Main Ideas Outline - Chapter 1



Main Ideas Outline - Chapter 1

Native American Cultures

Civilizations in South

Maya, Aztec, Inca - Empires

Agriculture

Technology – Cities, Government Org, Agriculture and Trade

Civilizations in North

Complex and varied civilizations

Subsisted on Hunting, Gathering, Fishing

Dwellings, cities (Cahokia, Mesa Verde)

Mound Building

Cultural differences (social, political, economic)

Agricultural Revolution

Transformation from nomadic to sedentary

Population Growth

Permanent shelters

More time – Develop culture (religion, language)

Bonds with natural world – center of lifestyle, religion

Social and labor divisions

Europeans

Middle Ages (500-1500)

Fall of Roman Empire – Lost knowledge (Dark Ages)

Feudalism, Fiefdoms, Roman Catholic Church, Plague, War

Renaissance (1450-1550)

Population Growth

Rise in property values – demand (Nobles wealthy- rents)

Demand for new products and markets

Reawakening of commerce – New merchant class arise (Crusades)

Advancement in technology – ships, instruments, maps, navigation

New United and powerful governments (centralization)

New stronger monarchs – stand up to pope

Great wealth and power

Professional armies, tax collection, court systems

Nobility weakened

Demand for greater sources of commerce and markets

European Societies of the 1400s

Social Hierarchy

Ranked by class

Ruled by nobles, landowners and clergy

Lowest order comprised by peasants and field laborers

Nobility offered peasants land and protection

Peasants supplied labor, crops, livestock, and military service

Little social mobility

Exception was artisans and merchants

Made money for selves and tax revenue for monarchs

Taxes help fund exploration of new world

Christianity Shapes the European Outlook

Roman Catholic Church is dominate institution in Western Europe

Pope and Bishops held great political and spiritual authority

Priests convey church’s interpretation of God to the people

Christians encouraged to convert people of other faiths

Muslims founded in 600s posed a political challenge to the

Catholic Church

Muslims by 732 controlled region from Indus River to Morocco

including Iberian Peninsula

Christians launch crusades (holy wars) to liberate lands in Muslim hands

(1096-1270)

Crusades fail to rescue Holy Land (Jerusalem)

Crusades spark trade

Crusades weaken the power of European nobles

Crusades reduced prestige of pope and power of the Catholic

Church

Reformation (1500s) was a movement to reform Catholic Church

Divided Europe between Catholicism and Protestantism

Commerce Expands and Nations Rise

Crusades open up Asia to trade (cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and pepper)

Spices important to disguise taste of rotten meat

Modern business institutions arise in Italy, International Banking

Houses and Corporations

Joint Stock Companies financed colonial expeditions to the

Americas

During the 1400s population and wealth grew in Europe

Four major nations began to emerge: Portugal, Spain, France and

England

They became powerful by collecting new taxes, raising professional

armies, and forming stronger central governments.

Merchants paid taxes in exchange for protection and expansion of

trade

In 1300s nobles began investing in weaponry (cannons, crossbows,

firearms)

Limited power of independent nobles and gave advantage over Africans

and Native Americans

Monarchs expanded trade and empire to pay for large armies and

bureaucracies

The Renaissance Spirit Takes Hold

Rebirth

Starts in Italy, stimulated by commercial contact with Asia and Africa

Rediscovered classical works

Studies Islamic scholars

Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created lasting works of art (religious themes)

Realistic depictions of life

Inventions

Encouraged people to become more individualistic

Desire to become famous or rich

Spread of Renaissance culture helped by Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press in 1450

Books easier and cheaper to produce

First books include Bible and Marco Polo’s “Journeys”

Europe Enters New Age of Expansion

European interest in expansion starts with Marco Polo’s journey to China in 1200s

Polo’s book in 1477 inspires imagination

Polo traveled overland taking 14 years

Europeans seek easier overseas route to East

Mapmaking revived from 2nd Century Ptolemy

Sailing Technology Improves

European captains in the 1400s experiment with the compass and astrolabe

Helped sailors plot direction at sea

Prince Henry of Portugal established school to train sailors

Sent captains to sail around West Coast of Africa

Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa in 1488

Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498

Portuguese trades cut costs and increased profits

Cartographers redrew map of the known world

Christopher Columbus believed there was a shorter route-sailing west.

“What is Culture”

Outcomes when cultures meet (Coexistence, War, Assimilation)

Age of Exploration (1450- 1600)

Crusades – Reopen trade with Islamic Middle East

Exotics of Middle East

Marco Polo (121) – Journeys (1477)

Exotics of Asia and East (spices, fabrics, dyes, gold)

Islamic / Mongol control of Eastern trade routes

Need for sea route east

Henry the Navigator – Portugal

Fighting Moors in Africa (Est. Christian Empire)

Gold to finance wars

Library / School of navigation

Expeditions

Farther south around West Africa – Surveying – Mapping

Bartolomeu Dias (1486) – Rounds tip of Africa

Vasco de Gama (1498) – India

Cabral (1500) – Brazil (accident)

Columbus

Genoa, Italy

Sailing for Portuguese

Sail west to Asia (Atlantic narrow, world smaller)

Spanish patronage (Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile)

Strongest monarchs in Europe

Centralized government

Demonstrate strength

First Voyage (1492)

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria (Aug.)

Ten weeks at sea – San Salvador

Thought in China – similarities in geography

Claims land for Spain (Both continents)

Taino - “Indians”

Returns to Spain with captured natives, tales of gold

Admiral of the Ocean Sea – 10% of all treasure

Second Voyage (1493)

Larger expedition

Soldiers, Priests, Orders from crown

Small colony on Hispaniola

Third Voyage (1498)

Reach main land (Northern Coast of South America)

Realized he was not in Asia

Still believed he was in Far East (until death)

Fourth Voyage (1502)

Mexico, Latin America

Columbus dies in obscurity - Amerigo Vespucci – “America”

Wealth from Columbus’ expeditions finances others

Spain replaces Portugal as leader in exploration

Balboa – Pacific Ocean (1513)

Magellan- Cross Pacific , circumvent globe (1522)

Consequential voyages explore west and east coast to Canada, So Am.

Spanish in the New World

Spanish Pattern of Conquest (Coexistence, War, Assimilation)

Columbus’ Second Voyage

Spanish Mission – Gold, God, Glory

Realize wealth on New World rivals Asia

Claim all for themselves (treaty of Tordesillas)

Enslavement, Cruelty and Search for Gold

Barolomeo de las Casas – “History of the Indies”

“European World View”

Conquistadores (Subjegation and Extermination)

Hernando Cortes (1518)

600 soldiers, horses, weapons, dogs of war, disease

Conquest of Aztec Empire (Tenochitlan)

Montezuma’s Gold

First assault fails – Montezuma assassinated by Aztecs

Unleashed Small Pox – God’s will

Second assault successful – Native allies

Silver discovered in Mexico

Francisco Pizzarro (1532)

Conquers Incas in Peru

Mines of Potosi

Hernando de Soto (1539)

Florida and Gulf Coast (Mississippi River)

Francisco Coronado (1540)

Southwest United States

Cities of Gold

Stages of Spanish Conquest in Americas

First (1492- 1520) – Discovery (coexistence)

Second (1520-1570) – Conquest (war)

Third (1570 – 1700) – Settlement / Colonization (assimilation)

Ordinances of Discovery – Banned brutal military conquests

Introduction of Spanish (European) Culture

Priests – Conversion (Mission System)

Presidios – Forts to protect and establish governments

Encomiendas – Extraction of labor and tribute (Fuedalism)

Farming, Mining, Trade, Ranchos (Feed Spanish)

Permanent US Spanish settlements – St. Augustine (1565), Sante Fe (1609)

Native Resistance

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Assimilation of natives – still relied on own customs, religions

Pope led revolt – Forced Spanish out (12 years)

Spanish return and crush revolt, resistance

Spanish loosen labor restrictions, intermarry, baptize, educate

Cultures merge (Mestizo)

Spanish Empire (1580s-)

Vast wealth (10x more than other European Nations)

Control and assimilation of vast empire

Centralized control by monarchy – little autonomy for colonies

Regulation of trade and commerce (taxes)

All trade from central ports in New World to Seville

Encouraged Pirates (British)

Stifled trade and economic development

Extraction vs. permanent settlements (agriculture)

Rule by proxy not by population

Effects of European Contact

Disease (Influenza, Typhus, Measles, Chicken Pox, Mumps, Small Pox-Livestock)

Depopulation (95%)

Extermination and Subjugation – “Savages”, Posed threat to European control

More advanced than Europeans willing to admit

Destruction of Culture – Destruction of cities, records, temples, political and

social structures, Lost knowledge due to death of elders, assimilation

Columbian Exchange- Importation of livestock, crops, metal tools, weapons

Disease, horses and slaves

Exportation of precious metals, crops, slaves

Agricultural Revolution in Europe

Adaptation by Native Americans and Europeans of best practices

Social Structure – Intermarriage (labor, lack of native men, alliances)

Labor Systems – Natives dead or weak – importation of African Slaves

West African Slave trade

Further Cultural Introductions (rice, religion, language, social patterns)

Labor Intensive Crops - Sugar Cane, Rice, Cotton

Portuguese-Spanish-Dutch-English (Order as masters of Slave Trade)

“Indian’s New World”

The Arrival of the English

First contact with New World – John Cabot (1497)

Expedition sponsored by King Henry VII

Search for a Northwest Passage

Travel west through New World to China

English travels remain expeditionary survey parties

English Reasons for settlement in the New World

Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) – Social, Political, Economic Critique

Better life in the colonies

Fresh Start

Perfect Society (No flaws or inequalities of the Old World)

Nature of Tudorian England

European Wars

Religious Strife (Reformation)

Economic Transformation (Enclosure Movement)

Wool Production – displaces farmers

Population Growth

Rising Merchant Class – Created domestic and foreign cloth industry

Charter Companies

Monopoly on trade of particular good or in a particular region

Mercantilism (State sponsored commerce)

Nation as a whole not individuals principle actors in economy

Overseas exploration (Paid for by taxes)

Goal = increase nation’s wealth

Fosters competition among nations – One nation’s gain was

another’s loss

Create demand for exports while limiting the numbers of imports

Gold reserves – Monetary policies in Europe

Wool Market in Netherlands collapse (1550)

Colonies

Ready markets for imports, Suppliers of raw materials

Alleviate poverty and over population

Less reliance on foreign countries (Less need to rely on international markets and resources)

Increase control of new territories with less cost than army (Settlement)

Religious Incentive

Luther’s Reformation (1517)

Challenge to Roman Catholic Church- Reform

Bible the voice of God – not Popes and clergy

Faith alone necessary for salvation (Good Works)

John Calvin (Calvinism)

Predestination – Determined by God before birth

Salvation can not be altered

People’s lives indicated whether they were saved or not

Ruthless and useless existence = Damnation

Success, diligence = Signs of Grace

Led to followers striving to lead productive lives

Huguenots – France, Puritans - England

English Reformation

King Henry VIII – Divorce from Catherine of Aragon (1529)

Pope refuses (doctrine of Church and aunt of Charles V)

Formed Anglican Church –Act of Supremacy (1532)

Mary I

Catholic resurgence – Protestants flee England

“Bloody Mary”

Pilgrims to Holland

Elizabeth I

Re-severed relationship with Catholic Church (Spain)

Thirty Years War – Spanish Netherlands, Armada

Protestant sects felt reforms were not pure enough

Puritan Separatists

Practice own religion despite English Law

James I of Scotland (Stuart Dynasty)

Divine Right

Rejects any and all opposition

Puritans question practice of favoritism toward Catholics

King supported rituals and practices of “High Mass”

English Pattern of Colonization

Irish Precedent (1560s -1570s)

Tried at first to conquer and subdue native populations

Mostly Catholic (Pagan infusion)

Gaelic Culture and Language

Barbaric “savages” according to English

Could or should not be assimilated into English culture (too crude)

Must therefore be suppressed, isolated or destroyed -Rebellions

Sirs Greenville, Raleigh, Gilbert

Led to Pattern of colonization

Assumption that English settlers could not assimilate “savages”

Must remain separate

Transplant English society on native soil (Plantation Models)

Pale of Settlement-Area physically removed from Natives

First English Settlements

Roanoke (1585) Jamestown (1607)

Rise of nationalism- Elizabeth I

Expansion of Empire

Rivalry with Spain – Europe and Americas (Dominant military and naval power)

Thirty Years War – Holy Roman Emperor Philip II

Portugal now part of Spain

Sea Dogs – pirates in state employ

Challenge supremacy of Spanish ships

Sir Francis Drake

Philip II and the Spanish Armada – Invasion of England (1588)

End English interference in Netherlands, Catholicism

Spanish dominance of Atlantic / New World ended

Colonization

Gilbert - Newfoundland 1583(Ships sank)

Raleigh – Colony of Virginia 1585 (Virgin Queen)

Roanoke (NC) 1587

Families sent to set up “plantation”

Virginia Dare White

John White – leader sent to England for supplies

Delayed by Thirty Years War (3 years)

Island deserted - “Croatoan”

James I (1609)

Divides New World into two Charters

London Company –South

Plymouth Company- North

French Model

Rivals with the English (Spanish preoccupied in Mexico)

Quebec (1608)

Traveled to the interior (rivers, lakes) – English hug coast

Forged close direct trading ties with the Native Americans

Coureurs De Bois – Fur Trappers and Traders

Living with and intermarrying with Natives

Jesuit Missionaries

Trade and Military post – no real permanent settlement – Montreal, Detroit, etc.

Alliances – Algonquin (rivalries with Iroquois)

Dutch Model

Won independence from Spain – Thirty Years War (Holland, Belguim)

Europe’ leading trading nation –Shift from Med. Sea to Atlantic

New York – Henry Hudson (1609)

Trade, partnerships with Native populations

Dutch West India Company (1624)

Permanent trading posts along rivers

Granted large feudal estates to landlords (patroons)

Encouraged and paid for immigration to New Netherland

Families were primary unit of immigration

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