, цвет – toneтональность – tonality, tonal effect, keyтушь – inkУуголь – charcoalудлиненная форма – elongationукрашать – ornament, decorate, prettifyусиливать – heighten, enhanceученик – apprenticeФфактура – textureфактура письма – pictorial textureфигура – figureфовизм – Fauvismфовист – Fauve, Fauvistфокус – focusфон – backgroundфреска – frescoфресковая живопись (техника) – fresco painting (technique)Ххолст – canvasхудожественное творчество – artistic endeavourхудожественный – art, artisticхудожник – artist, painter Ццвет – colourцветочный – floralЧчертить – drawчеткость – exactness of designчувство меры – sense of moderation чувство цвета – sense of colour, feeling for colour Шшедевр – masterpieceштрих – strokeштриховать – to shadeЭэкспонат – exhibitэкспонировать (выставлять) – exhibit, hangэкспонироваться – be on display (exhibition, show, view, exhibit)экспрессионизм – expressionismэскиз (набросок) – sketchэскизный (контур) – sketchyэстамп – engraving, printэтюд – studyэтюдник – paint-box Юювелир – goldsmithЯязыческий – paganяркость – brillianceясный – luminous, crystal, clearясность – luminosityУчебное изданиеArts and crafts Учебно-методические материалы по английскому языку для студентов неязыковых вузов очного и заочного отделения, обучающихся по специальности Изобразительное искусство и технология? и студентов очного и очно-заочного отделения, обучающихся по специальности ?Декоративно-прикладное искусство и народные промыслы?.Авторы-составители: Ю. М. Борщевская, И. Л. Будцына, Ю. В. Клопова Печатается в авторской редакцииПодписано в печать 15.06.2013г. Печать оперативнаяФормат 60 × 84 1/16. Объем 4,8 п.л. Тираж 50 экз. ЗаказНижегородский государственный педагогический университет имени К. МининаОтдел полиграфии НГПУ им. К Минина603950, Нижний Новгород, ГСП-37, ул. Ульянова, 1 ................
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