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Perkins, David N. The Intelligent Eye: Learning To Think by Looking at Art. Occasional Paper 4. Getty Center for Education in the Arts, Los. Angeles,

CA.

J. Paul Getty Trust, Santa Monica, CA. ISBN-0-89236-274-X 94 111p. Getty Center for Education in t'..e Arts, 401 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 950, Santa Monica, CA 90401-1455. Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.)

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MFO1 /PCO5 Plus Postage. Art Appreciation; *Art Criticism; *Critical Thinking; Discipline Based Art Education; Intellectual Development; Thinking Skills *Harvard Project Zero

ABSTRACT Thn characteristics necessary to looking at art

thoughtfully also characterize reflective thinking. Reflective thinking directs and manages experiential thinking. Reflective art

viewing counters negative thinking dispositions of hasty, narrow, fuzzy, and sprawling thought by cultivating four habits: (1) taking time to look; (2) looking and thinking broadly; (3) thinking clearly and deeply; and (4) organizing thinking and looking. These strategies

produce sound thought processes. (MM)

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The

Intelligent

Learning to Think

Eye by Looking at Art

3

The Getty Center for Education in the Arts Occasional Paper Series

The Bole of Imagery. in Learning Ilarry S. Broudy

Thoughts on Art Education Rudolf' Arnheiiii

.-1rt Education and Human Development Howard Gardner

The Intelligent Eye: Learning to Think by Looking at .-111 David N. Perkins

The

Intelligent

Learning to Think

Ey

by Looking

at Art

DAVID N. PERKINS

Harvard Project Zero Harvard Graduate School of Education

Occasional Paper 4 The Getty Center for Education in the Arts

Zl

? 1994. The J. Paul Getty Trust. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The Getty Center far Education in the Arts Santa Monica. California

I.ihrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pet ktns. Da id N.

The intelligent eye : learning to think by looking at art / David N. Perkins.

p. cm. (Occasional papers : 4) Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0- 89256 274 -\ t. Visual perception. 2. Art appreciation. 3. Critical thinking. I. Title. II. Series: Occasional paper (Getty Center for Education in the Arts) :4.

N7450.5-1'52 199-4

701'.1dc2o

94-30 CIP

Excerpt on p. 30 from -The ilolloN% Alen." in Co/ice/co' Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright 1936 by Ilarcourt Brace & Company, copyright ? 1964, 1963 by T. S. Eliot. reprinted by permission of the publisher.

"Musi,e des Beaux \ rts." p. i9. from Collected Poems by W. II. laden. Copyright ? 1940 and renewed 1968 by NN .Ii. kuden. Reprinted by permission of Random Iloose. Inc.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

vi

Foreword by Mary Ann Stankiewicz

ix

Acknowledgments

xiv

Art and the Art of Intelligence

2 The Intelligent Eye

7

3 The Challenge of the Invisible

17

4 Knowledge Gaps and Intelligence Traps

25

5 Giving Looking Time

36

6 Making Looking Broad and Adventurous

47

7 Making Looking Clear and Deep

59

8 Making Looking Organized

70

9 Building the Mind through Art

82

References

Biography

95

List of Illustrations

Note: All works chosen are monochrome in the original and usually black and white to ensure that the black and white photographs used here represent them well.

1. Prow board of a Tanimbarese sailing boat, date unknown. Carved wood, 5 1/2 ft. high.

The Barbier-Mueller Mi 'sewn, Geneva, Switzerland. Photograph: P. A. Ferrazzini

2

2. Paul Rleelliidchen unter der Sonne (Girl Beneath the Sun), 1929. Pen and ink, 12 x 6 in.

0 1993 ARS, New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

3. Tuan-hua (Round Flowers), date unknown. Paper cut, 9 in. diameter. Shaanxi Province,

China. From the collection of Nancy Z. Berliner

12

4. Claes Oldenburg, Clothespin, 1974. Cor-ten and stainless steel, 45 ft. x 6 ft. 4 in. x 4 rt.

Centre Square, Philadelphia. Courtesy of the Pace Gallery

18

5 Bathe ROIINNI1Z, Die Frei/Ca/ie.:en (The Volunteers), 1922-23. Woodcut, 14 1/2 x 15 1/2 in.

Courtesy of the Fogg Art NIuseum, I 'iward University Art Museums, Gray Collection

of Engravings Fund

20

6. Saul Steinberg, Giuseppe I erdi, 1964. ink on paper, I 4 'A X 22 X in. 0 1964, 1992,

The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.

27

7. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889. Pen and ink, x 24 'A in. (destroyed).

Photograph: Netherlands Institute for Art History, The I lague

38

8. Rembrandt van Rijn, Descent,from the Cross by Torchlight, 1654. Etching with drypoint, 8 X x 6 1/2 in. \retie'. NI. Huntington Art Gallery, The hive, sity of Texas at Austin, 1. niversity Purchase. 1961. Photograph: George Ilohnes

vi

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