Chapter 002 Neuromuscular Fundamentals



 

True / False Questions

 

1. In most cases, muscles work independently to achieve a particular joint motion and this is known as aggregate muscle action. 

True    False

 

2. Agonists are muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion. 

True    False

 

3. Innervation is defined as the segment of the nervous system categorized as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. 

True    False

 

4. Extensibility is the muscle's ability to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length. 

True    False

 

5. Kinesthesis is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space. 

True    False

 

6. A muscle's line of pull has nothing to do with its effect on the joint. 

True    False

 

7. The insertion of a muscle is defined structurally as the distal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body. 

True    False

 

8. A defined area of bone supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome. 

True    False

 

9. Contractibility is the muscle's ability to contract and develop tension or an internal force against resistance when stimulated. 

True    False

 

10. Elasticity is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

True    False

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

11. A term pertaining, usually, to muscles that arise or originate outside (proximal to) the body part on which they act. 

A. Extrinsic

B. Intrinsic

C. Lateral

D. Contralateral

 

12. The range of muscle-fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening is called 

A. lengthening core.

B. vectortude.

C. rectitude.

D. amplitude.

 

13. During contraction, the Sliding Filament Theory says that 

A. a muscle shortens.

B. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.

C. joint action occurs.

D. energy is produced.

 

14. _____________ is a term pertaining, usually, to muscles that are within or belong solely to the body part on which they act. 

A. Extrinsic

B. Agonist

C. Intrinsic

D. Stabilizer

 

15. The fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance that connects muscles to bones and other structures. 

A. Ligament

B. Tendon

C. Fascia

D. Collagen

 

16. The _________ reflex provided by the muscle spindle may be utilized to facilitate a greater response, as in the case of a quick, short squat before attempting a jump. 

A. stretch

B. golgi

C. Meissner's

D. tendon

 

17. Regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. This is referred to as the 

A. contraction.

B. innervation principle.

C. neural signal.

D. all-or-none principle.

 

18. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on only the joint that they cross. 

A. Biarticular

B. Uniarticular

C. Multiarticular

D. Synarthrodial

 

19. The process that antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group contracts is known as 

A. active insufficiency.

B. reciprocal innervations.

C. passive insufficiency.

D. Sherrington's law.

 

20. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

A. Contraction

B. Muscle memory

C. Innervation

D. Elasticity

 

21. The specific movement of a joint that results from a concentric contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint. 

A. Potential

B. Action

C. Eccentric

D. Angled

 

22. _________ muscles act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin and insertion crossing multiple joints. 

A. Triarticular

B. Uniarticular

C. Biarticular

D. Multiarticular

 

23. The central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts. 

A. Tendon

B. Ligament

C. Fascia

D. Gaster

 

24. This is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant. 

A. Isoathletic

B. Isometric

C. Isokinetics

D. Concentric

 

25. This proprioceptor, serially located in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction is continuously sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction. 

A. Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

B. Stretch reflex

C. Myotactic reflex

D. Pacinian corpuscle

 

26. Muscles that assist in the action of agonists, but are not necessarily prime movers for the action. 

A. Prime movers

B. Stabilizers

C. Synergists

D. Agonists

 

27. A(n) _________ contraction occurs when tension develops within the muscle, but the joint angles remain constant. 

A. isometric

B. concentric

C. eccentric

D. isotonic

 

28. These muscles are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and have the opposite concentric action. 

A. Synergist

B. Antagonist

C. Prime mover

D. Stabilizer

 

29. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on two different joints. 

A. Uniarticular

B. Triarticular

C. Multiarticular

D. Biarticular

 

30. This type of contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension as it shortens. 

A. Eccentric

B. Concentric

C. Isometric

D. Isotonic

 

31. Eccentric contractions involve 

A. no movement of fibers.

B. static movement.

C. a shortening of muscle fibers.

D. a lengthening of muscle fibers.

 

32. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle develops tension to 

A. move an object.

B. stabilize the body.

C. correct balance.

D. either cause or control joint movement.

 

33. Muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move are 

A. assistors.

B. isolators.

C. stabilizers.

D. prime movers.

 

34. Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscles, the position of the body and limbs, and movements of the joints. 

A. Golgi tendons

B. Proprioceptors

C. Meissner's corpuscle

D. Sarcomeres

 

35. A type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a low-enough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions. 

A. Eccentric

B. Treppe

C. Concentric

D. Threshold stimulus

 

36. The proximal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body. 

A. Insertion

B. Tuberacle

C. Distal end

D. Origin

 

37. These are concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch. 

A. GTO

B. Muscle spindles

C. Tendons

D. Sarcomeres

 

38. This is defined as a muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve. 

A. Dermatome

B. Myotome

C. Spinal nerve root

D. Reflexes

 

39. The basic functional units of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses. 

A. Neurons

B. Motor units

C. Nerve signal

D. Nerve units

 

40. Muscles that counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions. 

A. Prime movers

B. Neutralizers

C. Stabilizers

D. Synergists

 

41. The preciseness of the kick depends on the involvement of many other muscles and 

A. myotactic reflex arc.

B. stretch organ.

C. eccentric contraction.

D. the number of motor units not innervated.

 

42. When a muscle is in a stretch, and pressure is applied to the tendons, the golgi tendon response occurs, also known as 

A. myotactic reflex arc.

B. inverse stretch reflex.

C. golgi inversion response.

D. GTO.

 

43. These receptors are concentrated around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths and beneath the skin, are activated by rapid changes in the joint angle, and by pressure changes affecting the capsule. 

A. Meissner's corpuscles

B. Ruffini's corpuscles

C. Pacinian corpuscles

D. Krause's end-bulbs

 

44. Concentric contractions may be thought of as 

A. a lengthening of muscle fibers.

B. necessary for return phase of a bicep curl.

C. dynamic shortening with light weight.

D. causing movement against gravity or resistance.

 

45. Students well educated in kinesiology should be able to read the description of an exercise or observe an exercise and 

A. know the type of injury a patient has.

B. immediately know the most important muscles being used.

C. know if a patient's balance is compromised.

D. give advice on diet.

 

46. On the return phase of triceps extension, the triceps ______ and controls elbow flexion. 

A. contracts

B. stabilizes

C. lengthens

D. neutralizes

 

47. For every muscle group the agonist and antagonist are strengthened or stretched together so that a 

A. conditioning effect can take place.

B. muscle can be strengthened.

C. balance is maintained between the groups during joint movement.

D. Sherrington's Law can be employed.

 

48. For most of the skeletal muscles, this is a very useful way to determine muscle action. 

A. Observing movement

B. Palpation

C. Locate only the insertion

D. Video tape the movement

 

49. When discussing muscular activity, one should really refer to it as 

A. contraction.

B. movement.

C. range of motion.

D. neuromuscular activity.

 

50. This type of neuron transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. 

A. Motor

B. Sensory

C. Dendrite

D. Axon

 

 

Fill in the Blank Questions

 

51. All muscles possess a(n) ______, or stretch, reflex. 

________________________________________

 

52. ________ muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group contracts. 

________________________________________

 

53. As a muscle shortens, its ability to exert _______ diminishes. 

________________________________________

 

54. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

________________________________________

 

55. Another factor relative to a muscle's ability to move a joint through a large range of motion is its ability to _______. 

________________________________________

 

56. ______ is the muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli. 

________________________________________

 

57. Functionally and historically, the most movable part of a bone is generally considered the _______. 

________________________________________

 

58. Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson, two researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, developed a model called the ______. 

________________________________________

 

59. Contraction is a result of a shortening of the _________ and the sliding mechanism of the thin and thick filaments. 

________________________________________

 

60. All muscle contractions or actions can be classified as being either _________. 

________________________________________

 

61. When performing a biceps curl, ________ is developed to overcome the force. 

________________________________________

 

62. _________ is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement. 

________________________________________

 

63. __________ are muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move. 

________________________________________

 

64. Muscles work in _______ to produce movement. 

________________________________________

 

65. Studying a muscle's _________ against forces such as gravity and resistance is vital in a clinical setting. 

________________________________________

 

66. _________ is the most accurate way of detecting the presence and extent of muscle activity. 

________________________________________

 

67. The ___________ is the highest level of control. 

________________________________________

 

68. ___________ are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. 

________________________________________

 

69. Proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in _________. 

________________________________________

 

70. Golgi tendon organs are known as ________. 

________________________________________

 

71. Muscle spindles, concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to ________. 

________________________________________

 

72. When a rapid stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to the ______. 

________________________________________

 

73. _________ are responsible for the knee jerk effect. 

________________________________________

 

74. Motor units function as a(n) _______ unit. 

________________________________________

 

75. The number of _________ recruited may be increased by activating the motor units. 

________________________________________

 

 

True / False Questions

 

1. In most cases, muscles work independently to achieve a particular joint motion and this is known as aggregate muscle action. 

FALSE

Muscles work together in paired opposition.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

2. Agonists are muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

 

3. Innervation is defined as the segment of the nervous system categorized as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

4. Extensibility is the muscle's ability to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

5. Kinesthesis is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

6. A muscle's line of pull has nothing to do with its effect on the joint. 

FALSE

The direction a muscle's fibers run help determine its effect on a joint.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

7. The insertion of a muscle is defined structurally as the distal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

8. A defined area of bone supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome. 

FALSE

A defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve is known as a dermatome.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Difficult

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

9. Contractibility is the muscle's ability to contract and develop tension or an internal force against resistance when stimulated. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

10. Elasticity is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

TRUE

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

11. A term pertaining, usually, to muscles that arise or originate outside (proximal to) the body part on which they act. 

A. Extrinsic

B. Intrinsic

C. Lateral

D. Contralateral

Examples are the forearm muscles that attach proximally on the distal humerus and insert on the fingers.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

12. The range of muscle-fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening is called 

A. lengthening core.

B. vectortude.

C. rectitude.

D. amplitude.

Muscles can be measured to calculate muscle reactions.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

13. During contraction, the Sliding Filament Theory says that 

A. a muscle shortens.

B. a sarcomere as a unit shortens.

C. joint action occurs.

D. energy is produced.

Myofilaments in muscle do not shorten during a contraction but, rather, that the thin filaments (actin) slide over the thick ones (myosin) and pull the Z disks behind them.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

14. _____________ is a term pertaining, usually, to muscles that are within or belong solely to the body part on which they act. 

A. Extrinsic

B. Agonist

C. Intrinsic

D. Stabilizer

Examples are the small intrinsic muscles found entirely within the hand.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

 

15. The fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance that connects muscles to bones and other structures. 

A. Ligament

B. Tendon

C. Fascia

D. Collagen

Only the accessory nerve innervates the trapezius. In some cases, two muscles may share a common tendon, such as the Achilles tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

16. The _________ reflex provided by the muscle spindle may be utilized to facilitate a greater response, as in the case of a quick, short squat before attempting a jump. 

A. stretch

B. golgi

C. Meissner's

D. tendon

The quick stretch placed on the muscles in the squat enables the same muscles to generate more force when the body subsequently jumps off the floor.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

17. Regardless of the number involved, the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. This is referred to as the 

A. contraction.

B. innervation principle.

C. neural signal.

D. all-or-none principle.

Depending on the number of muscle fibers within each activated motor unit, and the number of motor units activated, muscle contractions may be powerful for doing sports movements or delicate for performing surgery.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

18. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on only the joint that they cross. 

A. Biarticular

B. Uniarticular

C. Multiarticular

D. Synarthrodial

The brachialis of the elbow is one example in that it can only pull the humerus and ulna closer to each other on concentric contraction.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Difficult

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

19. The process that antagonist muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group contracts is known as 

A. active insufficiency.

B. reciprocal innervations.

C. passive insufficiency.

D. Sherrington's law.

Activation of the motor units of the agonists causes a reciprocal neural inhibition of the motor units of the antagonists.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

20. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

A. Contraction

B. Muscle memory

C. Innervation

D. Elasticity

As an example, the triceps brachii displays elasticity by returning to its original resting length when the elbow flexors cease contracting and relax.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

21. The specific movement of a joint that results from a concentric contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint. 

A. Potential

B. Action

C. Eccentric

D. Angled

An example is the biceps brachii, which has the action of flexion at the elbow. In most cases, a particular action is caused by a group of muscles working together.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

22. _________ muscles act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin and insertion crossing multiple joints. 

A. Triarticular

B. Uniarticular

C. Biarticular

D. Multiarticular

Muscles of the hip and knee have multiple functions.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

23. The central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts. 

A. Tendon

B. Ligament

C. Fascia

D. Gaster

The gaster is the contractile portion of the muscle.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

24. This is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant. 

A. Isoathletic

B. Isometric

C. Isokinetics

D. Concentric

Isokinetic forms of resistance are advantageous to rehabilitation.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

25. This proprioceptor, serially located in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction is continuously sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction. 

A. Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

B. Stretch reflex

C. Myotactic reflex

D. Pacinian corpuscle

GTO is much less sensitive to stretch than are muscle spindles and requires a greater stretch to be activated.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

26. Muscles that assist in the action of agonists, but are not necessarily prime movers for the action. 

A. Prime movers

B. Stabilizers

C. Synergists

D. Agonists

Known as guiding muscles, they assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motions.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

27. A(n) _________ contraction occurs when tension develops within the muscle, but the joint angles remain constant. 

A. isometric

B. concentric

C. eccentric

D. isotonic

Isometric contractions may be thought of as static contractions, because a significant amount of tension may be developed in the muscle to maintain the joint angle in a relatively static or stable position, without an actual shortening of muscle fibers.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

28. These muscles are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and have the opposite concentric action. 

A. Synergist

B. Antagonist

C. Prime mover

D. Stabilizer

The coracoid process is in the wrong location for the angle of pull; the humerus is not a shoulder girdle bone; and the vertebral border of the scapula below the root of the spine is the insertion for rhomboid major.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

29. These types of muscles are those that cross and act directly on two different joints. 

A. Uniarticular

B. Triarticular

C. Multiarticular

D. Biarticular

Depending on a variety of factors, a biarticular muscle may contract to cause, control, or prevent motion at either one or both of its joints.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

30. This type of contraction occurs when the muscle develops tension as it shortens. 

A. Eccentric

B. Concentric

C. Isometric

D. Isotonic

This contraction occurs when the muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

31. Eccentric contractions involve 

A. no movement of fibers.

B. static movement.

C. a shortening of muscle fibers.

D. a lengthening of muscle fibers.

Eccentric contractions help muscles grow in strength.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

32. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle develops tension to 

A. move an object.

B. stabilize the body.

C. correct balance.

D. either cause or control joint movement.

The isotonic type of muscle contraction is classified further as being either concentric or eccentric on the basis of whether shortening or lengthening occurs.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

33. Muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move are 

A. assistors.

B. isolators.

C. stabilizers.

D. prime movers.

Known asfixators, they are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

34. Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscles, the position of the body and limbs, and movements of the joints. 

A. Golgi tendons

B. Proprioceptors

C. Meissner's corpuscle

D. Sarcomeres

These proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in kinesthesis, which is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

35. A type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a low-enough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions. 

A. Eccentric

B. Treppe

C. Concentric

D. Threshold stimulus

The maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending upon the length of the muscle during contraction.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

36. The proximal attachment of a muscle, or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body. 

A. Insertion

B. Tuberacle

C. Distal end

D. Origin

From a functional and historical perspective, the least movable part or attachment of the muscle has generally been considered to be the origin.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

37. These are concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch. 

A. GTO

B. Muscle spindles

C. Tendons

D. Sarcomeres

Specifically, they insert into the connective tissue within the muscle and run parallel with the muscle fibers.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

38. This is defined as a muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve. 

A. Dermatome

B. Myotome

C. Spinal nerve root

D. Reflexes

Certain spinal nerves are also responsible for reflexes.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-2

 

39. The basic functional units of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses. 

A. Neurons

B. Motor units

C. Nerve signal

D. Nerve units

Neurons consist of a neuron cell body; one or more branching projections known as dendrites, which transmit impulses to the neuron and cell body; and an axon, which is an elongated projection that transmits impulses away from neuron cell bodies.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Difficult

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

40. Muscles that counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions. 

A. Prime movers

B. Neutralizers

C. Stabilizers

D. Synergists

Referred to as neutralizing, they contract to resist specific actions of other muscles.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

 

41. The preciseness of the kick depends on the involvement of many other muscles and 

A. myotactic reflex arc.

B. stretch organ.

C. eccentric contraction.

D. the number of motor units not innervated.

The myotactic reflex arc is also known as a stretch reflex.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

42. When a muscle is in a stretch, and pressure is applied to the tendons, the golgi tendon response occurs, also known as 

A. myotactic reflex arc.

B. inverse stretch reflex.

C. golgi inversion response.

D. GTO.

The inverse stretch reflex helps protect a muscle from overstretching by relaxing the muscle being stretched.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

43. These receptors are concentrated around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths and beneath the skin, are activated by rapid changes in the joint angle, and by pressure changes affecting the capsule. 

A. Meissner's corpuscles

B. Ruffini's corpuscles

C. Pacinian corpuscles

D. Krause's end-bulbs

Pacinian corpuscles are helpful in providing feedback regarding the location of a body part in space after quick movements such as running or jumping.

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

44. Concentric contractions may be thought of as 

A. a lengthening of muscle fibers.

B. necessary for return phase of a bicep curl.

C. dynamic shortening with light weight.

D. causing movement against gravity or resistance.

In this contradiction, the force developed by the muscle is greater than that of the resistance.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

45. Students well educated in kinesiology should be able to read the description of an exercise or observe an exercise and 

A. know the type of injury a patient has.

B. immediately know the most important muscles being used.

C. know if a patient's balance is compromised.

D. give advice on diet.

Understanding what muscles are employed in an exercise is important in addressing specific issues.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

46. On the return phase of triceps extension, the triceps ______ and controls elbow flexion. 

A. contracts

B. stabilizes

C. lengthens

D. neutralizes

The triceps contract eccentrically during this movement.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

47. For every muscle group the agonist and antagonist are strengthened or stretched together so that a 

A. conditioning effect can take place.

B. muscle can be strengthened.

C. balance is maintained between the groups during joint movement.

D. Sherrington's Law can be employed.

This basic rule is a template of how the body should be exercised.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

48. For most of the skeletal muscles, this is a very useful way to determine muscle action. 

A. Observing movement

B. Palpation

C. Locate only the insertion

D. Video tape the movement

This is done through using the sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle as it is contracted.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

49. When discussing muscular activity, one should really refer to it as 

A. contraction.

B. movement.

C. range of motion.

D. neuromuscular activity.

Muscles cannot be active without nervous innervation. All voluntary movement is a result of both the muscular and nervous systems working together.

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

50. This type of neuron transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. 

A. Motor

B. Sensory

C. Dendrite

D. Axon

Neurons are classified into three types, according to the direction in which they transmit impulses.

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

 

Fill in the Blank Questions

 

51. All muscles possess a(n) ______, or stretch, reflex. 

myotatic

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

52. ________ muscle groups must relax and lengthen when the agonist muscle group contracts. 

Antagonist

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

53. As a muscle shortens, its ability to exert _______ diminishes. 

force

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

54. ______ is the muscle's ability to return to its original resting length following a stretch. 

Elasticity

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-1

 

55. Another factor relative to a muscle's ability to move a joint through a large range of motion is its ability to _______. 

shorten

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

56. ______ is the muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli. 

Irritability or excitability

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

57. Functionally and historically, the most movable part of a bone is generally considered the _______. 

insertion

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

58. Hugh Huxley and Jean Hanson, two researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, developed a model called the ______. 

sliding-filament theory

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

59. Contraction is a result of a shortening of the _________ and the sliding mechanism of the thin and thick filaments. 

sarcomere

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

60. All muscle contractions or actions can be classified as being either _________. 

isometric or isotonic

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-1

Learning Outcome: 2-3

 

61. When performing a biceps curl, ________ is developed to overcome the force. 

tension

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

62. _________ is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement. 

Isokinetics

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

63. __________ are muscles that surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move. 

Stabilizers

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

64. Muscles work in _______ to produce movement. 

synergy

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

65. Studying a muscle's _________ against forces such as gravity and resistance is vital in a clinical setting. 

line of pull

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

66. _________ is the most accurate way of detecting the presence and extent of muscle activity. 

EMG

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

 

67. The ___________ is the highest level of control. 

cerebral cortex

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-4

Learning Outcome: 2-5

 

68. ___________ are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. 

Interneurons

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Difficult

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

69. Proprioceptors, in combination with the body's other sense organs, are vital in _________. 

kinesthesis

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

70. Golgi tendon organs are known as ________. 

proprioceptors

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

71. Muscle spindles, concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers, are sensitive to ________. 

stretch

 

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

72. When a rapid stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to the ______. 

CNS

 

Bloom's: Comprehension

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

73. _________ are responsible for the knee jerk effect. 

Muscle spindles

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

74. Motor units function as a(n) _______ unit. 

single

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

75. The number of _________ recruited may be increased by activating the motor units. 

muscle fibers

 

Bloom's: Application

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Easy

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Outcome: 2-2

Learning Outcome: 2-3

Learning Outcome: 2-4

 

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