Agile Project Management - Cevdet KIZIL
Adaptive Project Framework
The fundamental concept underlying the adaptive project framework (APF) is that scope is variable, and within specified time and cost constraints, APF maximizes business value by adjusting scope at each iteration. It does this by making the client the central figure in deciding what constitutes that maximum business value. At the completion of an iteration, the client has an opportunity to change the direction of the project based on what was learned from all previous iterations. This constant adjustment means that an APF project's course is constantly corrected to ensure the delivery of maximum business value.
The core values of the APF approach are:
• Client-focused
• Client-driven
• Incremental results early and often
• Continuous question and introspection
• Change is progress to a better solution
• Don't speculate on the future
Agile Software Development
Agile software development is a conceptual framework for undertaking software engineering projects. There are a number of agile software development methodologies e.g. Crystal Methods, Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM), and Scrum
Most agile methods attempt to minimize risk by developing software in short timeboxes, called iterations, which typically last one to four weeks. Each iteration is like a miniature software project of its own, and includes all the tasks necessary to release the mini-increment of new functionality: planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and documentation. While an iteration may not add enough functionality to warrant releasing the product, an agile software project intends to be capable of releasing new software at the end of every iteration. At the end of each iteration, the team reevaluates project priorities.
Agile methods emphasize realtime communication, preferably face-to-face, over written documents. Most agile teams are located in a bullpen and include all the people necessary to finish the software. At a minimum, this includes programmers and the people who define the product such as product managers, business analysts, or actual customers. The bullpen may also include testers, interface designers, technical writers, and management.
Agile methods also emphasize working software as the primary measure of progress. Combined with the preference for face-to-face communication, agile methods produce very little written documentation relative to other methods.
Crystal Methods Methodology
Alistair Cockburn developed the Crystal Methods approach. His focus is on the people, interaction, community, skills, talents, and communications with the belief that these are what have the first-order effect on performance. Process, he says, is important, but secondary.
Cockburn's philosophy translate into a recognition that since ach team of people has a different set of talents and skills which means that each team should use a process uniquely tailored to it. And it means that the process should be minimized -- barely significant.
The use of the word "crystal" refers to the various facets of a gemstone -- each a different face on an underlying core. The underlying core represents values and principles, while each facet represents a specific set of elements such as techniques, roles, tools, and standards. Cockburn also differentiates between methodology, techniques, and policies. A methodology is a set of elements (practices, tools); techniques are skill areas such as developing use cases; and policies dictate organizational "musts".
Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM) Methodology
The Dynamic Systems Development Model was developed in the U.K. in the mid-1990s. It is the evolution of rapid application development (RAD) practices. DSDM boasts the best-supported training and documentation of any of the agile software development techniques, at least in Europe. DSDM favors the philosophy that nothing is built perfectly the first time and looks to software development as an exploratory endeavor.
The nine principles of DSDM are:
• Active user involvement.
• Empowered teams that the authority to can make decisions.
• A focus on frequent delivery of products.
• Using fitness for business purpose as the essential criterion for acceptance of deliverables.
• Iterative and incremental development to ensure convergence on an accurate business solution.
• Reversible changes during development.
• Requirements that are baselined at a high level.
• Integrated testing throughout the life cycle.
• Collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders.
Extreme Programming (XP) Methodology
The main goal of XP is to lower the cost of change in software requirements. With traditional system development methodologies, like the Waterfall Methodology, the requirements for the system are determined and often "frozen" at the beginning of the development project. This means that the cost of changing the requirements at a later stage in the project -- something that is very common in the real-world -- can be very high.
XP Core Practices
The core practices of Extreme Programming, as described in the first edition of Extreme programming Explained can be grouped into four areas (12 practices) as follows:
• Fine scale feedback
• Test driven development
• Planning game
• Whole team
• Pair programming
• Continuous process rather than batch
• Continuous Integration
• Design Improvement (a.k.a refactor)
• Small Releases
• Shared understanding
• Simple design
• System metaphor
• Collective code ownership
• Coding standards or coding conventions
• Programmer welfare
• Sustainable pace (i.e. forty hour week)
In the second edition of Extreme programming explained a set of corollary practices are listed in addition to the primary practices.
The core practices are derived from generally accepted best practices, and are taken to extremes:
Interaction between developers and customers is good. Therefore, an XP team is supposed to have a customer on site, who specifies and prioritizes work for the team, and who can answer questions as soon as they arise. (In practice, this role is sometimes fulfilled by a customer proxy.)
If learning is good, take it to extremes: Reduce the length of development and feedback cycles. Test early.
Simple code is more likely to work. Therefore, extreme programmers only write code to meet actual needs at the present time in a project, and go to some lengths to reduce complexity and duplication in their code.
If simple code is good, re-write code when it becomes complex.
Code reviews are good. Therefore XP programmers work in pairs, sharing one screen and keyboard (which also improves communication) so that all code is reviewed as it is written.
Testing code is good. Therefore, in XP, tests are written before the code is written. The code is considered complete when it passes the tests (but then it needs refactoring to remove complexity). The system is periodically, or immediately tested using all pre-existing automated tests to assure that it works. See test-driven development.
It used to be thought that Extreme Programming could only work in small teams of fewer than 12 persons. However, XP has been used successfully on teams of over a hundred developers. It is not that XP doesn't scale, just that few people have tried to scale it, and proponents of XP refuse to speculate on this facet of the process.
XP Controversy
Detailed specifications are not created or preserved.
Programmers are required to work in pairs - not all software developers expect to be asked to work this way.
There is no Big Design Up Front. Most of the design activity takes place on the fly and incrementally, starting with "the simplest thing that could possibly work" and adding complexity only when it's required by failing tests. This could result in more re-design effort than only re-designing when requirements change.
A customer representative is attached to the project. This role can become a single-point-of-failure for the project and some people have found it to be a source of stress.
Feature Driven Development (FDD) Methodology
Jeff De Luca and Peter Coad were both greatly involved in developing the Feature Driven Development methodology. Peter describes FDD as having "just enough process to ensure scalability and repeatability while encouraging creativity and innovation.
More specifically, Feature Driven Development asserts that:
A system for building systems is necessary in order to scale to larger projects.
A simple, but well-define process will work best.
Process steps should be logical and their worth immediately obvious to each team member.
"Process pride" can keep the real work from happening.
Good processes move to the background so team members can focus on results.
Short, iterative, feature-driven life cycles are best.
FDD proceeds to address the items above with this simple process (numbers in brackets indicate the project time spent):
Develop an overall model (10 percent initial, 4 percent ongoing)
Build a features list (4 percent initial, 1 percent ongoing)
Plan by feature (2 percent initial, 2 percent ongoing)
Design by feature
Build by feature (77 percent for design and build combined)
Joint Application Development (JAD) Methodology
The Joint Application Development (JAD) methodology aims to involve the client in the design and development of an application. This is accomplished through a series of collaborative workshops called JAD sessions. Two employees of IBM, Chuck Morris and Tony Crawford, developed the JAD methodology in the late 1970s and began teaching the approach in to the 1980s.
In contrast to the Waterfall approach, JAD is thought to lead to shorter development times and greater client satisfaction, both of which stem from the constant involvement of the client throughout the development process. On the other hand, with the traditional approach to systems development, the developer investigates the system requirements and develops an application, with client input consisting of a series of interviews.
Rapid application development (RAD), a variation on JAD, attempts to create an application more quickly through strategies that include fewer formal methodologies and reusing software components.
Lean Development (LD) Methodology
Lean Development focuses on the creation of change-tolerant software. This methodology embodies the notion of dynamic stability which can be thought of as similar to how Scrum embraces controlled chaos. Bob Charette, the originator, writes that the measurable goal of LD is to build software with one-third the human effort, one-third the development hours and one-third the investment as compared to what SEI CMM Level 3 organization would achieve.
There are 12 principles of Lean Development:
• Satisfying the customer is the highest priority.
• Always provide the best value for the money.
• Success depends on active customer participation.
• Every LD project is a team effort.
• Everything is changeable.
• Domain, not point, solutions.
• Complete, don't construct.
• An 80 percent solution today instead of 100 percent solution tomorrow.
• Minimalism is essential.
• Needs determine technology.
• Product growth is feature growth, not size growth.
• Never push LD beyond its limits.
PRINCE2
PRINCE2 is project management methodology that takes a process-based approach. It consists of the following 8 high-level processes:
Directing a Project:
This process defines the responsibilities of the Project Board for the project. The project manager keeps the Project Board informed with regular reports. The board otherwise leave the day-to day-management of the project to the Project Manager.
Planning:
Planning is a process involved throughout the project's life-cycle.
Starting up a Project:
The purpose of this process is to ensure that project is set up correctly. It is a pre-project process that which determines if the project would be worthwhile and viable. If it is, then it makes sense to seek commitment of resources.
Initiating a Project:
In order for a project to be approved it must be carefully planned to show how it will meet its goals. Once planned, the project must be approved by the Project Board before implementation can commence.
Controlling a Stage:
PRINCE2 projects are divided into stages so a project can be more easily managed and controlled. This process covers the day-to-day management of the project by the Project Manager.
Managing Product Delivery:
PRINCE2 is a product based system. In this context, a product can be a physical item like a book or it can be an intangible such as a service agreement. This process creates the products of the project and is where most of its resources are used.
Managing Stage Boundaries:
According to PRINCE2 principles, each stage must be completed and approved by the project board before the go ahead is given to proceed to the next stage.
Closing a Project:
Another principle of PRINCE2 is that projects must be closed down in a controlled and orderly way. This involves evaluating the project's results. Any lessons learned are recorded, a handover document is created if necessary, and a post implementation review is planned.
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology
RAD (rapid application development) proposes that products can be developed faster and of higher quality by:
Using workshops or focus groups to gather requirements.
Prototyping and user testing of designs.
Re-using software components.
Following a schedule that defers design improvements to the next product version.
Keeping review meetings and other team communication informal.
There are commercial products that include requirements gathering tools, prototyping tools, software development environments such as those for the Java platform, groupware for communication among development members, and testing tools. RAD usually embraces object-oriented programming methodology, which inherently fosters software re-use. The most popular object-oriented programming languages, C++ and Java, are offered in visual programming packages often described as providing rapid application development.
Rational Unified Process (RUP) Methodology
The Rational Unified Process attempts to capture many of modern software development's best practices in a form suitable for a wide range of projects and organizations. This process recognizes that the traditional waterfall approach can be inefficient because it idles key team members for extended periods of time. Many feel that the waterfall approach also introduces a lot of risk because it defers testing and integration until the end of the project lifecycle. Problems found at this stage are very expense to fix.
By contrast, RUP represents an iterative approach that is superior for a number of reasons:
It lets you take into account changing requirements which despite the best efforts of all project managers are still a reality on just about every project.
Integration is not one "big bang" at the end; instead, elements are integrated progressively.
Risks are usually discovered or addressed during integration. With the iterative approach, you can mitigate risks earlier.
Iterative development provides management with a means of making tactical changes to the product. It allows you to release a product early with reduced functionality to counter a move by a competitor, or to adopt another vendor for a given technology.
Iteration facilitates reuse; it is easier to identify common parts as they are partially designed or implemented than to recognize them during planning.
When you can correct errors over several iterations, the result is a more robust architecture. Performance bottlenecks are discovered at a time when they can still be addressed, instead of creating panic on the eve of delivery.
Developers can learn along the way, and their various abilities and specialties are more fully employed during the entire lifecycle. Testers start testing early, technical writers begin writing early, and so on.
The development process itself can be improved and refined along the way. The assessment at the end of an iteration not only looks at the status of the project from a product or schedule perspective, but also analyzes what should be changed in the organization and in the process to make it perform better in the next iteration.
Scrum Methodology
Scrum is an agile method for project management developed by Ken Schwaber. It's goal is to dramatically improve productivity in teams previously paralysed by heavier, process-laden methodologies. Its intended use is for management of software development projects as well as a wrapper to other software development methodologies such as Extreme Programming.
Scrum is characterised by:
A living backlog of prioritised work to be done.
Completion of a largely fixed set of backlog items in a series of short iterations or sprints.
A brief daily meeting (called a scrum), at which progress is explained, upcoming work is described, and obstacles are raised.
A brief planning session in which the backlog items for the sprint will be defined.
A brief heartbeat retrospective, at which all team members reflect about the past sprint.
Scrum is facilitated by a scrum master, whose primary job is to remove impediments to the ability of the team to deliver the sprint goal. The scrum master is not the leader of the team (as they are self-organising) but acts as a productivity buffer between the team and any destabilising influences.
Scrum enables the creation of self-organizing teams by encouraging verbal communication across all team members and across all disciplines that are involved in the project. A key principle of scrum is its recognition that fundamentally empirical challenges cannot be addressed successfully in a traditional "process control" manner. As such, scrum adopts an empirical approach - accepting that the problem cannot be fully understood or defined, focusing instead on maximising the team's ability to respond in an agile manner to emerging challenges.
Spiral Methodology
The spiral methodology extends the waterfall model by introducing prototyping. It is generally chosen over the waterfall approach for large, expensive, and complicated projects.
At a high-level, the steps in the spiral model are as follows:
The new system requirements are defined in as much detail as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system.
A preliminary design is created for the new system.
A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product.
A second prototype is evolved using four steps:
Evaluate the first prototype and identify its strengths, weaknesses, and risks.
Define the requirements of the second prototype.
Plan and design the second prototype.
Construct and test the second prototype.
At the project sponsor's option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could result in a less-than-satisfactory final product.
The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above.
The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired.
The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.
The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime.
TenStep Project Management Process
I used to have a description of the TenStep Project Management Process on this page having found the information I read from a book about the process to be interesting and useful. However, I've since learned that a description of how I used the process was in violation of the licensing terms from TenStep Inc. To be in accordance with the licensing terms I would need to pay a fee (no idea how much).
This to me is an unusual business model as I would've thought that what I learned from a book I paid for would be mine to use as I see fit. But the process and content aren't mine, so I'll let the owners decide what is and isn't fair use.
So I'm retracting my endorsement of the TenStep Project Management Process as it is no longer a good fit for how I prefer to operate. And in compliance with their terms, I will not use the process with any of my projects. Instead, I recommend that you review some of the other methodologies below all of which I believe are open to use by the public (although you may need to buy the vendor's software to get the full benefit).
Waterfall (a.k.a. Traditional) Methodology
The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model for software engineering. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is rigid and linear. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development where each phase is completed for the next one is started and there is no turning back.
The perceived advantages of the waterfall process is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule is typically set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process. In theory, this process leads to the project being delivered on time because each phase has been planned in detail.
In practice, waterfall development often falls short of expectations as it does not embrace the inevitable changes and revisions that become necessary with most projects. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was not thought of in the concept stage. Alternatives to the waterfall model include joint application development (JAD), rapid application development (RAD), synch and stabilize, build and fix, and the spiral model.
OPM3
OPM3 ('Operational Project Management Maturity Model') was published by the US Project Management Institute (PMI) in 2003. It splits the broad concept of organizational project management into three areas for systematic management: projects, programs, and portfolios. It recognizes that organizations implement their business strategies through projects and that, therefore, project management should be a core business capability.
OPM3 is a body of knowledge about project management best practices, and this body of knowledge enables organizations to improve their current organizational project management maturity. The three interlocking elements of OPM3 (knowledge, assessment and improvement) enable organizations to assess their current state of project management maturity and then to map an improvement path to a higher level of maturity. Model components include best practices, capabilities, outcomes and key performance indicators.
Managing Successful Programmes (MSP)
Programme Management, the co-ordination of a portfolio of projects that have a strategic change impact on an organization, is of equal importance for project management professionals. The best practice-based MSP methodology operates at a level above Prince2 and takes in wider business topics such as strategic planning and organizational politics. It is well described in the newly published Introduction to Programme Management: based on MSP, which is also a brilliant resource for those who are preparing to tackle the Foundation exam.
MSP is owned by the UK's OGC, and the APM Group runs the MSP accreditation scheme.
PROMPT
Project Resource Organisation Management & Planning Techniques
A project management framework developed originally by the Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA - the civil service technical branch) in response to an outcry that computer projects were over-running on time estimated for completion and initial budgets as set in the Feasibility Study. Factors of double, treble and even ten-times were experienced. PROMPT was an attempt to set down guidelines for the stage flow through a computer project as follows:
Feasibility Study - to determine whether the project should be done/can be done/will work if it is done.
Initial Stage - where the project organisation is set up.
Specification Stage - in which the user specification was detailed.
Design Stage - where the logical and from this the physical design of the computer system was designed in detail.
Development Stage - The system is built and tested.
Installation Stage - The user accepts (hopefully) a working system.
Operation Stage - when the system is tuned for the work in hand.
This lead onto the development of
IDEAL
Initiation
Set context
Build sponsorship/support
Character infrastructure
Diagnostics
Characterise current and desired states
Develop recommendations
Establishing
Set priorities
Develop approach
Plan actions
Action
Create solution
Pilot and test solution
Refine solution
Improve solution
Learning
Analyse and validate
Propose future actions
BPMM
BATES Project Management Methodology
5 major planning steps as follows:
• Project charter
• WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
• Work package plan
• Project schedule
• Project budget
Prodigy
Prescribing RatiOnally with Decision-support In General practice studY
Relating to the National Health Service and medical industry. Project management group consists of who are responsible for strategy
Project manager
Project team leader
PMO from the NHS Executive
Branch head from NHS Executive
SMO from NHS Executive
Branch head from NHS Executive
5 STEPS
5 Steps To Ensure Project Success
5-STEPS is a structured methodology designed to assist individual project teams deliver the project on time within budget. The focus is on developing a realistic schedule for a project and then managing it.
Each step must be validated by all participants before moving to the next step.
The 5 steps are executed sequentially in this order:
• Organise the project.
• Structure the process model.
• Set reasonable objectives.
• Gain commitment.
• Manage the project.
SUPRA
The framework for SUPRA is similar to PRINCE and consists of the following:
Project organisation structure - which is broken down into:
Overall project level
Workpackage level
Technical plan.
Project monitoring and control.
Quality assurance.
Document management.
Chestra ®
Siemens Business Services Methodology Framework
Chestra Characteristics
Chestra is a Methodology Framework for the development of integrated business solutions. The Chestra Framework covers all phases of system development. For each phase, Chestra describes:
a process, i.e. the activities to be performed
work products to be created, i.e. the produced results
roles, i.e. the profile and responsibilities of those who perform activities
tools and techniques used for ensuring quality and productivity.
The following characteristics describe Chestra:
A Business-Process-Driven Approach
Chestra claims to treat the enterprise as the sum of its business processes. The enterprise performance goals are translated into business process performance goals and the primary objective of the business process design is to change the business processes until they are able to achieve their performance goals. Then change in the domains of organization, location, application, data and technology can serve to make the business processes possible.
Communication and Partnership
Chestra encourages a cooperative partnership between developer and user by active user participation at almost every step and by maintaining consensus on a daily basis.
Anticipation of Change
The business environment and user requirements are continually changing. By focusing on broad architectures and leaving the definition of detailed requirements until the application and system design process, thereby shortening the time interval between requirements definition and delivery, Chestra delivers systems that more closely meet the user's needs on the day the systems are delivered.
Model-Based Development
Model views are created for:
Business Enterprise
Business Process
Location
Organization
Application
Data
Technology
Pragmatic, Results-Oriented Methods
Chestra is designed not to conform to academic theories, but to work in practice. It seeks and employs methods that get results. Any activity or work product that is unnecessary to developing business solutions will be eliminated.
Chestra Phases
Vision and Strategy Phase
Architecture Phase
Development Phase
Integration Phase
Deployment Phase
Other elements of Chestra:
Chestra Proposal Management
Chestra Project Management
AIS
Administrative Information System
This Project Management Methodology consists of 7 components:
Project organisational structure.
Process.
Activities.
Prioritisation.
Resource management.
Change management.
Documentation.
Method123
Method123 is a Project Management Methodology which provides you with all of the documents, processes, tools, templates and methods required in order to succeed as a Project Manager. These tools are an integral part of the Method123 project lifecycle.
Project Management Scalable Methodology
Integration.
Scope.
Cost.
Time.
Quality.
Risk.
Communications.
Human resources.
Procurement.
Multi-project overview.
SDPP
Schedule Driven Project Planning
RDPP
Resource Driven Project Planning
MITP
Managing the Implementation for the Total Project
An IBM method, part of WSDDM - World-wide Solution Design and Delivery Method
COST
Customer Ownership System Teamwork
CALS
Continuous Acquisition Life-cycle System
Used in Government defence departments
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