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Life periodEriksonPsycho-SocialFreudPsycho-SexualPiagetCognitiveKohlbergMoralStageAgeVirtueStageAgeTaskStageAgeLevelStageInfancyBasic Trustvs.Mistrust0-1HopeOral0-1.5WeaningSensori-Motor0-2Pre-conventional(ages 3-10)0: ~1: Avoid punishment2: Gain rewardToddlerAutonomyvs.Shame & Doubt1-3WillAnal1.5-4Toilet trainingPre-Operational2-7PreschoolInitiativevs.Guilt3-5PurposePhallic4-6Sexual identitySchool-ageIndustryvs.Inferiority6-11Compet-enceLatency6-11LearningConcreteOperational7-11Conventional (ages 10 -13)3: Gain approval4: Social order / AuthorityAdolescenceIdentityvs.Role confusion12-21FidelityGenital12-21Genital intercourseFormalOperational11+Post-conventional(ages 13+)5: Social contract6: Universal ethics / ConscienceYoungadulthoodIntimacyvs.Isolation21-40LoveMiddle-ageGenerativityvs.Stagnation40-65CareLater adulthoodEgo integrityvs.Despair65+WisdomDEVELOPMENTAL THEORIESPrepared by Sam Zinner, MDErik EriksonPersonality is determined by experiences during childhood and adulthoodHe believed that stages of development were determined by crisesStages of development:Stage 1: Trust vs. MistrustBirth to age 1Infants develop trust that their wants/needs will be satisfied by their parentsIf parents are not attentive to childs wants/needs, infant will learn to mistrustStage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtAge 1-3Child no longer wants to be told what to do by parents, tries to assert his/her autonomy“NO”Child will learn to become autonomous if parents allow them a sense of control over their lifeChild gains sense of individualityChild may be cooperative or stubbornStage 3: Initiative vs. GuiltAge 3-5Child initiates motor and intellectual activityStage 4: Industry vs. InferiorityAge 6 to 11 yearsChild enters school and begins learningChild works to acquire adult skillsChild learns how to complete and master tasksIf child struggles to acquire these adult skills they develop a sense of inferiority; may predispose these individuals to behavioral problemsStage 5: Identity vs. Role DiffusionAge 11-21Group identity and preoccupation with appearancesPeople at this stage develop their own morality and ethics and deal with social expectations for behaviorsThis is the stage at which individuals struggle to develop their identitySexual experimentation common hereStage 6: Intimacy vs. IsolationAge 21-40Early adulthoodIndividuals enter intimate relationships both sexually and as friendsStage 7: Generativity vs. StagnationAge 40-65Where person comes to terms with their life in terms of their accomplishments both professionally and personally; e.g. job success, marriage, having children, development of altruism or creativityStage 8: Integrity vs. DespairOver age 65Sense of satisfaction with one’s life vs. despair over an inability to acheive your goalsSigmund FreudDevelopment is influenced by sexual drivesStages of development:Stage 1: Oral StageBirth to 18 monthsMain site of pleasure/gratification is the mouthSucking, chewing, bitingStage 2: Anal StageAge 1-3Main site of pleasure/gratification is the anus Child is struggling to control bowel/bladder function (toilet training)Key is the struggle for controlIf toilet training is difficult, child may become anally fixated and may not pass beyond Anal StageIn adults, this may manifest itself as Obsessive Compulsive Personality DisorderStage 3: Phallic StageAge 3-5Main site of pleasure/gratification is the genitalsPenis envygirls want penisFear of castrationboys afraid of losing penisIncreased genital masturbationOedipal complexChild is in love with opposite sex parentStage 4: Latency StageAge 5-13Formation of superegoOedipal complex resolvedSexual energy is focused on other activities such as playing and learningStage 5: Genital StageAge 13 to adulthoodIndividual develops capacity for true intimacyJean PiagetBelieves that human development related to the acquisition of knowledgeIntelligence is a biological adaptation and is structured logicallyStages of development:Stage 1: Senorimotor StageBirth to age 2Infants begin to acquire knowledge through sensory observation of their surrounding environmentInfants begin to master their motor function through exploration, being active, and by directly manipulating their environmentInfant gains sense of achievement via this masteryObject permanence is acheivedStage 2: Preoperational StageAge 2-7Child views him/herself as center of universeTherefore, child believes that they are responsible for everything that occurs in their universeChildren in this stage are egocentric and have animistic thinkingChild uses symbols and language moreStage 3: Concrete Operational StageAge 7-11Operational thought replaces egocentricityChild develops the ability to see things from another persons perspectiveStage 4: Formal Operations StageAge 11 and upIndividual develops abstract thoughtThey are able to reason deductively and think conceptually ................
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