Assignment Details



|Assignment Details |Contents |

|Title: Social Action & the Community Film |This is your third assignment brief, covering Learning Outcomes 1, 2, & 3.|

| |Included here is an Overview of the Unit, explaining the topic and |

| |outlining what is expected of you. |

| |You covered the Indicative Content in class so refer to it when doing your|

| |assignment. |

| |Make sure to read, understand and follow the Scenario and Tasks to |

| |complete the assignment. |

| |The criteria for Pass, Merit and Distinction are included. You are |

| |expected to achieve at least a Pass Grade. |

| |Tasks, 1 – LO1.1, 2 – LO1.2, 3 – LO1.3, 4 – LO2.1 |

| |5 – LO2.2, 6 – LO3.1, 7 – LO3.2, 8 – LO3.3 |

|Assessor: Patsy Mullan | |

|School: Media, Multimedia & Performing Arts | |

|Programme level: 3 |Assignment number: 2 | |

|Issue date: 14/11/17 |Interim hand-in (if applicable): N/A | |

|Feedback: 25/01/18 |Preliminary | |

| |Hand in date: 14/12/17 | |

| | | |

| |Final Hand in Due: 11/01/18 | |

|IV: |IV date: 7/9/17 | |

|Editing of film or video material is an essential part of any audio-visual production. Without the process of removing, adding and manipulating source |

|material, all film and video would have to be shot in sequence and without mistakes. |

|The process of editing involves making creative decisions about source material. It provides an opportunity for the creativity of the filming stage to |

|be continued through to the finished product. |

|Learners will be able to experiment with editing processes and use their skills in the production of their own film production. They should learn that |

|editing is not merely a technical process, but also an aesthetic one and they should be able to demonstrate this understanding through both their |

|practice and the articulation of principles. |

|Overview |

|This assignment aims to develop learners’ skills in editing short moving image productions using moving image and sound technologies employed in the |

|contemporary media industry. It will develop learners’ understanding of how visual and audio sequences communicate ideas and information and develop |

|their technical skills in editing film production. Learners will be introduced to a wide range of techniques and technologies to enable them to record |

|image and sound and editing using either FCPX or Adobe Premier Pro CC |

|This assignment is designed to develop learners’ ability to underpin knowledge and understanding of a range of film and video editing techniques. |

|Scenario |

|Students are to work in teams or on their own to devise, shoot and edit a film based on a social action and the community project. Duration is to |

|between five to ten minutes. The purpose of this project is to let students explore and experiment with the camera to record video and audio material |

|and to gain knowledge and skills of how to combine visuals and audio to create an appropriate film narrative for chosen community organisation. |

|It is also about developing further editing skills and knowledge using either FCPX or Premier Pro CC |

|Be as creative and resourceful to create a professional production. It is important that you gain knowledge and understanding of the technology and |

|processes involved in editing. |

|Produce a portfolio of work that deals with the three learning outcome and reference material that is appropriate for evidence for each assessment |

|criteria up to distinction level. Refer to portfolio of evidence included with assignment brief for assistance. |

|Tasks |Pass Criteria |

|P1 Development: in-camera editing; following the action; multiple points of view; shot variation; manipulation of |Assessment and grading criteria. |

|diegetic time and space; film, video; analogue; digital. |In order to pass this unit, the |

| |evidence that the learner presents|

|Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding of the above media terms, also provide written |for assessment needs to |

|details about camera and audio equipment you use to record production work. P1 M1 D1 |demonstrate that they can meet all|

| |the learning outcomes for the |

|P1 Purposes: storytelling, e.g. engaging the viewer, development of drama, relationship to genre, creating |unit. The assessment criteria for |

|motivation; combining shots into sequences; creating pace. |a pass grade describe the level of|

| |achievement required to pass this |

|Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to moving image productions. Give an account of how you are|unit. |

|intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell your story? P1 M1 D1 | |

| |To achieve a pass grade the |

|P1 Conventions and techniques: seamless; continuity; motivated; montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; |evidence must show that the |

|splicing; transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view shot; shot-reverse-shot; providing |learner is able to: |

|and withholding information; editing rhythm; crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack. |P1 describe the development and |

| |principles of editing with some |

|Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an |appropriate use of subject |

|account of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production. P1 M1 D1 |terminology |

| | |

|P2 Preparation techniques: checking material for faults; marking up a script; labelling tapes; storing tapes or | |

|film; producing an edit decision list; creating bins; clarifying the purpose of the work with a client. |P2 apply editing preparation |

| |techniques with some assistance |

|Task 4. Write about and describe the editing terms and processes mentioned above. P2 M2 D2 | |

| | |

|P2 Preparing to edit: importing clips; bins; timelines; storage and folder management; online and offline editing; | |

|formats; resolution. | |

| |P3 apply editing techniques |

|Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used. Command – Shift – 4 and select the relevant material on|working within appropriate |

|screen. |conventions and with some |

|Screen shots of clips, bins, timeline, etc. P2 M2 D2 |assistance. |

| |[CT] |

|P3 Editing technology: software applications; hardware, e.g. non-linear, high definition; exporting productions; | |

|file types, e.g. H264 QUICKTIME, mov, compression. | |

| | |

|Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce the work and provide a list of all editing equipment | |

|employed in production process. P3 M3 D3 | |

| | |

|P3 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g. seamless, continuity, motivated, montage, jump-cutting, | |

|parallel editing; use appropriate transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; use appropriate conventions, e.g. | |

|cutaways, cutting on action, creating juxtapositions, intercutting; pace effectively; convey information | |

|effectively; use sound to create impact; synchronise sound and vision; mix soundtracks; overlap sound; offline edit;| |

|online edit | |

|Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen shots of editing techniques employed. P3 M3 D3 | |

|LO3.3 Post-production tools: on screen text; image editing; audio editing Assessment and grading criteria. | |

|Task 8. What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and music clips did you use? P3 M3 D3 | |

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|Merit Criteria |Distinction Criteria |

|To achieve a merit, grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the |To achieve a distinction, grade the evidence must show that, in addition |

|pass criteria, the learner is able to: |to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: |

| | |

|M1 explain the development and principles of editing with reference to |D1 critically assess the development and principles of editing with |

|detailed illustrative examples and with generally correct use of subject |supporting arguments and elucidated examples, and consistently using |

|terminology |subject terminology correctly |

| | |

|M2 apply editing preparation techniques competently with only occasional |D2 apply editing preparation techniques to a technical quality that |

|assistance |reflects near- professional standards, working independently to |

| |professional expectations |

|M3 apply editing techniques to a good technical standard showing some | |

|imagination and with only occasional assistance. |D3 apply editing techniques to a technical quality that reflects |

| |near-professional standards, showing creativity and flair and working |

| |independently |

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|Guidance |

|Further Guidance & Sources |

|Library Books and Ebooks |

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| |

|Wohl, Michael |

|Apple pro training series: Final cut pro 7 advanced editing |

|Issue Desk NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.593 |

|[pic] |

| |

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|Wohl, Michael |

|Apple pro training series: Final cut pro 7 advanced editing |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.593 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Rumsey, Francis |

|Mccormick, Tim |

|Sound and recording. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|621.3893 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Wolsky, Tom |

|Final Cut Express 4 editing workshop. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|006.6 |

|[pic] |

| |

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|Dancyger, Ken |

|The Technique of film and video editing: history,theory and practice. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.535 |

|[pic] |

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|Wohl, Michael |

|Editing techniques in Final Cut Pro5. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.5930 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Wohl, Michael |

|Advanced Editing Techniques in Final Cut Pro5, Disk Two |

|Issue Desk NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.5930/DVD |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Wyatt, Hilary |

|Amyes, Tim |

|Audio post production for television and film: an introduction to technology and techniques. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.52344 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Levin, C. Melinda |

|Watkins, Fred P |

|Post: The Theory and Technique of Digital Nonlinear Motion Picture Editing |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.535 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Holman, Tomlinson |

|Sound for film and television. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (2) |

|778.5344 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Balmuth, Bernard |

|Introduction to Film editing |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.535 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Millerson, Gerald |

|The Technique of television production. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (2) |

|791.45 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Wolsky, Tom |

|Final cut express 4 editing workshop |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|006.6/CD |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Wohl, Michael |

|Advanced Editing Techniques in Final Cut Pro5, Disk One |

|Issue Desk NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.5930/DVD |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Brierton, Tom |

|Stop-motion filming and performance: a guide to cameras, lighting and dramatic techniques. |

|Main library NORTHLAND, Standard Loan, Available (1) |

|778.53 |

|[pic] |

| |

| |

|Hardy, Paul |

|The pocket essential filming on a micro budget |

|[E-book] |

|791.43023 |

|[pic] |

| |

|Research material sourced about film at; |

|URL |

|Cyber College for notes on film Editing |

|.uk - for film genres, narrative structure and codes and conventions, |

|screenonline - for TV drama genres, narrative structure and codes and conventions |

|British Film Institute Resources at WWW..uk |

|British Film Institute Magazine at WWW..uk/sightandsound |

Copy and paste this into a word document and write your report to address all the headings listed.

Portfolio of Evidence to be presented by each student for:

Unit 16: Film and Video Editing Techniques

SOCIAL ACTION & THE COMMUNITY FILM ASSIGNMENT

Name: ________________________________________

Please provide a written comment that deals with all the italicized tasks below. You don’t need to write about all of listed content but it essential that you write about a minimum of two of the sub headings for the learning outcomes.

Unit content

LO1. UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF EDITING

LO1.1 Development: in-camera editing; following the action; multiple points of view; shot variation; manipulation of diegetic time and space; film, video; digital.

In-camera editing: In-camera editing is where the director and/or cinematographer shoot a production in a strict sequential order. It is widely accepted that In-camera editing was created by the Lumiere brothers, as back when the Lumiere brothers were making pioneering advances in film there was no easy way to edit. Due to the lack of ability to edit, they would have to shoot the sequence in the order it was going to be shown on screen to the audience as the finished product. In-camera editing is more complicated than just shooting the sequence in a non-chronological order and then reassembling the produced edit in a program, this is because editing in the camera as you shoot means you have to painstakingly and thoroughly plan out every shot and sequence meticulously before you record, and then shoot the exact shots perfectly to correctly convey the planned sequence when assembled. Here is an example of in-camera editing done by the Lumiere brothers.



Following the action: Following the action is most easily and fluidly produced in a multi-camera setup, however that is not to say that stunning results can’t be had in a single camera setup. Following the action is when you follow the main subject or actor in the shot very intimately. For example, in a high energy action sequence, it will engage the viewers more to be able to physically follow the action of the scene, in comparison, watching a still shot of an action sequence can be quite disengaging due to the audience not feeling immersed in the scene.



Multiple points of view: Writing from more than one point of view, (POV) means writing as or in the point of view of multiple characters that are involved in a certain scene. Generally multiple points of view are achieved by using a single camera set-up, they re-shoot the scene multiple times, each time focusing on a different character. Usually they cut together the sequence of all the characters points of view, and edit it into one seamless sequence to make a scene.



Shot Variation: Shot variation is very important in a production, as it is one of the main ways of engaging the audience. Repetitive shots disengage and bore the audience. All the different shots you can use in film or any other production were all created to convey a distinct meaning to the audience, for example, High angled shots make the subject or character in a scene look small and vulnerable. Low angled shots make a subject or character look dominant and intimidating. Shot variation is a key element in any production as it controls what the viewer perceives to be happening on screen. Shot variation can indicate to the audience something as subtle as foreshadowing, or even the mental state of a character. This is why shot variation is important in a production.



Manipulation of diegetic time and space: Manipulation of diegetic time and space is most famously known in training montages, especially in the Rocky movies, as training montages are a staple of the progression of the storyline for that series of films. Manipulation of diegetic time and space refers to the manipulation of time and space in the world a film or production has created. This is used to show the progression of a usually long period of time in a very short space of time to convey the passing of time to the audience to see the results of a storyline arc in a clear and concise way.



Film: Film has more than one meaning. There is physical film, which is usually a thin strip of plastic coated with emulsion that is light sensitive that is put into a camera to make moving pictures or photography. This then turns into the other definition of film, which is ‘a story or event recorded by a camera as a set of moving images and shown in a cinema or on television.’

Video: Video is different to film, and it is only digital, and therefore the pictures it produces can’t be called ‘moving pictures’, but rather ‘visual images’ encoded in digital data and then are displayed in rapid succession to create a moving video.

Analogue & Digital: Analogue video is transferred by an analogue signal. Digital video is different as it is transferred by digital data and both signals have different wavelengths, with digital being a lot better in transferring, and being more concise.

Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding of the above media terms, also provide written details about camera and audio equipment you use to record production work. P1 M1 D1

LO1.2 Purposes: storytelling, e.g. engaging the viewer, development of drama, relationship to genre, creating motivation; combining shots into sequences; creating pace.

Engaging the viewer: Engaging the viewer is the aim and goal of any production, a well written production is key, as well as good sound, shot variation, and good editing. All the elements of a production have to come together in a harmonious and clear way to best engage the viewer. This is achieved by years of production before the finished result is ever even shown to the world.

Development of drama: The development of drama is initially determined by the director and writer before production begins, as they have an idea in their head of what they want the finished product to be like. Once the production is written they can set about developing the drama in production, then they move on to develop it technically with the pacing they decide to use when editing the rough finished version of the production. Deciding what pacing would be suited to best showcase the development of the storyline. The development of drama has everything to do with achieving the intended emotive responses and reactions from the audience. The pacing coupled with the shots the director decides to use are meant to intensify the emotional reactions from the audience.

Relationship to genre: Different genres of film and productions require different techniques and planning aspects in order to convey the intended genre correctly. For example, horror films tend to have a generally fast pace, this is used intentionally in order to evoke physical reactions from the audience such as suspense and tension due to the viewers impending fear of when the next scare will be. A staple of the horror movie genre is the low angled shot as it induces fear or intimidation into the audience in regards to a particular character or subject. In comparison, productions that are shot in a Classical Hollywood style famously employ the use of establishing shots and generally have slow paced editing to drive the storyline forward in a clear and linear way that the audience can follow easily.

Creating motivation: Creating motivation plays a big part in keeping the audience engaged in a production, and is therefore a key aspect in a production during the planning and scripting phase. The camera shots you choose to use in a scene plays a particularly big part in creating motivation as it is what the audience will see and therefore base their reactions off when viewing the production. So placing emphasis on a particular character or cutting between two different characters during an emotional scene and using shots such as close ups would draw emotive responses from the audience, creating motivation or other intended emotions in the viewers.

Combining shots into sequences: Usually a sequence is shot in a non-linear way on set to take advantage of time and locations, and is then reassembled into a linear sequence later during editing in post-production. You know that you’ve made a successful sequence whenever the sequence is linear and there is no continuity errors, or other errors, such as breaking the 180 degree rule.

Creating pace: Pacing is one of the most important aspects in engaging the audience. The pace of a film controls how the audience perceives it. For example, action movies generally use fast pacing in order to drive the adrenaline fuelled story forward using quick shots to create the pace. But a romance film would use slower pacing, and longer shots to draw attention to body language and emotions. Pacing is used so the audience can understand a scene in its entirety.

Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to moving image productions. Give an account of you are intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell your story? P1 M1 D1

LO1.3 Conventions and techniques: seamless; continuity; motivated; montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; splicing; transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view shot; shot-reverse-shot; providing and withholding information; editing rhythm; crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack.

Seamless: Seamless editing is very commonly used, and is when a sequence is created with no continuity errors and is easy and clear for the audience to follow, the aim of seamless editing is to blend a sequence together perfectly so the audience doesn’t acknowledge the cuts or transitions in the editing.

Continuity: Continuity is crucial in a production in order to not jar the audience. It is keeping the background consistent as well as the rest of the elements in the scene, such as body language as well as adhering to the 180 degree rule, continuity editing is the act of seamlessly tying shots together into a sequence.

Motivated: Motivated editing is generally used to suspend the audiences disbelief in a production, used commonly in flashbacks to make another object the focal point of a frame or scene, however discreetly, as to not jar the audience, but simply draw attention to what the director wants to be seen, Motivated editing is primarily justified by narrative means, and is used in a subtle manner to usually foreshadow an event and help the audience to come to a conclusion.



Montage: In montage editing, the manipulation of diegetic space and time is a key aspect used in order to have the montage come across successfully and accurately. Famously used in the rocky movies, Montage editing is a series of short shots manipulated and condensed to show the passing of time or fully represent an action or idea in a clear manner in a short space of time that’s easy for the audience to follow.



Jump-cutting: Jump cutting employs two sequential successive shots. Simply put, jump-cutting is an editing technique that manipulates time and represents the passing of time in a clear way that doesn’t disturb the continuity or pacing of a scene, so as to not jar the audience. As an example, if a character is sitting at a bar, you might use a jump cut to cut forward to the end of the night to the character passed out with his head on the table.



Parallel editing: Parallel editing, or cross cutting, is an editing technique that employs the use of two interconnected separate scenes that primarily happen simultaneously but in alternating locations, with the intention of drawing the audience’s attention to either focal subject, which will usually end up being a key subject or having a key role. The two scenes usually end up intersecting and resulting in a climax in the storyline.



180o rule: The 180 degree rule is a key guideline to having seamless cinematography, however it can be disregarded in experimental film making, or purposefully in order to jar the audience. The 180 degree rule is an invisible line that you have in a film that is used to maintain a seamless one sided relationship visually in regards to 2 subjects, if this is disregarded it becomes a reverse angle, and this typically jars the audience.

Splicing: Splicing is used in film in order to make a scene continuous shots. Splicing was created when there was no means of editing easily, it was a tedious task, where you had a splicer and cut up the film reel into different small pieces, before putting them together once again into a projector, this was used to create a cutaway that is not unlike the regular editing sequence of today.

Transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways: Regardless of what type of media it is, editors use different transitions to move from one subject or clip to another. Here are some examples of well-known cuts used in media: The regular film cut is the most common transition used, it seamlessly moves from one scene to another in a quick and instant cut. A dissolve is a gradual overlap of two different shots, one coming to its end and one being the next shot after that, the dissolve fades away to let the scene continue seamlessly. A fade is a shot that gradually fades into black, and then fades into the next, it can be used very poignantly. A wipe transition is a cut that visually replaces another shot by travelling across the screen, usually from one end to another. Lastly, a cutaway transition is a shot that is interrupted to show another focal subject, and is usually followed by cutting back to the continuing original shot.

Point of view shot: A point of view, or POV shot, is a shot that is subjective to a subject or actor, and visually follows the subject’s perspective, and it usually shows whose POV it is. The POV shot is used and seen commonly in horror films, so the audience can see from and know where the assailant is at all times, it is used to build up suspense in the audience.



Shot-reverse-shot: Shot-reverse-shot is an editing technique that employs editing together shots that include two alternate subjects or characters. This is most commonly seen in conversations between two characters in a scene. It is used to keep seamless continuity, as the viewer will assume the two characters are looking directly at each other even if we only show them one characters face.



Providing and withholding information: Providing and withholding information is all about timing. The editor, working closely with the director and writer, must decide when would be best to give key information to the audience, and when to withhold it. This is a key part of editing in order to keep the pace of a scene.



Editing rhythm: Editing rhythm works hand in hand with controlling the pace of a film, editing rhythm typically refers to the length of shots however. This is achieved whenever the length of shots form a pattern and therefore set an engraved and easy to follow rhythm that corresponds with and helps set the pacing in a sequence.

Crosscutting: Cross-cutting is the same as parallel editing and is where two sequences are interconnected and have actions occurring at the same that correspond in separate cuts in a sequence to make it obvious to the audience that the two actions are occurring simultaneously and make it easy for the audience to follow.

Cutting to soundtrack: Cutting to soundtrack is a commonly used technique in film making, where the pace and editing are set by the soundtrack that is used and heard in a sequence. For instance, at a funeral there would be a solemn soundtrack and show paced editing, but in a car chase, there would be a fast soundtrack, and the editing and pace of the scene would be fast and action filled in order to match the soundtrack.

Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production. P1 M1 D1

LO2. BE ABLE TO PREPARE MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL FOR EDITING

LO2.1 Preparation techniques: checking material for faults; logging and storing clips in folder; creating libraries/bins; creating projects; clarifying the purpose of the work with a client

Checking material for faults: It is crucial in media that you double check everything for faults, having faults in footage or audio could compromise the entire production and put you behind schedule, which could be detrimental to the finished production. An important fault you have to keep your eye out for in footage is making sure that footage isn’t overexposed and can be played back. In audio, you want to make sure that the sound is recorded correctly and close enough to get high quality, if this isn’t achieved you might have to reshoot the entire shot.

Logging and storing clips in folder: NEVER just put all your clips in your desktop, the key to a good production is organisation, as such, it is highly important to log and store your clips in organised and easily assessable folders. Video files are much larger than most other types of files. A good way to organise video files in your editing program, is to create a separate folder to keep the raw, unedited footage, audio and graphics in, this makes the unedited clips and other files easily assessable should you need to retrieve them at a later stage in production. From them onwards you can go on to create and draft the finished production in a clear and organised manner.

Creating libraries/bins: Creating libraries and bins is highly important once again in the organisation of a production. You want all the information and media you put in to be edited to be easily assessable and retrievable for when you want to use them in a production. As such, organising and creating libraries and bins for different scenes and productions are key in being able to affectively store, organise and create productions.

Creating projects: Creating projects is very important in a production, as a project keeps all of your work for a certain project organised and easy to manage. So in order to have a well organised and successful project, choosing your editing software that would best suit your project is subjective to personal opinion. In my opinion premiere pro is better for project organising, however Final cut has all the same options. But creating projects is very important in media.

Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client: The key job of an editor is making sure the client is happy with the resulting production, and thinks that the consumers would like it. The nearest thing that can explain what working with a client is similar to is working towards an assignment brief, as the boundaries and time constraints are one in the same.

Task 4. Write about and describe the editing terms and processes mentioned above

LO2.2 preparing to edit: importing clips to documents folder; creating libraries bins and saving to project document folder; timelines; storage and folder management of all film, audio and graphics; formats; resolution;

Importing clips to documents folder: Nowadays we generally import footage using a card based camera. So instead of using the log and capture technique that is done by hooking your camera up to a computer and manually logging points for each clip you want to create, we import footage using a ‘log and transfer’ method. This is where you select separate clips and import them a lot more quickly and easily, however some cameras need the format of their clips changed before you can import and edit them.

Creating libraries bins and saving to project document folder timelines: Having libraries of clips corresponding to separate projects is important for organisation, and it is a good organisational sill to have separate bins for differing projects, this means that you can keep the chosen clips for the final edit neatly in the project, and the disregarded clips organised and effectively stored in the bin, ready to be deleted whenever the project is finished.

Storage and folder management of all film, audio and graphics: folder management is key in media, it is a good habit to get into to have separate backup folders of all your unedited film, audio and graphics. This guarantees the safety of your footage and allows you to complete and organise your footage through all stages of production, this tip is very handy, as should, at any stage, someone on the crew need the footage or sound from a scene, you will have the original clip easily assessable and at hand.

Formats: Knowing your format you’re editing with is very important, it is also important to pre-emptively know what format you’re going to export your footage in. For example, H.264 is the format you generally use to export video online, but DVCPRO HD is easier to edit. Every format has its advantages and disadvantages, this is why it is important to know and understand the formats you’re working with.

Resolution: the resolution of your footage is how high definition your footage is once it’s uploaded. The standard resolution of footage is usually around 640x480, however these days’ people expect HD quality to be uploaded. Which is around 1280x720 or 1920x1080.

Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used. Command – Shift – 4 and select the relevant material on screen.

Screen shots of clips, libraries/bins, projects, timeline, effects, transitions, graphics, titles, credits etc.

LO3. BE ABLE TO EDIT MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL

LO3.1 Editing technology:

Software applications: Software applications, or ‘end of user’ programs, are usually a program or programs that allow people to interact with them, some examples of these include Windows 10, which serves its purpose as an operating system, or Microsoft Expression Web, which serves as a HTML editor, or basic productivity programs such as Word, Excel, and Powerpoint. Some examples of these for editing would be Adobe Premiere Pro, however I tend to favour Final Cut Pro over Premiere when it comes to editing my projects.

Hardware: There can be hardware for various things, but in a computer, and more specifically in a computer that is good for editing, the main components and hardware to look for would be a good CPU processor, hard drive storage, RAM memory, and graphics card. The hardware I use for editing is the Apple iMac provided by the college, which has all of the above that I would need for a good editing computer.

High definition: These days’ people expect HD quality to be uploaded. Which is 1280x720 or 1920x1080. However if you have the resources and budget you could also create films in FHD, or Full High Definition, which is 3840x2160.

Standard definition: The standard resolution of footage that is exported and uploaded is usually around 640x480, these are smaller files, however generally it would not be taken well if a product was shown in this resolution nowadays.

Hard disc: A hard disk employs the use of a hard drive to employ a quick and efficient, portable way to store and upload a lot of information. It’s used to write information onto a hard disc, which has a very large storage capacity.

Exporting productions: Exporting a production is when you finish a production and are ready to move onto distributing and letting people view your production, the finished product has to be exported from an editing program, but one that is done it can be viewed without the use of the editing program.

File types, H.264 quick time: H.264 is the format you generally use to export video online, however High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), or H.265, is H.264 quick time’s up and coming successor, due to the low compression rate of H.264 that H.265 can surpass.

Mov: Mov is the most commonly seen mp4 format used and seen to store video files, due to its ability to have small files without any loss of quality.

Compression: Compressing files is a very important aspect of film making, as some projects require very large files to be transferred. This is where compressing files comes in. This enables a large file to take up marginally less storage, therefore meaning that transferring the reassigned files is much easier.

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Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce the work and provide a list of all editing equipment employed in production process.

LO3.2 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g:

Seamless: Seamless editing is very commonly used, and is when a sequence is created with no continuity errors and is easy and clear for the audience to follow, the aim of seamless editing is to blend a sequence together perfectly so the audience doesn’t acknowledge the cuts or transitions in the editing.

Continuity: Continuity is crucial in a production in order to not jar the audience. It is keeping the background consistent as well as the rest of the elements in the scene, such as body language as well as adhering to the 180 degree rule, continuity editing is the act of seamlessly tying shots together into a sequence.

Motivated: Motivated editing is generally used to suspend the audiences disbelief in a production, used commonly in flashbacks to make another object the focal point of a frame or scene, however discreetly, as to not jar the audience, but simply draw attention to what the director wants to be seen, Motivated editing is primarily justified by narrative means, and is used in a subtle manner to usually foreshadow an event and help the audience to come to a conclusion.



Montage: In montage editing, the manipulation of diegetic space and time is a key aspect used in order to have the montage come across successfully and accurately. Famously used in the rocky movies, Montage editing is a series of short shots manipulated and condensed to show the passing of time or fully represent an action or idea in a clear manner in a short space of time that’s easy for the audience to follow.



Jump-cutting: Jump cutting employs two sequential successive shots. Simply put, jump-cutting is an editing technique that manipulates time and represents the passing of time in a clear way that doesn’t disturb the continuity or pacing of a scene, so as to not jar the audience. As an example, if a character is sitting at a bar, you might use a jump cut to cut forward to the end of the night to the character passed out with his head on the table.

Parallel editing: Parallel editing, or cross cutting, is an editing technique that employs the use of two interconnected separate scenes that primarily happen simultaneously but in alternating locations, with the intention of drawing the audience’s attention to either focal subject, which will usually end up being a key subject or having a key role. The two scenes usually end up intersecting and resulting in a climax in the storyline.

Transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways: Regardless of what type of media it is, editors use different transitions to move from one subject or clip to another. Here are some examples of well-known cuts used in media: The regular film cut is the most common transition used, it seamlessly moves from one scene to another in a quick and instant cut. A dissolve is a gradual overlap of two different shots, one coming to its end and one being the next shot after that, the dissolve fades away to let the scene continue seamlessly. A fade is a shot that gradually fades into black, and then fades into the next, it can be used very poignantly. A wipe transition is a cut that visually replaces another shot by travelling across the screen, usually from one end to another. Lastly, a cutaway transition is a shot that is interrupted to show another focal subject, and is usually followed by cutting back to the continuing original shot.

Use appropriate conventions, e.g:

Cutaways: Cutaways are when the camera cuts away from the main scene, this can engage the audience more by showing a hidden focal point of the scene, foreshadowing a scene or giving the audience further insight to the main intentions of a scene without making the audience lose interest with a very long still shot.

Cutting on action: Cutting on action is when the scene cuts from one scene or one shot to the next point of the immediate scene that is important and fuels the action or storyline forward, it’s very good for keeping the audience engaged and delivering key storyline components.

Creating juxtapositions: Juxtapositions are all about drawing attention to the similarities or contrast on two or more (usually) interconnected scenes that play a big part in the storyline. This is a very effective film technique in engaging the audience. It is very similar to parallel editing, and is usually employed alongside parallel editing.

Intercutting: Intercutting is a film technique that breaks away from the linear storyline of a film, and interrupts the narrative, usually employed to show important story components through the use of flashbacks in a film.

Pace effectively: Pacing is one of the most important aspects in engaging the audience. The pace of a film controls how the audience perceives it. For example, action movies generally use fast pacing in order to drive the adrenaline fuelled story forward using quick shots to create the pace. But a romance film would use slower pacing, and longer shots to draw attention to body language and emotions. Pacing is used so the audience can understand a scene in its entirety.

Convey information effectively: Conveying information effectively is the key aspect of good storytelling. Showing the viewer the information they need to follow a storyline clearly is important to keep the viewer engaged and aware of what is going on in the story. I have done this in various film projects I have done, including my social action, where each show has something different but informative that corresponds to the event I was working on, which was a Macmillan coffee morning.

Use sound to create impact: Sound is the most important aspect of film making in my opinion, visuals don’t have to be so important, because if you have high quality and engaging audio then it will hold the audience’s attention, bad audio in a good production can cause the audience to be disinterested, sound can add that extra layer of immersion and development to a production.

Synchronise sound and vision: Sound and visuals in a film or production are supposed to work hand in hand, and it is important that it is done effectively, otherwise it will suffer a great loss of quality and immersion, such as bad voice overs in productions and products like games causing them to lose value in the public eye as it’s not a polished production. A good example of this would be adding in the sound of wind and birdsong over a wide shot of a forest, this immerses the viewer in the world you created in the production and leads to a successful production.

Mix soundtracks: Mixing a soundtrack is whenever you create a soundtrack on a music instrument digital interface, or MIDI, these are very useful programs that allow you to not have to suffer any copyright claims or payments in order to use music, as you create your own.

Overlap sound: You overlap sound in the editing program, you usually overlap sound adding in components like sound effects and Foley sound into a production, you can make your audio have a lot more depth and have it become marginally more immersive if this is done well, this is relatively hard to achieve though and requires a lot of skill to do well.

Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen shots of editing techniques employed

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LO3.3 Post-production tools:

On screen text: I used on screen text for my title screen and introductions, it was very easy to apply and got across the initial message and explanation of my social action very accurately, and fluidly lead on to the rest of the edit I had made.

Image editing: For the image editing, all I did was match the colours, this made my social action look a lot cleaner and made sure that I didn’t have any non-visually appealing colour contrasts from shot to shot.

Audio editing: Audio editing cleans up the audio of a production, my audio editing is very simplistic, and as I had no sound effects, and only a soundtrack in my social action, all I had to do was adjust the audio shot to shot to be the same level, and not have it be too loud for the viewer.

Task 8. What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and music clips did you use?

For my soundtrack I used some royalty free festive music sourced from YouTube. Here’s the song I used in both the trailer for my social action project and the social action project itself.



ASSESSMENT AND GRADING CRITERIA

In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit.

The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit.

To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to:

P1 Describe the development and principles of editing with some appropriate use of subject terminology

P2 Apply editing preparation techniques with some assistance

P3 Apply editing techniques working within appropriate conventions and with some assistance.

[CT]

To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to:

M1 Explain the development and principles of editing with reference to detailed illustrative examples and with generally correct use of subject terminology

M2 Apply editing preparation techniques competently with only occasional assistance

M3 Apply editing techniques to a good technical standard showing some imagination and with only occasional assistance.

To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to:

D1 Critically assess the development and principles of editing with supporting arguments and elucidated examples, and consistently using subject terminology correctly

D2 Apply editing preparation techniques to a technical quality that reflects near- professional standards, working independently to professional expectations

D3 Apply editing techniques to a technical quality that reflects near-professional standards, showing creativity and flair and working independently.

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