When did independence come for Africa
When did independence come for Africa?
• 1950s and 1960s - An ________________________ movement sweeps through Africa.
• 1960 – ______________ African countries freed themselves from European rule.
• 1961 – 1965 – _____________ more African nations gain their independence.
What challenges were eminent?
After long years of being colonies, Africans had to:
• Build _____________________ and run new nations.
• Ideas such as ______________________ were new to many Africans who had never before participated in an election.
Why did conflict arise?
• Europeans had also drawn boundaries without regards to rival groups.
These tensions often resulted in _______________.
• These tensions are still a source of conflict in the region today.
Ghana
← _____________________African country to _____________________________ in 1957.
← ________________________________ led his people to independence by using _________________ and organizing _______________ like Gandhi had done.
Algeria
← Very ________________________ conflict fought against the ______________________ to gain independence in 1954.
← Led by the ________________________________________________________.
← Independence earned in 1962.
Kenya
← The ______________________ do not want to grant independence to Kenya.
← _______________________________ was the most popular nationalist leader. He claimed to not have any connection to the __________________, a group using _________________________________ to fight against the British.
← However, he was jailed by the British for not condemning the actions of Mau Mau.
← Kenya is granted independence in 1963, and ____________________ is named the ______________________.
Congo
← ________________________________________ competed for control.
← No experience setting up or running a government or economic system after the Europeans left.
← Leads to ___________________________ between the ethnic groups and a ___________________ being established.
← Led to instability in central Africa. Fighting is still going on today.
How has Africa changed in recent years?
• Since the 1990s, many African dictators have felt pressure to change.
• They have been pushed toward _________________________.
• With the fall of the _______________________________, many Africans have wondered why they would allow themselves to suffer with unfair governments and limited rights.
What was apartheid?
• _________________________ means _______________________.
• The white-dominated government divided all South Africans into four classes:
________________
People of European descent
________________
Black South Africans
________________
People of mixed descent
________________
Mostly people of Indian descent
What happened under apartheid?
• White South Africans created this system of ______________________________________________ in the 1940s in order to strengthen their rule.
• Under Apartheid, the government passed laws that limited the rights of blacks:
1. Non-Europeans could not __________________
2. __________________ and _____________________ could hold only the lowest and most dangerous jobs
3. Blacks and natives lived in separate areas with ________________________________.
What did the ANC do?
• The _________________________________________________ (ANC) led the fight against apartheid.
• ____________________________________ - Leader of the ANC, spent 30 years in prison.
What happened with Mandela in prison?
• Mandela became a symbol of the ___________________________________ movement.
• ___________________________ maintained pressure on South African leaders.
• Tutu earned the ______________________________________ in 1984 for his non-violent efforts.
How did other nations feel about apartheid?
• 1980s and 1990s – Other nations begin to take a stand against apartheid.
• _____________________________ Congress passed an anti-apartheid act in 1986 that:
1. Stopped government ___________________ to South Africa
2. Stopped _____________________________ any South African goods
3. Banned business investments in South Africa
4. Ended __________________________ between the US airlines and South Africa
• Other nations took similar actions.
When did apartheid end?
• The system of apartheid collapsed by the end of the _____________________.
• 1990 – S. African President ______________________ releases Mandela from prison.
• 1991 – Mandela reclaims his position as head of the ________________________.
• Mandela and de Klerk worked to create a new ________________________ and they were rewarded with a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
How did South Africa change?
• In 1994, South Africa held its first free elections.
• Voters chose Mandela as ______________________________ of the REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
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