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ClausesWhat is a clause?A clause is a part of a sentence. A clause is a group of related word that contains a subject as well as a verb. A clause is a meaningful combination of words, as it can, alone, express a complete thought. A clause can be a simple sentence. Hence, clause is also sometimes defined as a group of words having a subject and predicate. It can also be said that each sentence consists of at least one clause.Read the following simple examples of a clause:He laughed.I am sleeping.He sings song.The dark is barking.The above examples reveal that a clause can be a simple sentence.A clause can also be a part of compound or complex sentence which consists of more than one clause. Read the following examples:She is crying. (one clause)The patient died. (one clause)I waited for him, but he didn’t come. (two clauses)He is going to college, because he wants to meet his friend. (two clauses)My sister likes Biology, but I like Physics because I want to become an engineer. (three clauses)A clause by definition is a combination of words having both subject and verb. Hence, a part of a simple sentence can also be viewed as a clause. Read the following examples:They are laughing at a joker.I saw him in the street.She cooks food in the kitchen.Study the examples given below.He took out his pen and started writing.The above sentence has two clauses:He took out his pen.He started writing.The two clauses are connected using the coordinating conjunction ‘and’.Another example is given below.I will help him because I like him.The above sentence also has two clauses:I will help him.I like him.The two clauses are connected using the subordinating conjunction ‘because’.There are two types of clauses: coordinate clause and subordinate clauseWhen a sentence consists of two clauses of equal rank, they are called coordinate clauses.Consider the sentence given below.I went to Delhi, but I could not meet him.The above sentence has two clauses:1. I went to Delhi.2. I could not meet him.Both clauses make complete sense and can stand independently. They are connected by the conjunction ‘but’.When two independent clauses are connected by a coordinating conjunction, we get a compound sentence.The first part of the compound sentence is called the main or principal clause. The second part which is connected to the first part with a coordinating conjunction is called the coordinate clause.Words used to connect clausesIn English, we use two types of words to connect clauses. These are conjunctions and relative pronouns. Conjunctions are of two types: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.Main Clause and Subordinate ClauseA clause is a combination of related words containing a subject and a verb. It can be a simple sentence or a part of a compound sentence.Examples:She laughed (one clause)I waited for him, but he didn’t come (two clauses)Clause have two major types:Independent Clause (Main Clause)Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause)Read the following sentence:I saw a man who was crying.The above sentence has two clauses: ‘I saw a man’ and ‘who was crying’. The first clause ‘I saw a man’ gives a complete meaning and can alone stand as a complete sentence. Such a phrase is called Main or Independent Clause.On the other hand, the second clause ‘who was crying’ does give a complete meaning and cannot (as alone) stand as a complete sentence. It depends on the main clause to give a complete meaning. Such a clause is called Subordinate or Dependent Clause.See the following examples and make a guess which one is Independent Clause and which one is dependent clause:I saw a man who was crying.The professor asked many question but no one could answer.I met a friend who helped me a lot.The contacted the customer who had not paid the bill.He does not like the people who smoke.We met a man who could speak many languages.She loves her husband, who never tells a lie.Independent Clauses (Main clause)An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning. For example: The door opened.A main clause is a type of clause that can stand alone. Main clauses are also called coordinate clauses. Main clauses are introduced by coordinating conjunctions like and, but, or, yet, so, for and nor.She is my friend and I like her.She was tired but she was cheerful.He is one of the best cricketers in the city, yet his favorite game is soccer.I like him so I helped him.Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: "The door opened." "The man walked in." = The door opened and the man walked in. Dependent ClausesA dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.A subordinate clause is a type of clause that cannot stand alone. Subordinate clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. Examples are: as, because, since, when, while, if, whether, unless, that etc.I will give you a call when I am ready.As she was not ready, we went without her.Since they have apologized, we will not take any further actions against them.A subordinate clause can come either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. When subordinate clauses come at the beginning of a sentence, we usually separate them with a comma.Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone. Subordinating Conjunctionsafteralthough as because before even if even though if in order that once provided that rather than since so that thanthatthoughunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereaswhereverwhetherwhilewhy?Relative PronounsthatwhichwhicheverwhowhoeverwhomwhosewhoseverwhomeverFor example: The door opened because the man pushed it. There are three types of Subordinate Clause depending upon its function in a sentence:Noun ClauseA subordinate clause which acts as a noun in a sentence is called a Noun Clause. It usually starts with words such as ‘that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever’. It acts exactly like a noun in a sentence. It can work as a noun either at the place of a subject or an object.Examples:Whatever we study increases our knowledge. (Noun as a subject)What you eat determines your body-size. (Noun as a subject)I buy whatever I need. (Noun as a subject)Now I realized what you had thought. (Noun as a subject)Adverb ClauseA subordinate clause which acts as an adverb in a sentence is called an Adverb Clause. Like an adverb, it modifies a verb, an adjective-clause or another adverb clause in the sentence. It modifies (add information to) a verb (action) of the main clause in terms of ‘time, frequency (i.e. how often), condition, cause and effect; and intensity (i.e. extent).It mostly uses the following subordinating conjunctions:Time : when, whenever, since, until, before, after, while, as, by the time, as soon as.Cause and effect : because, since now that, as long as, so, so that.Contrast : although, even, whereas, while, thoughCondition : if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing or provided that, in case.Examples:Call me when you need my help (modifies verb:call)Unless you avoid sugar, you can’t lose weight (modifies verb:lose weight)The patient had died before the doctor reached (modifies verb:die)You lived a happy life as long as you think positively (modifies verb:live)I worked in a factory while I was living in London (modifies verb:work)You can succeed in life provided that you are sincere to your work (modifies verb:succeed) Adjective ClauseA subordinate clause which acts as an adjective in a sentence is called an Adjective Clause. Like an adjective, it modifies (add information to) a noun or pronoun in the sentence. An adjective clause mostly starts with relative pronouns such as ‘that, who, whom, whose, which or whose’.Relative pronouns are words like who, whom, whose, that and which. They are used to introduce relative clauses. Note that relative clauses are also called adjective clauses.Relative pronouns connect two clauses. They also act as the subject or object of the verb in the relative clause.This is the girl who won the first prize.This is the problem whose solution has baffled everybody.Other Examples:I saw a child who was crying (modifies noun: child)He hates the people who waste time (modifies noun: people)I watch a movie which amused me a lot (modifies noun: movie)The car, which I like, consumes less fuel (modifies noun: car)The building, where he lives, consists of many apartments (modifies noun: buidling)Relative adverbs are words like when, where and why. Like relative pronouns, relative adverbs are also used to connect two clauses.Do you know a place where I can buy used cameras?Do you know the reason why she hates me?I will never remember the day when I first met her.Restrictive or Non-restrictive?Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. Restrictive relative clauses are also called defining relative clauses. Non-restrictive relative clauses are also called non-defining relative clauses.Restrictive clause modifies a noun giving information about it as well as by specifying it. On the other hand, the nonrestrictive clause modifies a noun only by giving information about it but do not specify it.Restrictive ClauseA restrictive modifying clause (or essential clause) is an adjective clause that is essential to the meaning of a sentence because it limits the thing it refers to. The meaning of the sentence would change if the clause were deleted. Because restrictive clauses are essential, they are not set off by commas.All students who do their work should pass easily.The car that I want is out of my price range.The gas company will discontinue our service unless we pay our bills by Friday.Nonrestrictive ClausesA nonrestrictive modifying clause (or nonessential clause) is an adjective clause that adds extra or nonessential information to a sentence. The meaning of the sentence would not change if the clause were to be omitted. Nonrestrictive modifying clauses are usually set off by commas.Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote "The Raven," is a great American poet.Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, when it was ceded to the United States.Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses. In English a non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in writing, unlike a restrictive clause. For example:The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits.The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.This second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, the sentence states that any builder who builds such houses will make a profit.The difference between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauseRestrictive ClauseNonrestrictive ClauseRestrictive Clause is also called Essential ClauseNon-restrictive Clause is also called non-essential clauseRestrictive clause must not be set off by commas in a sentenceNon-restrictive clause must be set off by commas in a sentence As it is used to specify the noun, it is essential to the meaning of sentence. If it is taken out of a sentence, meaning of the sentence would be affectedAs it does not specify the noun, it is not essential to the meaning of sentence. Even if it is taken out of a sentence, the meaning of sentence would not be affectedIt does not only give additional information but also identifies the nounIt gives only information about the noun without specifying the noun.Exercise : Identify the kind of clause used in the following sentences.The jury believed that the man was guilty.Adjective clause Noun clause Adverb clauseCome when you like.Noun clause Adjective clause Adverb clauseI know the girl who won the prize.Noun clause Adjective clause Adverb clauseHe confessed that he was guilty.Noun clause Adjective clause Adverb clauseI know you have great regard for him.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseDo you think that I am a fool?Noun clause Adjective clause Adverb clauseBefore I die I want to see Venice.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseThe hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseI know a boy whose father serves in the army.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseI will not go until he arrives.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseThe co?ee maker that I bought for my wife is expensive.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseIf you give respect, you get respect.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseQuarrels won’t last long if the fault is only on one side.Adverb clauseAdjective clauseNoun clauseThat you should say so surprises me.Noun clauseAdverb clauseAdjective clauseYour statement that you found the money in the closet cannot be believed.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseI asked the boy how old he was.Noun clauseAdjective clauseAdverb clauseUneasy lies the head that wears the crown.Noun clauseAdverb clauseAdjective clauseYouth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.Adverb clauseAdjective clauseNoun clauseServants who are honest are trusted.Adjective clauseAdverb clauseNoun clauseBecause I like you, I shall help you.Adverb clauseAdjective clause Noun clauseThe dog followed the boy wherever he went.Adjective clauseNoun clauseAdverb clauseIf I like it, I will buy it.Adjective clauseNoun clauseAdverb clauseThey spoke in a low voice so that the child would not wake up.Adjective clauseAdverb clauseNoun clause ................
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