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Brant J.M., Beck S. & Miaskowski C. (2010) Building dynamic models and theories to advance the science of symptom management research. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(1), 228-240Jeannine M. Brant, Susan Beck and Christine Miaskowski, a clinical nurse specialist and research scientist, a professor at the University of Utah College of Nursing, and associate dean at UCSF College of Nursing, in their 2010 article, “Building dynamic models and theories to advance the science of symptom management research”, claims that symptom management is an important nursing theory that should be improved. They support this claim by illustrating tables and giving real-life scenarios on the effects of symptom management to improve nursing practices. Their purpose was to help the medical field and show that nurses could be more sufficient in their work field. Their intended audience includes graduate students in the college of nursing, nursing researchers and theorists. Brant, Beck and Miaskowski’s book is relevant to my topic because they focuses on a specific problem that they believes should be improved to advance the field of nursing. Brant, Beck and Miaskowski (2010) states that, “Advances in scientific discovery trigger a need for conceptual models and theories that capture current directions, not only in nursing but also in transdisciplinary symptom management research”. They argue that new scientific development needs to focus on advancing the nursing the field, specifically towards symptom management. This article relates to the claims made by Im and Chang because they discuss how the current trends in nursing theories are explored through new advances and findings as Brant discusses the needs for more scientific development in nursing. Bond, E., Eshah, N., Bani-Khaled, M., Hamad, A., Habashneh, S., Katua, H., al-Jarrah, I., & Kamal, A. (2011). Who uses nursing theory? A univariate descriptive analysis of five years' research articles. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences,?25, 404-409.Elaine Bond (et.al), a director of the nursing PhD program and Fulbright Scholar at the University of Jordan, in their 2011 article, “Who uses nursing theory? A univariate descriptive analysis of five years’ research articles”, explains that nursing theory helps define and recognize nursing knowledge in the medical field. They support this explanation through a variety of methods and visual tables that help to show the connections within these different nursing theories. Their purpose in writing this article was to show that nurses that gain more knowledge about their field will essentially improve patient care and nursing practice. The audience intended for this article includes nursing researchers, medical theorists, and nurses. Bond et.al.’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on improving the most important aspect in the nursing field, which is patient care and nursing practice. They also touch upon new advances in technology within the medical field that would benefit with nursing because better equipment will provide better care. Stating “As the profession has evolved, and nursing scientists have matured in their research techniques, they have increased their ability to perform numerous types of research; clinical trials, evaluation/policy research, intervention, replication, outcomes and methodological research”, Bond claims that nurses have been improving as new technology and research techniques come about as the profession grows and it helps their interaction with the caring for patients. This article relates to claims made by Brant, Beck and Miaskowski (2010) because the evidence of their findings with different nursing theories show that patient care and technology have improved over the years and this relates to Bond (et.al) because their findings are similar. Im, E., & Chang, S. J. (2012). Current trends in nursing theories.?Journal of Nursing Scholarship,?44(2), 156-164.Eun-Ok Im, and Sun Ju Chang, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania College of Nursing and a visiting scholar and post-doctoral researcher at the University of Pennsylvania College of Nursing, in their 2012 article, “Current Trends of Nursing Theories”, asserts that current trends in nursing theories refer to current tendencies or inclinations in theory development. They support this assertion by conducting a literary review using multiple databases which showed linkage between nursing theories to research. Their purpose was to explore current trends in nursing theories through an integrated literature review and to explain different methods of improving medical care. The intended audience for this article includes graduate students in the college of nursing, nursing theorists, and medical specialists. Im and Chang’s article is relevant to my topic because they maintain focus on the importance of advances in nursing research methods and nursing practices that use technology and knowledge. Stating, “At the early stage of nursing discipline, nursing theorists tended to develop theories mainly from their own experience and intuition in education or practice, and existing theories from other fields”, Im and Chang explains that nursing education is an important factor with the development of these nursing theories and as time goes on, nursing should develop with more technological advances and nursing practice should be improved (159). This article related to claims made by Bond et. Al because they both emphasize the important of patient care and nursing practice and that over time they should be more advanced and well used. BAKAN G. & AKYOL A.D. (2008) Theory-guided interventions for adaptation to heart failure. Journal of Advanced Nursing 61(5), 596–608.Gulcan Bakan and Asiye Akyol, cardiology nursing and assistant professors in Internal Medicine at the University School of Nursing in Izmir, Turkey, in their 2008 work, “Theory-guided interventions for adaption to heart failure”, claims that individuals that suffer from heart failure should have nurses that will provide the best patient care in order to prevent a traumatizing experience with inadequate nursing practices. They support this claim with research findings that show patient’s informal social support from other fellow patients and a healthcare team that influence adaption to chronic diseases. The purpose of this article was to examine the effects of a model-based experimental education, exercise, and social support on adaptions in people with heart failure. Their intended audience includes nurses specializing in cardiology, nursing theorists, and educators. Bakan and Akyol’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on the impact or nursing and patient care. In this article, patients with heart failure was the main focus and the way the patient was treated by the nurse influenced on how they will adapt to treatment of the disease. Stating “Nurses have an important role in educating and supporting patients with heart failure to comply with the medical regimen and practice self-care,” they emphasize the importance of nurse and patient communication (597). This article relates claims made by Brant, Beck and Miaskowski because they focused on the importance of advancement within the nursing field such as nursing and patient communication. Chen, C.C.H., Chang, C. K., Chyun, D.A., & McCorckle, R. (2005). Dynamics of nutritional health in a community sample of American elders: A multidimensional approach using Roy adaption model. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(4), 376-389.Cheryl Chen, Chin-Kuo Chang, Deborah Chyun, and Ruth McCorckle, professional doctors from National Taiwan University School of Nursing, in their 2005 article, “Dynamics of Nutritional Health in a Community Sample of American Elders: A Multidimensional Approach Using Roy Adaption Model,” claims that healthcare cost will be reduced and the quality of life will be enhanced if individuals receive adequate nutritional health. They supported this claim by a conduction of a cross-sectional community based survey that compared information on functional statuses, oral health, nutritional health and social support. Their purpose was to evaluate the dynamics of nutritional health by testing certain factors such as demographics, medication use, oral health, etc. to predict nutritional health as a guide for a multidimensional approach. Their intended audience would be health professionals, nutritionists, and nurses. Chang et. al’s article is relevant to my topic because nutritional health is something that should be improved to help the medical field. Chang et. al (2005) states “Nurses have intimate and ongoing contact with elderly patients and therefore have an opportunity and an obligation to assess and educate patients and caregivers regarding the care that promotes elders’ nutritional health.” They explain that nurses are a big factor with helping elders and individuals to have better nutritional health and it would be vital to make sure the patients and caregivers are educated on how to correctly take care of themselves. This article relates to claims made by Bakan and Akyol because they focused on how nurses should improve patient care to individuals with heart disease to prevent inadequate care. Both articles are similar because they focus on the interaction of nurses and patients and believe that this is an important factor to improve the medical field. Jaarsma T, Dassen T. (1993) The relationship of nursing theory and research: the state of the art. Journal of Advanced Nursing.18:783-787.Tiny Jaarsma and Theo Dassen, professional doctors at the University of Limberg department of nursing science, in their 1993 article, “The relationship of nursing theory and research: the state of the art,” claims that the use of theories in nursing research studies has increased, but the use of nursing theories has not become more frequent. They support this claim by testing different nursing theories and analyzing the results. Their purpose in writing this article was to analyze the role of theory in nursing research. The intended audience includes nursing researchers and theorists. Jaarsma and Dassen’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on nursing theories that have been developed over time and how it their effects can improve the medical field. Jaarsma and Dassen (1993) state, “It is being stressed that research should focus on testing and developing theories.” They explain that nursing theory should be the main focus with research so that nurses can perform their duties sufficiently in the medical field. This article relates to the claims made by Brant, Beck and Miaskowski because they discuss how research in symptom management is an aspect in nursing theory that should be improved. Nystrom M. (2007) A patient-oriented perspective in existential issues: a theoretical argument for applying Peplau’s interpersonal relation model in healthcare science and practice. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 27:282-288.Maria Nystrom, a professor at the School of Health Sciences at the University College in Sweden, in her 2007 article, “A patient-oriented perspective in existential issues: a theoretical argument for applying Peplau’s interpersonal relation model in healthcare science and practice,” claims that theories of interpersonal relations were relevant to healthcare work, and found that interaction between nurses and patients had an impact on outcomes for patients. She supports this claim by comparing different theories and concepts that relate to nursing and patient communication. Her purpose was to discuss borrowed theories and find a unique relation to theoretical foundation for healthcare science and practice. Her intended audience for this article includes nursing theorists, researchers, and nurses. Nystrom’s article is relevant to my topic because she focuses on the importance of nurse and patient communication. Stating, “Healthcare providers ought to add a scientific component in their work by applying useful theories in order to develop health care,” she argues that it is necessary for health care professionals to obtain more knowledge about their field so that they can improve the medical field. This article relates to the claims made by Bond et. al because they focus on improving nurse and patient communication as well, but they also explain that new technological advances would be a helping factor for the improvement of nursing. Reishtein J.L. (2005) Relationship between symptoms and functional performance in COPD. Research in Nursing & Health. 28:39-47.Judith L. Reishtein, post-doctoral and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, in her 2005 article, “Relationship between symptoms and functional performance in COPD,” argues that people with similar disease states often experience a wide range of symptoms and symptom severity. She supports this claim by conducting studies based on three different hypotheses and tested them with certain case scenarios. Her purpose was to determine the interrelationships and relative contributions within symptoms and functional performance. Her intended audience includes nursing theorists and nurses working in the medicals field. Reishtein’s article is relevant to my topic because she explains the connection between symptom functions and performance to patient outcome after a nurse has treated them. She states, “Although no studies of the relationship between sleep difficulties and function in people with COPD have been conducted, studies of other populations indicate the potentially important role of sleep disturbance as an influence on functional performance.” Essentially, Reishtein gives an example of a symptom such as sleep difficulties and explains that symptom management is an important factor for nurses to focus on with their patients. This article relates to the claims made by Brant, Beck and Miaskowski because they feel that nurses would be more sufficient in their field if symptom management is improved. Barret EA. (2002) What is nursing science? Nursing Science Quarterly. 15:51-60.Elizabeth Ann Barret, professor emeritus at the School of Nursing in University of New York, in her 2002 article, “What is Nursing Science?” claims nursing is a scientific art because it involves the attainment of knowledge for human betterment. She supports this claim by incorporating paradigmatic organization of nursing knowledge based a conceptual differentiation on all the paradigms. Her purpose was to define the aspect of “nursing science” in full detail and to explain the affects they have towards the medical field. Her intended audience includes nursing researchers, graduate students in the college of nursing, and nursing theorists. Barret’s article was relevant to my topic because she focused more in depth with the meaning of “nursing science” and how it affects the way new theory comes about in the nursing field. She states, “Nursing research is the means for developing the knowledge of nursing science, and the product of the research is all the knowledge that has been developed and disseminated.” Barret informs that with continual discovery and more knowledge on nursing science, the medical field will be more advanced and improved as time goes on. This article relates to the claims made by Jaarsma and Dassen because they explained the importance of nursing with new technology and gaining knowledge that will help advance the medical field. Andershed B, Olsson K. (2009) Review of research related to Kristen Swanson’s middle-range theory of caring. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 23:598-610.Birgitta Andershed and Kristina Olsson, an associate professor at the School of Health and Medicine in Orebro University and Department of Palliative Care director at Ersta Skondal University college in Sweden, in their 2009 article, “Review of Research Related to Kristen Swanson’s middle-range theory of caring,” claims that Kristen Swanson’s middle range theory of caring has been used throughout nursing practice and research and have been presented in international journals. They support this claim by explaining Swanson’s theories by illustrating tables and using different sources that relate to the same theories made by Swanson. Their purpose in writing this article was to identify Swanson’s theory and show how it could be applied to the nursing field. Their intended audience includes nursing researchers, nursing scientists, and modern medical theorists.Andershed and Olsson’s article is relevant to my topic because they focus on a specific nursing theorist and compare her claims to others while proposing ways that these theories could be improved to help the medical field. Stating, “The development of the discipline of nursing has gone through different stages, such as identifying the territory of the domain of nursing, theory syntax, concept development, and philosophical debates,” they argue that throughout the medical field, nurses will have to overcome different stages throughout their career should advance with better knowledge of their field as well as update on better technology to give the best care. This article relates to the claims made Chang et al. because they focus on the improvement nursing care and communication with patients as well as fellow nurses. ................
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