LATIN I FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE



I. Grammar Define the following terms: TermDefinitionAccusativeAn inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain prepositions in a sentence.Action verba verb that shows a motionAdjectivemodifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone.Adverbmodifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbsCaseNOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a sentence.ConjugationFamily of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations – plus the irregulars.Conjunctiona word that joins words, phrases, and clauses. et sed quodDeclensionFamily of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I.Direct objecta noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb.GenderLatin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTERImperativecommandIndirect objectto or for whom the action of the verb is intendedIndicativethe “normal” moodInfinitivethe second principal part, “to verb”InflectionAn ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence.Interjectiona part of speech that is NOT connected to any other part. Usually shows great emotion: eheu, ecce, euge, salve, valeLinking verba verb that acts like an equal signMacronindicates a long vowelMoodindicative, imperative, subjunctive – has to do with how the speaker thinks about the intent of the verbNominativeAn inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE/ADJECTIVE in a sentence.Nounperson, place, thing or ideaNumberSINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than oneObject of prepositionthe noun (or pronoun) that comes after a preposition and completes the meaning of the prepositionPerson1st, 2nd, 3rd Predicate nominative/noun, adjectiveFollows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject.Prepositionword that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION.Pronountakes the place of a noun Subjectcommonly indicates what the subject is about or who preforms the action of a sentenceTenseWhen the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)]VocativeAn inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS.VoiceActive/Passive – we have only learned active verbs – the subject does the action of the verbII. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functionsNominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obsto, appropinquo, promitto, studeo, pareo, resisto, confido, noceo, persuadeo, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case. Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse, decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis. Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. apud among post behind ad to prope near per through in + Acc. intoante before Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “sidspace.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant. sine without sub underin in pro on behalf of dē about/down from ā/ab from cumwith ē/ex out of Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative caseFor most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominativeFor 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in eFor 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in īThe vocative case often appears with the IMPERATIVE mood of the verb. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī filiī Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine second declension nouns are masculine and neuterthird declension nouns are all three fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuterfifth declension nouns are generally feminine From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base. Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative/accusative cases – the rule of the neuter/nominusativethe nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and neuter nouns are found in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th declensions. Decline the following nouns: viafabermercatorSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativeviaviaefaberfabrīmercatormercatorēsGenitiveviaeviārumfabrīfabrōrummercatorismercatorumDativeviaeviīsfabrōfabrīsmercatorīmercatoribusAccusativeviamviāsfabrumfabrōsmercatoremmercatorēsAblativeviāviīsfabrōfabrīsmercatoremercatoribusVocativeviaviaefaberfabrīmercatormercatorēsIII. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number, gender, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives use the endings of first and second declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use third declension endings and change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudeleMasculine of laetusFeminine of laetusNeuter of laetusSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativelaetuslaetīlaetalaetaelaetumlaetaGenitivelaetīlaetōrumlaetaelaetārumlaetīlaetōrumDativelaetōlaetīslaetaelaetīslaetōlaetīsAccusativelaetumlaetōslaetamlaetāslaetumlaetaAblativelaetōlaetīslaetālaetīslaetōlaetīsMasculine of crudelisFeminine of crudelisNeuter of crudelisSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralNominativecrudeliscrudelēscrudeliscrudelēscrudelecrudeliaGenitivecrudeliscrudeliumcrudeliscrudeliumcrudeliscrudeliumDativecrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibusAccusativecrudelemcrudelēscrudelemcrudelēscrudelecrudeliaAblativecrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibuscrudelīcrudelibusGive the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules – same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending! HappyCruelQuintus _____ erat.laetuscrudeliscives _____ leones spectant.laetīcrudelēsmercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.laetīscrudelibusQuintus Clementem _____ liberavit.laetumcrudelemQuintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.laetōcrudelīGrumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.laetaecrudelīancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.laetacrudelisSalvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.laetāscrudelēsSalvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.laetōcrudelīservus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.laetīcrudelisIV. PronounsRelative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are translated as who,that,whichRelative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only. They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.SingularPluralMasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuterNominativequīquaequodquīquaequaeGenitivecuiuscuiuscuiusquōrumquārumquōrumDativecuicuicuiquibusquibusquibusAccusativequemquemquodquōsquāsquaeAblativequōquāquōquibusquibusquibusV. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.Principal partExampleUseFirst principal part porto “I carry, do carry, am carrying”First person singular present activeSecond principal part portare “to carry”Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses activeused for imperative active mood identifies the conjugationThird principal part portavi “I carried, did carry, have carried”First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense Fourth principal partportatus “having been carried” Perfect passive participle: functions as a verbal adjective used to form Perfect passive tenses The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner. e.g. sum, esse, fui, futurus possum, posse, potui, — volo, velle, volui, — nolo, nolo, nolui, — fero, ferre, tuli, latus eo, ire, ii, itus N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning: velle, nolle, posse . e.g. Salvius Bregantem punire poterat. Salvius was able to punish Bregans B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularamōamābamamavīamaveramtranslationI loveI was lovingI have loved/did love/lovedI had loved2nd singularamāsamābāsamavistīamaverāstranslationyou loveyou were lovingyou have loved/did love/lovedyou had loved3rd singularamatamābatamavitamaverattranslationhe loveshe was lovingyou have loved/did love/lovedyou had loved1st pluralamāmusamābāmusamavimusamaverāmustranslationwe lovewe were lovingwe have loved/did love/lovedwe had loved2nd pluralamātisamābātisamavistisamaverātistranslationyou pl loveyou pl were lovingyou pl have loved/did love/lovedyou pl had loved3rd pluralamantamābantamavēruntamaveranttranslationthey lovethey were lovingthey have loved/did love/lovedthey had lovedConjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularsumeramfuīfueramtranslationI amI wasI was/have beenI had been2nd singulareserāsfuistīfuerāstranslationyou areyou wereyou were/have beenyou had been3rd singularesteratfuitfuerattranslationhe ishe washe was/has beenhe had been1st pluralsumuserāmusfuimusfuerāmustranslationwe arewe werewe were/have beenwe had been2nd pluralestiserātisfuistisfuerātistranslationyou pl areyou pl wereyou pl were/have beenyou pl had been3rd pluralsunterantfuēruntfueranttranslationthey arethey werethey were/have beenthey had beenConjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potui, — “able.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularpossumpoterampotuīpotueramtranslationI am ableI was ableI was/have been ableI had been able2nd singularpotespoterāspotuistīpotuerāstranslationyou are ableyou were ableyou were/have been ableyou had been able3rd singularpotestpoteratpotuitpotuerattranslationhe is ablehe was ablehe was/has been ablehe had been able1st pluralpossumuspoterāmuspotuimuspotuerāmustranslationwe are ablewe were ablewe were/have been ablewe had been able2nd pluralpotestispoterātispotuistispotuerātistranslationyou pl are ableyou pl were ableyou pl were/have been ableyou pl had been able3rd pluralpossuntpoterantpotuēruntpotueranttranslationthey are ablethey were ablethey were/have been ablethey had been ableConjugate and translate the following tenses for volo, velle, volui, — “want, wish.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularvolōvolēbamvoluīvolueramtranslationI wantI was wantingI wanted/have wantedI had wanted2nd singularvisvolēbāsvoluistīvoluerāstranslationyou wantyou were wantingyou wanted/have wantedyou had wanted3rd singularvultvolēbatvoluitvoluerattranslationhe wantshe was wantinghe wanted/has wantedhe wanted1st pluralvolimusvolēbāmusvoluimusvoluerāmustranslationwe wantwe were wantingwe wanted/have wantedwe had wanted2nd pluralvultisvolēbātisvoluistisvoluerātistranslationyou pl wantyou pl were wantingyou pl wanted/have wantedyou pl had wanted3rd pluralvoluntvolēbantvoluēruntvolueranttranslationthey wantthey were wantingthey wanted/have wantedthey had wantedConjugate and translate the following tenses for nolo, nolle, nolui, — “not want, wish.” PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect/Past Perfect1st singularnolōnolēbamnoluīnolueramtranslationI don’t wantI was not wantingI didn’t want/haven’t wantedI had not wanted2nd singularnon visnolēbāsnoluistīnoluerāstranslationyou don’t wantyou were not wantingyou didn’t want/haven’t wantedyou had not wanted3rd singularnon vultnolēbatnoluitnoluerattranslationhe doesn’t wanthe was not wantinghe didn’t want/haven’t wantedhe not wanted1st pluralnolimusnolēbāmusnoluimusnoluerāmustranslationwe don’t wantwe were not wantingwe didn’t want/haven’t wantedwe had not wanted2nd pluralnon vultisnolēbātisnoluistisnoluerātistranslationyou pl don’t wantyou pl were not wantingyou pl didn’t want/haven’t wantedyou pl had not wanted3rd pluralnoluntnolēbantnoluēruntnolueranttranslationthey don’t wantthey were not wantingthey didn’t want/haven’t wantedthey had not wantedC. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: SingularPluralamo amare amavi amatus amāamātesedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus sedēsedēteduco, ducere, duxi, ductus duc (irregular)ducitesentio, sentire, sensi, sensus sentīsentītee.g. dā cibum servō! Give food to the slavelegite epistulas! read the letters Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter. Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs. Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs e.g. intentus intentē ferōx ferociter gravis graviter VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences. servi lectum ex triclini? in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in vi? videt. Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentê ambulabat. Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat. Plancus, a e is a better preposition here tabern? ambulans, de templ?s narravit. VIII. Dependent clauses In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the antecedent . A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and gender , but their case comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause. Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the sentences into English. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habêre vult.Rufilla who is never happy wishes to have a ring rex, cuius servi in fund? laborant, est Cogidubnus. The king whose slaves work on the farm is Cogidubnusrex servum, qui in horto laborat, laudat. The king praises the slave who works in the garden ancillae, quos/quas/quae rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt. The slave-girls whom/quas the king scolds flee from the house templum, cui/quem/quibus in Alexandriā appropinquavi, magnum erat. The temple which/cui I approached (takes a dative) in Alexandria was great subito Salvius servos, qui/quae/quae non laborabant, punivit. Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who/qui were not workingIX. Quam With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible. Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun. e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever is Quintus! e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio e.g. pugnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible e.g. puella quam video est Cornelia. The girl whom you see is Cornelia IX. Interrogatives/Question words -ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no. e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he?Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.e.g. quis who quid what ubi where?? cūr why?? ................
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