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Chapter 19Transforming the West, 1865-1890Chapter SummaryChapter 19 explores the transformation of the American West from a pioneer society to a modern society impacted by technology, industrialization, and urbanization. Topics examined in this chapter include Native American culture and the development of the Western economy with emphasis on the mining, cattle, and agriculture sectors.Subjugating Native Americans?As white people pressed westward, the initial obstacle to exploiting the West was the people who already lived there. The native peoples used the land in their own way, had different concepts of progress and civilization, and had developed a variety of economies and cultures. From the 1850s to the 1880s, warfare engulfed the advancing frontier; railroad expansion, the destruction of the buffalo, and technological development undercut the ability of the Native Americans to resist. The conquest gradually forced Indians onto reservations, but efforts to “Americanize” the Indian way of life were less successful.Exploiting the Mountains: The Mining Bonanza?The first stage of the economic development of the West centered on mining as swarms of eager prospectors were attracted into the mountains and deserts in search of gold and silver. The male-dominated saloon society of the mining camps generated violence and social conflicts. Mining was transformed from an individual effort into a corporate one; as minerals became more difficult to uncover, mining became technologically complex and expensive. Corporate mining permanently changed the landscape of the West through its environmental impact.Exploiting the Grass: The Cattle Kingdom?The development of the range cattle industry opened a second stage in the exploitation of the West. It reflected the needs of the Eastern urban society for food and the ability of the expanding rail network to deliver it. The cattle kingdom spread from Texas into the Great Plains; after the era of the long drives, cattle ranching became an increasingly corporate endeavor. While the romantic image of the cowboy is one of a rugged individualist freed of societal constraints, the actual work was hard, dirty, seasonal, dangerous, and poorly paid.Exploiting the Earth: Homesteaders and Agricultural Expansion?Even more than ranching and mining, agricultural growth boosted the West’s economy and bound it to national and world markets. Government played a significant role in the expansion of farming, as did railroads, science and technology, Eastern capital, and hard work. The Homestead Act, along with land, railroad, and steamship companies, encouraged Western migration. Settlers encountered many difficulties: a radically new environment, the need for new farming techniques, weather conditions, loneliness, and isolation. These were combined with farmers being part of a global economic system; farmers reached the conclusion that something was terribly wrong with the system, and that bankers, grain elevator operators, and the railroads were to blame.Chapter OutlineI.Subjugating Native AmericansA.Tribes and Culture1.Regional diversity2.The cultural incompatibility between Native Americans and whitesB.Federal Indian PolicyC.Warfare and Dispossession1.The Sand Creek Massacre2.The challenge of the Sioux Indians3.The defeat of the Nez Perce4.The defeat of the Navajos, Comanches, and CheyennesD.Life on the Reservation: OmesicanigationII.Exploiting the Mountains: The Mining BonanzaA.Rushes and Mining Camps1.The major rushes of the late nineteenth century2.Characteristics of life in mining camps3.Gender imbalance in the mining campsB.Labor and Capital1.Technological advances in mining2.Corporate control of miningIII.Exploiting the Grass: The Cattle KingdomA.Cattle Drives and Cow Towns1.The Western cattle industry2.The cow townB.Rise and Fall of Open Range RanchingC.Cowhands and CapitalistsIV.Exploiting the Earth: Homesteaders and Agricultural ExpansionA.Settling the Land1.The Homestead Act of 18622.Anglo seizure of Hispanic village communitiesB.Home on the RangeC.Farming the Land1.Challenges faced by Western farmers2.The integration of Western agriculture into the national economy3.Adversity faced by Western farmersV.ConclusionChapter 19Transforming the West, 1865–1890Multiple ChoiceSection 1: Subjugating the Native Americans1.The Central Pacific Railroad company relied heavily on the low-paid, hard work done byPage Ref.: 4992.Which statement best describes the cultures of the tribes that lived throughout the West?Page Ref.: 499-5003.Pueblo society was noted for itsPage Ref.: 5004.All of the following tribes lived on the Great Plains EXCEPT thePage Ref.: 5005.A common element among all tribes of the West was theirPage Ref.: 5006.What event in 1848 started a huge influx of whites into Indian territory?Page Ref.: 50111.Simultaneous to white settlers pressing on the eastern edge of the Great Plains, what else was happening?Page Ref.: 50112.All of the following factors resulted in many Indian deaths on the Great Plains EXCEPTPage Ref.: 50113.What statement best describes General Philip Sheridan’s views on Indian resistance?Page Ref.: 50114.Which statement about the Sand Creek Massacre is NOT true?Page Ref.: 50215.The leader of the Sand Creek Massacre, John Chivington, wasPage Ref.: 50216.At the Battle of One Hundred Slain,Page Ref.: 50217.Whites destroyed the buffalo herds for all of the following reasons EXCEPTPage Ref.: 50218.The Sioux were finally defeatedPage Ref.: 50319.It took 5,000 U.S. troops to capture 36 Apaches led byPage Ref.: 50320.Protestant religious groups persuaded the Bureau of Indian Affairs to frame a criminal codePage Ref.: 50321.What happened at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890?Page Ref.: 50322.Effects of the Dawes Act includedPage Ref.: 506Section 2: Exploiting the Mountains: The Mining Bonanza23.An important gold rush in 1859 occurred inPage Ref.: 50624.All of the following statements are true about typical mining towns EXCEPTPage Ref.: 50625.Which statement about prostitutes in mining towns is NOT true?Page Ref.: 50826.In Roughing It, Mark Twain wrote that men became influential in mining towns by sellingPage Ref.: 50827.What was significant about the town of Bodie, California, between 1877 and 1883?Page Ref.: 50828.Which group suffered from the most prejudice in mining towns?Page Ref.: 50829.Mining eventually became a corporate operation becausePage Ref.: 50930.To protect their interests while corporations were taking over, minersPage Ref.: 50931.The development of mining technology resulted inPage Ref.: 50932.Poor conditions for miners resulted inPage Ref.: 50933.Violence and conflict often erupted between miners and mine owners due toPage Ref.: 510Section 3: Exploiting The Grass: The Cattle Kingdom34.The cattle industry and “cattle drives” originated inPage Ref.: 51035.All of the following statements about the Cattle Kingdom are true EXCEPTPage Ref.: 51036.Joseph McCoy made an important decision when hePage Ref.: 51037.The Chisholm Trail was used toPage Ref.: 51038.Which of the following was NOT a cow town?Page Ref.: 51039.What country introduced cattle to the Southwest in the eighteenth century?Page Ref.: 51040.The corporate cattle boom collapsed becausePage Ref.: 51141.Ecological disasters that plagued the Cattle Kingdom included all of the following EXCEPTPage Ref.: 51142.Which group was NOT a major part of the people known as “cowboys”?Page Ref.: 51243.All of the following statements are true about cowboys EXCEPTPage Ref.: 512Section 4: Exploiting The Earth: Homesteaders and Agricultural Expansion44.The Homestead ActPage Ref.: 51345.Farming in the WestPage Ref.: 513-51446.Railway companies encouraged settlers to come to the WestPage Ref.: 51447.The Santa Fe RingPage Ref.: 51448.Which statement would have most likely been said by a member of Las Gorras Blancas?Page Ref.: 51549.White pioneers on the Great Plains faced all of the following problems EXCEPTPage Ref.: 51550.A lack of timber caused a shortage of fencing that was finally solved byPage Ref.: 51651.Many farmers of the Great Plains turned to growing wheat becausePage Ref.: 51652.As western farming was incorporated into national life, it relied on all of the following EXCEPTPage Ref.: 51653.The westward expansion had all of the following effects EXCEPTPage Ref.: 515-516Chronology54.What is the correct order of events?a.Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn, gold found in Coloradob.Gold found in Colorado, Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Hornc.Sand Creek Massacre, gold found in Colorado, Battle of Little Big Horn d.Battle of Little Big Horn, gold found in Colorado, Sand Creek Massacre55.Which headline would have appeared in 1890?a.“Invention of Barbed Wire Will Revolutionize Farming on the Great Plains”b.“Civil-War General Custer Killed by Sioux Attack”c.“Rail Line Stretches to Pacific Coast!”d.“Ghost Dance Ended as Militia Executes Sioux”56.Which event happened during the Civil War?a.Transcontinental railroad completedb.Passage of the Dawes Actc.Gold discovered in the Black Hillsd.The Sand Creek Massacre57.Which event happened last?a.Gold discovered in Idahob.The Battle of Little Big Hornc.The massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakotad.Transcontinental railroad completedShort Essays58.What technological advances changed farming and mining in the West?59.What unique challenges faced white settlers on the Great Plains?60.In what ways did the Dawes Act aid and/or harm Indians?61.What combination of factors boosted the fortunes of agriculture in the West?62.How was the nature of the Cattle Kingdom changed by labor and environmental conditions?Extended Essays63.What were the major cultural differences that led to conflicts between whites and Indians on the Great Plains? Describe specific examples of these conflicts. Do you feel that these conflicts could have been avoided? Why or why not?64.What role did the mining industry play in migration to the West? What social trends and conflicts emerged as the result of this expansion of mining into the West?pare and contrast the lives of women in the working class of the industrial Northeast with the lives of pioneer women of the Great Plains? If you had to choose, which life would you have preferred?66.How did railroads shape the settlement and development of the West? Give examples of the positive and negative effects of the rail lines spreading from coast to coast.67.Analyze the cultural confrontations and class conflicts that developed as the railroad industry, Cattle Kingdom, and mining industry grew.68.Evaluate Sitting Bull’s contention that the Plains Indians and whites “cannot live together.” What evidence supports his claim? Can you think of policies or decisions, if they had been used, that would have made it possible for the two peoples to peacefully coexist? If no, why not? ................
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