Regarding the first issue the starting point is the ...

Thus, eventually each age group changes by a factor of ( = 1.0216 (102.16%) from one year to the next. For instance, in going from time t = 100 years to t + 1 = 101 years, Table 1 shows that the number of Year 1 females increases 2.16%, from 27,353.5 to 1.0216(27,353.5) = 27,944.3. ................
................