Standards, Specifications and Guidelines for GPS Surveys ...

Director of Surveys & Technical Services Branch

Standards, Specifications & Guidelines For

GPS Surveys Of

Alberta Survey Control

March 2001

Updated: March 2, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 5

1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Accuracy......................................................................................................... 7 1.3 The Manual..................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Terms Used Within This Manual..................................................................... 8

2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 9 2.1 GPS System ? Satellites, Receivers & Software ........................................... 9 2.2 Errors Sources Associated with GPS ............................................................. 9 2.2.A Satellite Ephemeris Errors................................................................ 9 2.2.B Clock Errors.................................................................................... 10 2.2.C Tropospheric and Ionospheric Errors ............................................. 10 2.2.D Cycle Ambiguities and Cycle Slips ................................................. 11 2.2.E Multipath, Imaging and Antenna Phase Centre Variations ............. 11 2.2.F Selective Availability ....................................................................... 12 2.3 Orthometric Height Considerations............................................................... 12 2.3.A Accuracy of GPS-Derived Heights.................................................. 13 2.3.B Orthometric and Geodetic Height Relationship .............................. 13

3 DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Principles ...................................................................................................... 15 3.1.A Physical Characteristics ................................................................. 15 3.1.B Network Integration Characteristics................................................ 15 3.2 Accuracy....................................................................................................... 17 3.2.A 2-Dimensional Accuracy Standard ................................................. 17 3.2.B 3-Dimensional Accuracy Standard ................................................. 18 3.2.C Minimum Standard Geometrical Error ............................................ 18 3.2.D Vertical Accuracy Standard ............................................................ 18 3.3 General Information...................................................................................... 19 3.3.A Reconnaissance ............................................................................. 19 3.3.B Landowner Contact ........................................................................ 19 3.3.C Utility Checks.................................................................................. 20 3.3.D Site Preparation.............................................................................. 20 3.3.E Marker Condition Reports............................................................... 20 3.3.D Design Documentation ................................................................... 20 3.3.F Approval ......................................................................................... 21 3.3.G Marker Location Descriptions......................................................... 21

4 DATA ACQUISITION ................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Equipment Considerations............................................................................ 22

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4.1.A GPS Receiver/Processor Unit(s) .................................................... 22 4.1.B Antenna(s)...................................................................................... 22 4.1.C Data Collection ............................................................................... 23 4.2 Field Procedures .......................................................................................... 24 4.2.A Field Log......................................................................................... 24 4.2.B GPS Surveys in Built-up Areas....................................................... 25 4.2.C Receiver Deployment Schemes ..................................................... 25 4.2.D Reliability Confirmation................................................................... 26

4.2.D.1 Repeated Baseline Analysis ............................................. 26 4.2.D.2 Baseline Residuals ........................................................... 26 4.2.D.3 Loop Closures .................................................................. 27

5 DATA HANDLING PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 28 5.1 Data Processing ........................................................................................... 28 5.1.A Data Decoding................................................................................ 28 5.1.B Baseline Processing ....................................................................... 29 5.1.C Least Squares Adjustment ............................................................. 30 5.2 Data Evaluation ............................................................................................ 30 5.2.A Internal Consistency of the GPS Survey ........................................ 30 5.2.B External Consistency of the GPS Survey ....................................... 31 5.3 Data Reporting and Returns ......................................................................... 31 5.3.A General Information Reporting ....................................................... 32 5.3.B Adjustment Results......................................................................... 33 5.3.C Data Returns .................................................................................. 34

6 VALIDATION .............................................................................................................. 36 6.1 Purpose of GPS Validation Surveys ............................................................. 36 6.2 The Validation Process................................................................................. 37 6.2.1 Project Design ................................................................................ 37 6.2.1 Data Acquisition .............................................................................. 38 6.2.2 Data Handling ................................................................................. 38 6.2.3.A Least Squares Adjustment................................................ 38 6.2.3.B Data Evaluation ................................................................ 39 6.2.3.C Data Returns .................................................................... 41 6.3 Qualification of Contractors .......................................................................... 41

APPENDIX A - EXAMPLE - PROJECT DESIGN & DATA ACQUISITION .................... 44

1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 44

2 PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 44 2.1 Background .................................................................................................. 44 2.2 Operational Requirements............................................................................ 45 2.3 Proposal ....................................................................................................... 45

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2.3.A Project Design ................................................................................ 45 2.3.A.1 HPN Integration Survey .................................................... 45 2.3.A.2 CBN Integration Survey .................................................... 46

2.3.B Data Acquisition.............................................................................. 47 2.4 Validation Survey.......................................................................................... 48

2.4.A Short Baseline Evaluation .............................................................. 49 2.4.B Long Baseline Evaluation ............................................................... 49 3 Summary ......................................................................................................... 49

APPENDIX B - BLANK SKYPLOT & GPS FIELD LOG FORMS ................................... 61

APPENDIX C ? GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY ZONES IN CANADA ............................... 63

APPENDIX D ? ASCM CONDITION REPORT ............................................................. 64

APPENDIX E ? INPUT DATA FILE FORMATS............................................................. 66

1 GHOST FORMAT INPUT FILE .................................................................................. 66 1.1 Title Block ..................................................................................................... 66 1.2 Adjustment Definition Header Record .......................................................... 66 1.3 Coordinate Parameter Definition .................................................................. 66 1.4 Session Description Information ................................................................... 67 1.5 Observation Definition .................................................................................. 67

2. GEOLAB INPUT FILE (VERSION 2 OR 3) ............................................................... 68

APPENDIX F - GPS PRODUCTION & VALIDATION SURVEY CHECKLIST ............... 79

APPENDIX G REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 83

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TABLES

Table 1: Contractor Data Submission Requirements for GPS Production Surveys ........... 35 Table 2: In-Context Significance Levels ............................................................................ 40 Table 3: Contractor Data Submission Requirements for GPS Validation Surveys ............ 43 Table 4: Proposed HPN Markers for Town of Hyder ......................................................... 44 Table 5: HPN Survey - Session vs ASCMs Matrix............................................................. 46 Table 6: CBN Survey - Session vs ASCMs Matrix............................................................. 47 Table 7: Validation Survey (Short Baselines) - Session vs ASCMs Matrix ........................ 49 Table 8: Validation Survey (Long Baselines) - Session vs ASCMs Matrix......................... 49

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