Katherine Johnson was born into a family of uniquely ...
Building Better SentencesAlice SavageCambridge University PressOK TESOL 2018What we focus on shapes our experience.The experiential learning cycle Students experience language in a meaningful contextStudents reflect to understand the meaningStudents work to figure out how the language worksStudents experiment with the language.Raising awareness through color-coding. , which, which means that Keith and Mick were like brothers, which helped them collaborate on music.The Rolling Stones continue to write music and perform, which means that it is possible to overcome challenges.Now Apple is one of the biggest companies in the world, which makes it a powerful influencer in the world of technology. Steve Jobs was both brilliant and difficult, which means that he had a hard life. Sarah Blakely turned a good idea into a billion dollar business, whichPsy’s hit Gangnam Style went viral, which Color Coding for Sentence Patterns Sometimes history books leave out details.A. Kathryn G. Johnson, Mary Jackson, and Dorothy Vaughn were brilliant women.A. They did mathematical calculations, worked on engineering problems, and broke racial and gender barriers.B. When she was in her 90s, Kathryn G. Johnson appeared on stage at the academy awards.C. She sat in on meetings, and her team worked on some of the most important missions. Which type of sentence? A. Simple B. Compound C. complex? It was not always easy, but she showed up and did her job.The book and film Hidden Figures adds a missing piece to history by telling the story of these women.When Kathryn was young, she showed mathematical talent.Practice:When Kathryn G. Johnson was a little girl, she counted everything. She counted plates, silverware, and the distance to her church. She finished high school at the age of 14. She graduated from college when she was 18. In 1953, she joined NASA at Langley Research Center, and she participated in all the major space programs of the 20th century. For her contribution, Johnson received the United States’ highest award: The Presidential Medal of Freedom. When President Obama introduced her, he called her “a pioneer who broke barriers of race and gender, showing generations of young people that everyone can excel in math and science and reach for the stars.” Color code the sentences in a paragraph to help students notice: Simple, Compound, Complex. If there is a combination, use pink.The two meanings of the title are reflected in the film (and a book authored by Margot Lee Shetterly). Audiences can travel back in history to a time when computers were human beings and not machines. These computers were mostly women, so the engineers called them computers in skirts. Their job was to provide mathematical calculations. Rocket scientists used these calculations to plan missions into space. At that time, people felt that women would be good at the job because they were more careful, and they paid more attention to detail. However, the females worked in a separate space from the male researchers, and African American women worked in a separate space from the white women. Color code to notice writer strategies such as the type of sentence that often introduces a paragraph. When Kathryn G. Johnson was a little girl, she counted everything. She counted plates, silverware, and the distance to her church. She finished high school at the age of 14. She graduated from college when she was 18. In 1953, she joined NASA at Langley Research Center, and she participated in all the major space programs of the 20th century. For her contribution, Johnson received the United States’ highest award: The Presidential Medal of Freedom. When President Obama introduced her, he called her “a pioneer who broke barriers of race and gender, showing generations of young people that everyone can excel in math and science and reach for the stars.”The film Hidden Figures tells the story of Katherine G. Johnson and two other African American women, Mary Jackson and Dorothy Vaughn. These women participated for the American journey into space. They were also important because they played a role in the country’s struggle for social equality. The title of the film, Hidden Figures, has two meanings. One meaning is mathematical. The word figures can mean mathematical figures, and it took a lot of math to do rocket science. These are hidden figures because many people do not know how the math works. The other meaning is about people. U.S. history books sometimes leave out details, especially when it comes to women and individuals from different races. The word figures can also refer to people, so Hidden Figures also means that these women were historically important, but they were not recognized by historians. Until recently, people thought that white men solved all the problems of going into space. The truth is that many women helped put a human into orbit and on the moon, and a significant percentage were women of color.The two meanings of the title are reflected in the film (and a book authored by Margot Lee Shetterly). Audiences can travel back in history to a time when computers were human beings and not machines. These computers were mostly women, so the engineers called them computers in skirts. Their job was to provide mathematical calculations. Rocket scientists used these calculations to plan missions into space. At that time, people felt that women would be good at the job because they were more careful, and they paid more attention to detail. However, they had to work in a separate space from the male researchers, and African American women had to work in a separate space from the white women. At that time, there were laws that separated black and white people. They had separate schools, separate churches, and even separate bathrooms and drinking fountains. This was called segregation, and it meant that there were fewer opportunities for African-Americans to get education and professional employment. However, some families found a way. Katherine Johnson was born into a family of uniquely gifted mathematicians. Johnson said her grandfather could look at a tree and say how many feet of wood it would produce. Her father was also good at numbers although he only had a sixth-grade education. Determined to give Katherine and her brothers and sisters more, he took a job in a hotel so he could pay for his children to continue their education in a different city. Katherine was thus able to attend West Virginia State College where a math teacher, Dr. William W. Shieffelin Claytor, discovered her. Claytor stopped her on campus one day and said, “I’m coming back to teach math this year, and if you are not in my class, I’m going to come and find you.”Johnson took his class and every other math course the college offered. Her mathematical skills and her family’s support gave her the confidence to apply for a job with NASA in 1953. By that time, mathematicians and astrophysicists had started using machine computers, but they still wanted humans to check the numbers. Katherine Johnson became one of their most reliable human computers. Soon she was not just a computer in a skirt. She was an astrophysicist, a space scientist and a mathematician. Johnson became the first woman to sit in on meetings among space scientists, and she worked on many other projects that are now famous. When the first astronaut went into space, he specifically asked for Johnson to check the numbers before he agreed to go. His name was John Glenn, and he was taking a big risk. The mathematical calculations for sending a rocket into space were difficult. Johnson helped to plan its flight into orbit. Then she had to figure out how to bring it back to earth in the right place. The job required skill and courage. Johnson had both, and Glenn made it back safely. Johnson then went on to work on the Apollo missions to the moon. After that, she worked on the shuttle missions that brought people and supplies to the International Space Station. Before she retired, she was even able to contribute to Mars missions.Johnson’s colleagues were also important to NASA. Mary Jackson was another human computer who made history. She also started as a human computer, but an engineer named Kazimierz Czarnecki encouraged her to take courses for an engineering degree. At first, Jackson was not allowed because the courses were at a segregated high school. However, she convinced city leaders to give her permission to attend. Jackson soon become the first African American engineer to work for NASA. When she started, she had to walk a great distance just to go to a segregated bathroom. However, at the end of her career, she was using her fame to work for equal rights.Dorothy Vaughn was another hero of the time. Vaughn became the first African American manager at Langley Research Center. She also became an expert at one of the first programming languages for computers. As a result, the administrators trusted her with the new and very large machine computers of the time. Many of the historical details of these women’s lives are in the film, Hidden Figures. Some of the white characters are a combination of different people who worked at Langley. They reflect different attitudes of the time. Not everyone was supportive of the women’s careers, but over time, these women and their colleagues gained respect. Johnson later said that she knew segregation was there, but she did not feel it. In an interview with a Norfolk television program called What Matters, Johnson said, “Everybody there was doing research. You had a mission, and you worked on it. It was important to you to do your job.” By the end of the 20th century, NASA and the country had changed. Humans were living in space and making plans to go to Mars. This was possible because people like Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, and Dorothy Vaughn persisted. Eventually they got their chance to be a part of history, and the whole country benefitted. Passive voice What is the focus of this paragraph? What is the subject of the sentences? ActiveMy husband was a big help at the party. He fried the fish and talked to the guests. Afterwards, he helped clean up the house. PassiveThe meal was delicious but fattening. The fish was fried. The potatoes were baked and served with lots of butter, and the vegetables were smothered in cheese sauce. Keith Richards did not handle fame very well. He was shy, and performing in front of thousands of people was stressful. To deal with the anxiety, he started using drugs, and the police arrested him several times. Eventually, he was able to overcome his drug addiction. Later he said that it was music that saved him.Grammar PatternsOur consciousness becomes especially tuned to frequently-occurring language-using patterns. In order to conserve our cognitive resources, patterns that are frequently used become conventionalized. - Diane Larsen-Freeman & Lynn Cameron (2011)? Lexical chunksStock grammatical and lexical chunks can become an efficient means of expanding L2 learners' language range, particularly when they are also taught how to substitute discrete elements appropriately and in practical ways. - Eli Hinkle (2004)Formulaic languageFormulaic language makes up one third to one half of all discourse.Conklin & Schmitt (2012)Builder BoxesDorothy VaughnMary JacksonKathryn Johnsonworked on projectsthatare now famous.sent humans into space.supported the ISS.changed history.Stems and chunks Shakira Steve Jobs Kathryn Johnson Keith Richards Queen RaniaHis/her background in _________ served him/her well when _________He/she took ______________ very seriously. A lot was happening behind the scenes. ___________ had a backup plan just in case ________ didn’t work out.What sets ____________ apart from other _______ is _____________ Despite these setbacks, ______________________________________ Thank Savagea1775@ ................
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