Mrs. Simon's Class



WWI - Notes and Handouts - AppliedThe Causes of World War I__________ System - a secret _____ between ________ to ________ one another.- Triple___________ ("The Allies") _______, _______, ________,- Triple ___________("The ________________") - Germany _______________ Italy (*________ left to join _______ when the war began)- These ________ divided Europe into _____sidesMilitarism "The _______ ________"- Britain and ___________ started to _______ up their armies and started to _________ them with the latest __________.- _________ had the most ________ _________ in Europe while _________ had the most powerful ________.- New class of -________, known as the ___________, began to be built by _______ and _________. This led to _________ expansion.- ______plans were _____ ________.________________- A ___________ by countries to __________ __________ to increase their __________ and __________- Britain - ___________, Australia, _______ and _________ Indies, ________- France - _________ Africa and _________ _________- __________ - Northern _________ and ________* Germany - Looked to _________ and _________(this threatened _________ and ___________)______________- The _________ that one's ________ and culture are ________ to that of __________ __________.- As ____________ powers expanded their ____________ and _____________ their ________ and _________, it helped to enhance the _______ of the _____________.The ___________- There were a lot of __________ ____________ in this area (Poles, _____, _____, etc). Some of these _________, such as the _______, wanted to ______ _________ and ___________ from __________-____________.Immediate Cause: ___________ of the Archduke __________ ________ (June 28, 1914)- The __________, heir to the __________-_________ throne, was ___________ in the city of _________ by a Serbian____________.- very quickly the _________ ___________ brought the major _____ ______ into ________.Short-term Cause - Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne)?Tensions had _________ between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans.?The _________ of Austria-Hungary was making a visit to __________ (capital of Bosnia) that had been taken from _________ years before.?A _________ of the __________ __________ group - The _____ ______ - killed the _________ and his ___________.Domino Effect?_________ system falls into _________:? __________-_________ blames ___________;? __________ stalls for _______ and asks for __________ help;? __________ asks __________ to help __________ the issue;? __________ reminded ________ that ________ had Germany's full support!Chain of Events Leading to War1. __________ declared war on Serbia after Checking __________ Support (July 28)2. __________ mobilized her forces after getting __________ Support3. When __________ refused to recind (pull back) the __________, __________ declared war __________ and __________ (Aug 3)4. __________ refuses to allow __________ troops to enter. __________ declares war on them5. __________ declares war after the __________ invasion of __________6. When __________ declares war all the dominions (including __________) enter the warWar PlansThere had not been a ________ _____________ in Europe since 1870.- much had changed since then 1. ___________ __________ = more ________2___________ _____________, more devastating _________ and ____________ to get them to _____________.The _______________ Plan- devised by head of __________ ___________ Staff from 1892-1906, _____________ _________ ________________.- believed the most __________ ______ was one in which _______ would have to _________ both _______ and ___________. - believed the __________ __________ could defeat ________but not at the _________ _________- _______ called for ____________ to stake _______ on a massive attack on _________ in the first 6 weeks of war then _____ on ________before they had ______ to ____________.- ___________/___________ boarder - heavily __________ therefore the only way is through ___________.- The ___________ had _________ before ___________ _______ so the ___________ had to ________ their __________.- ___________declared war on ________and _________ and invaded __________- __________ invaded __________ _________ and gained a _________ over the _________ on August ____, _________ throwing the __________plan into ____________.______________- The ___________had a Plan...- headlong _________ across the __________ relying on the _________and __________ of ___________ soldiers after the ______.- August 20, 1914 put _____ into action and met with _______- 12 days, lost ___________ men including 10% of ________.*ALL OF THE INITIAL WAR PLANS FAILED!274320022860000What was trench warfare in World War 1?Trench warfare was a form of combat in which two opposing armies dug holes in the ground for fortification. It first appeared in WWI when soldiers were forced to make charges out onto open battlefields. Because soldiers were faced with an almost guaranteed death while charging (due to the advent of the machine gun), they would defy the orders of their generals and dive onto the ground to hide behind a tree stump or similarly large object. Desperate soldiers who could not find anything to conceal themselves with did the next best thing and dug a small depression to lay down in, thus marking the beginning of trench warfare in WWI. As time went on, the small depressions kept being dug upon until they reached about two meters deep and one meter wide. Battle Tactics The main strategy of using these trenches consisted of sending infantry units to charge towards the enemy over what they called no-man's land (the area in between the trenches of opposing armies). They called it "no-man's land" because that was a place where no man could survive. Nevertheless, the generals (believing that the problem was from the soldiers not running fast enough) continued sending more and more units out to charge. Besides the use of the machine gun, which was the 800-pound gorilla in trench warfare, other weapons that were used included bayonets, rifles, grenades and shot guns. Tear gas, mustard gas, and chlorine gas were also commonly used. Soldier Conditions The conditions in trenches were horrendous. Since they were mostly one meter wide and two meters deep, they left little room for soldiers to move around freely. In the summer, flies and insects would often infest their food supplies leaving them virtually inedible. Water was scarce and soldiers where often hot, tired, dehydrated and food deprived. The life expectancy for a trench soldier was about four days if they were lucky. During the winter, conditions were even worse. Soldiers clothes were often wet, soggy or frozen. The trenches turned into muddy swimming pools causing soldiers to get trench foot (rotting of the foot), leaving them in unbearable pain. Millions of rats inhabited the trenches, gnawing away at dead bodies (often entering through the eyes and exiting through the anus). Lice inhabited many soldiers' clothes, making them extremely uncomfortable and itchy. Dysentery was common for soldiers, and to make it even worse, toilets were no more than holes in the ground (which did not take long to fill up considering the size of the army)Many died on their first day due to theof abullet?Up to 1/3 of Allied casualties onwere actuallysustained in the trenches.Rat InfestationRats ininfested trenchesAte human- mainlyand liverWould grow to the size of aMen would attempt to rid theof them through, bayonets and even?Attempts were futile - a singlecouple could produceup tooffspring in a year?Spreadand contaminated foodLice and Worse? — never-ending problemBread in seams of clothingCaused Trench- severe pain followed by high fever? - away from trenches - took up to 12 weeksTrench FootFungalof feetCuased by,, and unsanitary trenchconditionsThe SMELL!RottingOverflowingNo baths for weeks or months? 1?Poison gas, rotting sandbags, stagnant mud, cigarette smokeLife in the TrenchesThe first thing a new___________ would notice on the way to the __________ was the ____________, _________ ____________ in shallow ________, men who hadn't ___________ in weeks because there were no ____________, overflowing _________ __________, creosol or ________ of lime, used to _____________ ____________ the constant threat of ___________ and _________. Cordite, the lingering _________of _________gas, _________ __________ stagnant _______, ________ smoke, and cooking _______. Although overwhelming to a new recruit, they soon got used to the ______ and eventually _________ ________ of the -_________ with their own _________ _____________.Homework:Read the following example of a letter sent home to loved ones from the trenches. Pretend you are a Canadian soldier in the trenches in World War I. Write a one page letter home to a loved one explaining to them what you are experiencing.When it rained, which it did a great deal, the water poured into the trenches and down into the dugouts. Day after day. week after week, the men ate and slept, or crouched behind their rifles, in soaking wet uniforms. Often the water and the mud came above their knees,. When shells landed near them they were half buried in mud. There was mud everywhere, thick, gluey mud; in which was mixed up all the ruin of the war, .bits of trees and buildings and guns . . . and human bodies.They could not keep warm and they could not keep clean. Their bodies crawled with lice, and rats swarmed everywhere. There was always plenty of food for the rats, for they fed upon the dead bodies. The men who died in no-man's-land could not be buried. It was not safe to go out and fetch them. And even the wounded could not always be brought to safety. The men in the trenches had to listen to the cries of their dying comrades. They had to smell the smell of blood and rotting bodies.For the guns hardly ever stopped firing, day or night. High explosive shells fell upon the dug-outs and buried men alive. Shrapnel shells burst in the air, spraying their deadly splinters above the open trenches - the tin helmet was invented to protect men's heads against shrapnel. Machine-guns spluttered. Rifles cracked. There were many different noises at the front. Even more terrifying than the crash of the explosions was the noise the shells made as they flew through the air. The heavy shells rumbled like express trains. The smaller shells whined. The bullets whistled.Through their EyesRead "Was Canada's Response to Black Soldiers Racist?"Complete the questions in the reader as you go.BattlesBattle of Ypres-1915? are consideredin the ways of warFirst time poisonis used in battleDespite their lack of protection and preparation the Canadians held.One of the firstvictories in the warCanadians earn theof being tough and courageousCanada's Role - Ypres?April 22, 1915 - Germans first used?NOhad been issued to the Canadians and manysuffered?Success forin the fact that they managed to hold offthe Germans and slow their advanceTheSomme-1916One of the biggest battle of the war (lasts over)Onlywas gainedFirst timeused in battle? - bogged down byand wereineffectiveCanada's Role - The Somme?Attacks - planned by British Commander in Chief,? Poorly planned and poorly excecutedOverCanadians lost their lives after initial attackBy end ofbattle - overmillionsoldiers dead?Onlyof land was gained during this long battle? first introducedVimyRidge-1917?First time Canadians attacked as a(not as part of theBritish Forces)This victory was the most important on the Western Front to that timein the warThe Canadians tooGermanat thecost oflives?Fought in astormCanada’s Role – Vimy1st time Canadians fought as a unit – not under ____________Passchendaele – 1917Territory ___________ was lost very __________Most of the fighting was done in a ______________ of ____________First time Germans used ____________ in battleBritish politicians thought the attack was ‘insane’Canada’s Role – PasschendaeleOne of most bitter ___________ for Canadian soldiers___________ lives lost for only ___________ of mudGermans soon won back.Fill out the chart below using your notes and the readerWORLD WAR I BATTLESBATTLEROLE PLAYED BYTHE CANADIANSDESCRIPTION OFTHE HARDSHIPSIMPORTANCE TOTHE WAR EFFORTYPRESTHE SOMMEVIMY RIDGEPASSCHENDAELEWeaponsRifles and pistolsMachine gunsArtilleryBayonetsTorpedoesFlame throwersMustard and chlorine gasesSmokeless gunpowderMachine Guns?men required to usesurfacerounds/minutegunsHad to be positioned on aCould fire up to?Had the fire power ofArtillery?Large-calibre mounted fieldStalemate meant they needed long-range weapons that could deliver devastating blows to enemyNeeded crews of up tomenShells weighed up to 900 IbsPoison Gas? - smelled like pepper and pineappleCaused a burning sensation inDeath by?Allies realisedcotton padsthechlorine - difficult to fightMustard Gas -, took 12 hours to take effectVery powerful, small amounts needed to be effectiveRemained active for several weeks when it landed on soilMadeEyesCauseCauseandbleeding?Target the lungs - take up toweeks to dieZepplin? — used by Germans in early part of the war forbombing?Weighedonnes, contained overcubicfeet of hydrogen?CarriedTanksFirst tank - "Little Willie"Needed crew ofMax speed?More modern tank - Fiat- released a few weeksbefore end of warFit1st revolving turretSpeeds of___________Weapons of WarWeapon AdvantagesDisadvantagesSubmarineTankAirplaneMachine GunGas: Mustard and ChlorineTotal War?Wrightwere first in flight in? were considered an expensive luxury for Canada toindulge inAt the beginning of WWI Canada hadand no pilotAny Canadians interested in flying went to Britain to join the RoyalFlying CorpsThey were among the best fighter pilots of the warDogfightsMeeting ofin the air?Pilots tired to tenemyso that theenemies could not return fire?Beingmeant instant? were not allowed to carrybecausethey might bail out duringBecausewere so, thes were supposed to try and save theThe average life span of a pilot was onlyweeksThey called planes ""? Greatest pilot in the war was Germany's famous "Red Baron" whoshot down 80 planes Technical EdgeFlew atkm/hourMainly used for?They began shootingto keep information fromgetting back to the enemy?WWI spurred the development of the aircraft as a central role inmodern warfareBilly Bishop? of the Royal Flying Corps?Shot down, earned the Victoria cross - highest awardfor bravery?Used to inspire and swell Victory Bonds in Canada - means tosupport the warYou Be the Judge - Billy Bishop?Complete the questions as you read through the articleFlyboysWhat does the French officer say is typical of Americans who have come to France?Why are the boys not permitted into the bar?If the plane is going down what are the three choices a pilot has to choose between?How many pilots are lost in the first air fight with the enemy?What happens to Jensen after the second air fight with the enemy?What suspicions arise about Beagle?What happens to Lucienne while she and Rawlings try to escape the Germans?What is Cassidy’s last effort to make the Zeppelin mission a success?In what city will Lucienne and Rawlings say they will meet in after the war?Which pilot continues to fly for the rest of the war?Which pilot joined the U.S. forces but was not allowed to fly?Which pilot stays in Europe and starts his own flying circus?The War on the Home FrontWwi was the first war to involve all sectors of societyFarmingWar disruptedin EuropeMore than half of the men fighting the war came from living on afarmCanada had to fill a large part of thewith Canadianwheat? ,,and beef exportsshot way upIndustryNew markets formedCanada began to export- to be processed elsewhere? (weapons) began to boom as a business (1/3 of theshells used by the Allies)City workers gave up free time to helpWomen entered the? worked extra hours for no payProfiteeringThis is when people do not sell their goods until the can get the bestpriceOthers usedand then sold the product for aThe boots of the Canadian troops wore out in less than two monthCanned meat for the soldierscame from diseasedanimals?Some industries would bribeto get work?Some people did everything they could to support thewhile others hoarded supplies and wasted food.The War Measures Act?Some iwho entered Canada under Clifford Siftonwere not seen as security risksP.M. Borden introduced an Act which gave sweeping powers to arrestand detain ""Oermen were sent to remote campsUkrainians were the group most targeted - because of where theyfromThis was Canada reacting to fear - no evidence was ever found thatany of those people ever psoed a threatVictory Bonds?Canadians paid noof profit tax at the beginning ofthe 20th centuryTo raise money Canada issuedto help the war effortAfter the war people couldin their bonds and receivetheir money plusBanks and campanies bought the majority of the bondsTwotaxes wer introduced to help pay for the war? tax (corporate tax)?ItaxWar at Sea?When the war began, Canada only hadin its navy?By the end of the war, Canada hadAtlantic ConvoysConvoys were large groups of ships that wouldtogether forCanada's main role in the war at sea was in shipping Canadian troops,andto EuropeBritain tried to block supplies headed to Germany from the USThe British navy mined the North Sea so that1 shipscould not reach?The Germans wanted tosupplies headed for?The Germans used submarines to attack ships bound for BritainLusitania?Aship that was sunk by asubmarine ()Overpeople died - includingUS was neutral in war until this point?Sinking ofbegansentiment in the USHalifax Explosion?Dec 6, 1917, a French ship () carrying explosives anda Norwegian ship () carrying supplies were passing inthe narrow harbour in HalifaxCity was busy and people watch as the French ship crossed in front of the Norwegian shipThe French shipSchools, factories, stores and houses werepeople died andwere seriouslyinjuredpeople were left homeless in middle of winterBrought the war to Canadian shores.The Home FrontWages & Price Control-The __________ told companies how much they could ______, and ___________ how much they could _____. This was done to stop _______ and help in the _____ _______.Rationing-The ___________ restricted how much _____ Canadians could buy, so more _________ could be sent _________. Also, no new ______ or _______were built in order to send more ______ to ________.Victory _______-These were sold buy the _________ to help pay for the war. _______ ________ these instead of putting their _______ in the ________.Canadian _________-A national ______ was taken on whether to allow the _________ to make _________a Law. You can see the Conscription Issue divided _________ & ________ Canadians.Results: YesNoQuebec 27%73%Ontario79%21%Zombies-Names given to _________Soldiers, those who did not ________ to fightConscription?Conscription, or,divided Canada.?Borden promised on New Year's Day,Canadawould maintain a military force ofmen?believed war was anto demonstrate to the world,especially to, that Canada was a great nation.praise forinCanada,believed the war wasof national cmany worried that with a small, many thoughtBorden's commitment was too.?many Canadians, particularly withinbelieved thatCanada had no place in the, as it was a conflictbetween thepowers of Great Britain andGermany.? Canada adamantly refused to seeblood spilled in the military affairs of?Onlypercent of men eligible from Quebecvolunteered by 1917 compared withpercent ofthose from western Canada andpercent fromOntario.What would you do??Read through the Conscription Reader - answer thequestions as you go.Preparing for an In-Class Debate?Setting:You are in the House of Commons discussing the possibility of conscripting men to go to war. You will be briefed (with the handout materials) that discuss the issue in detail and will be given some time to discuss with other members of your party (your group) how you will argue for or against conscription.To Prepare:Using the materials provided, on a separate sheet of paper list the FOUR strongest arguments / examples that help you prove your pointthen list at least ONE potential counter-argument, and how you will respond should it come up in debate In-Class Structure: Opening Statements (Side A, then Side B)Side A presents its argumentsSide B rebuts and presents its argumentsSide A rebutsClosing Statements Question for Follow-Up Reflection:Which side did you find most convincing? (even if not your own)List 3 reasons why. (answer should be about half a page long, IN PARAGRAPH FORM)* You will be marked both on participation during prep and during the debate. You will also be graded on the answer to your question. Please use the attached rubric in your preparationCurriculum Expectations:Explain how local, national, and global influences have helped shape Canadian identity.Analyse the development of French-English relations in CanadaAssess Canada’s participation in war Describe how the conscription crises of WWI created tensions between English Canada and QuebecDescribe the major events that have contributed to the growth of Quebec nationalism and the separatist movement in Quebec.Interpret and analyze information gathered through research, employing concepts and approaches appropriate to historical inquiry.Express ideas, arguments, and conclusions, as appropriate for the audience and purpose, using a variety of styles and forms.CriteriaLevel 1 (0-3)Level 2 (4-6)Level 3 (7-8)Level 4 (8-10)Use of evidenceT/I ____/10Supports arguments with limited relevant evidenceSupports arguments with some relevant reasoning and evidenceSupports arguments with considerable reasoning and evidenceSupports arguments with highly effective reasoning and evidencePrep WorkT/I ____/10Prep work is incompletePrep work is partially complete but missing elementsPrep work is complete with 3 arguments, an opposing argument and rebuttalPrep work is complete with arguments, opposing arguments, rebuttal to a highly effective manner.PresentationComm ___/10No participationMinimal participationAdequate participationParticipation using relevant material and reasoning.ReflectionComm______/10IncompleteLess than 3 arguments, some spelling/grammar mistakes, no paragraph form3 arguments. Some spelling/grammar mistakes, paragraph form3 arguments, no spelling/grammar mistakes, proper paragraph form.Women in WW IConscription crisis helped Canadian women gain the righttoBefore WWI, Canadian women began breaking out of traditional roles:? Stayed inlongerSome became _____________(__________________________________etc)For the most part, it was almost impossible for a woman to get hired for many jobs.The industrial boom during the war created a problem -young men who would usually work inhadgone off to- women filled thewomen were employed making?These werejobs that earlier would have onlybeen performed by men.?Women also enteredjobs such asdrivers, sand office mangers?Other womens and sent lettersto soldiers?Createdand visited families ofmen who had been killedSupported Canadian Red Cross and other volunteerorganizationsOverwomen became army nurses andambulance drivers. - called "bluebirds" because they wore blue cloaksNurses in WWI? single Canadian women volunteered to jointhe war effortAverage ageyears oldRewarded with the rank of LieutenantWorking conditions wereHad to gurad men againstof insects,fleas andShortage ofPossibilities of bombingsFemale Suffrage? - women won the right to vote in Provincialelections ina, AandSaskatchewan1917-Ontario and1- All women won the right to vote inFederal elections - due in part to patriotic work during the wasReality Check - Women in the Workforce?Read through the article and answer the questions asyou go.The End is Near?The _________on the Western Front continued until _______? Neither side was able to win a battle that would bring?Soldiers on both sides are wondering why are they were still there(is low). People were desperateBrest-Litovsk TreatyRussians revolt against their(Nicholas II)They demanded "Land, Bread and Peace"? andrefuse to fightMarch 18th 1918 Russia (Leon Trotsky) signedwith GermanyRussia agreed to surrender, Finland, the Balticprovinces, theandto GermanyUnited states Enters the WarGermany announcesin April 1917The US enters the war on the side of ____________and _________Germany knew that a great supply of"________" US troopswould arrive withinGermany wanted to act before the USOverGerman soldiers advcanced and claimed__________ - Advantage GermanyThe Alllies pulled back but the German offences broke downbegan with US troops in1918The Germans began to- by August they were in fullGermany? in cities because ofshortagesProtestscontinuing the warSome members of the German Army and Navyto goback to fight?By October - it was obvious that both side have lost the war? began?Armistice was signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month1918The "war to end all wars" had come to an endThe CostsOversoldiers had died?More thanmore would suffer with wounds, shellshock, gassed lungs, lost limbs, loss of sight, or hearingAn equal number of civilians were also victims of warHalf of the solderis who went to war did not returnLand in Frnace, Belgium, and Germany has been destroyedCasualtiesBritain: 750, 000 soldiers killed; 1, 500,000 woundedFrance: 1, 400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 woundedBelgium: 50,000 soldiers killedRussia: 1,700,000 soldiers killedAmerica 116,000 soldiers killedGermany: 2,000,000 soldiers killedAustria-Hungary: 1,200,000 soldiers killedTurkey: 325,000 soldiers killedBulgaria: 100,000 soldiers killed21 million being woundedConsequensesMost of north-eastern Europe been reduced to rubbleHomes of 750,000 French people were destroyedRoads, coal mines, telegraph poles - destroyedParis Peace ConferenceWoodrow Wilson of America - wrote hisMain points:no moreCountries must seek totheir weapons and armedforces?National self-determination should allow people of the amenationality to govern themselves and oneshould nothave the power to govern?All countries should belong to new peace-keeping body -The Treaty of VersaillesPeace treaty which officially ended WWISigned exactly 5 years after the assassination of Archduke FranzFerdinandSix months of negotiations - Paris Peace ConferenceTerms of the Treaty - Germany had no choice but to acceptThe terms of the Treaty of VersaillesThe treaty can be divided into a number of sections; territorial, military, financial and general.TerritorialThe following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-Lorraine (given to France) Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium) Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark) Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia) West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum.The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseascolonies.Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia,Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of thisland.MilitaryGermany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanksShe was not allowed an airforce She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.FinancialThe loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt her.Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to a minimum.GeneralThere are three vital clauses here:1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". 2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 231, was, therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore, she had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. Quite literally, reparations would be used to pay for the damage to be repaired. Payment could be in kind or cash. The figure was not set at Versailles - it was to be determined later. The Germans were told to write a blank cheque which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at ?6,600 million - a huge sum of money well beyond Germany's ability to pay.3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.In fact, the first 26 clauses of the treaty dealt with the League's organisation.' Were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles actually carriedIout?The League of Nations was created. This did happen even ifGermany was initially excluded from it.Land had to be handed over the Poland, France, Belgium andDenmark. This did happen - all the land Germany was required tohand over, was handed over. Territory put under League of Nationscontrol was handed over to the League.All overseas colonies were to be handed over to the League. This didhappen.All land taken from Russia had to be handed back to Russia. This didhappen though land in the western area became Latvia, Lithuaniaand Estonia in keeping with the belief in national self-determination.Germany's army had to be reduced to 100,000 men. On paper this happened. The fact that Germany side-stepped the rule did not mean that she literally broke it - though what she did was a deliberate attempt to break this term. German soldiers in the 1920's were signed on for a short contract of service and then put in the reserves once their time had finished. Therefore, Germany never had more than 100,000 soldiers serving at any one time though she certainly had substantial reserve soldiers which boosted Hitler when he renounced the clauses of Versailles.Germany's navy was reduced to 6 battleships with no submarines. This happened. Germany could not afford battleships in the aftermath of the war and most navies were now moving to smaller (by degrees), faster ships that could also carry weapons that carried a punch - such as cruisers. Aircraft carriers were also being developed with greater commitment. Submariners were trained abroad - Versailles did not cover this, so it did not break the terms of Versailles - only the spirit. No air force was allowed. This happened but as with submariners, potential pilots were trained abroad or using gliders in Germany to educate them in the theory of flying. This did not break Versailles. Western Germany was to be demilitarised. This happened. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria. This happened. Germany had to accept the "War Guilt Clause" and pay reparations. The former happened in the sense that Germany signed the Treaty which meant that she accepted this term on paper - if not in fact. Germany did try and pay reparations when she could do so. She did not refuse to pay in 1922. She simply could not produce what was needed that year and this led to the French invasion of the Ruhr. In the 1920's it was the Allies who took the decision to reduce reparations and eased Germany's plight in so doing. The first instance of refusal to pay reparations came in 1933 when Hitler announced that Germany would not pay - and the Allies did nothing.Therefore, throughout the 1920's, in nearly all parts of the Treaty, the terms were carried out. It was after 1933, that there was a systematic breaking of the terms when the Nazis came to power.WWI ScrapbooksThe Course of the WarWhat were the dates of the Battle of the Somme? (6)After 2 months of fighting and 200,000 casualties, the British army had gained _______________________ yards.After only five months of war the total number of dead, wounded and missing men exceeded _____________________.What was the last battle of the war?Trench WarfareGas was used for the first time on _____________________What is the Canadian soldier examining on pg. 8Life in the Front LinesWhat was the length of the normal front-line shift?What was the typical daily ration for a soldier at the front?List 3 things, which made life at the front physically uncomfortable.What was used to prevent trench foot?A Soldier’s ChristmasDescribe what happened in No-Man’s Land on Christmas Day 1914Vimy RidgeHow many prisoners were taken at Vimy Ridge?List three systems of communication used to ensure contact between the lines and headquartersThe war at SeaThis is the name of the first aircraft carrierThis ship was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1917How many people were killed?Which nation owned this ship?Which nation came into the war because of the sinking of the Lusitania?The war in the AirThis was the top speed of a plane at the beginning of the war________________________. By the end of the war that speed was ________________________How did pilots prevent frostbite?Germany was the primary maker of this type of airship.What was its great advantage?What rendered it obsolete?Sir Arthur Currie: war hero_____________________________ Believed Currie was the ablest commander in the British Army.What is happening in the picture on 29?Prisoners of WarOn what condition might a POW be returned to his home country before the end of the war?Who lived in the camp in Kapuskasing?Courage…Patriotism…and PropagandaGive two poster slogans used to inspire patriotism.What is the newspaper caption on p 33Fighting the War on the HomefrontWhat were “soldiers of the soil?List two pieces of advice for housewives in order to reduce consumption.Give two rationed products.Name two things the Boy Scouts were encouraged to do.Women and the War EffortNumber of women who enlisted as nurses:Number of women who worked in the Royal Air Force:What amount was the separation allowance given to the wife of a colonelPaying for a WarWhat was the cost of the war in 1918?How did children help pay for the war?Name 3 things that were taxed in order to help pay for the war.Conscription Crisis 1917List the terms of the Military Voters Act: List the terms of the Wartime Elections actWhat are the terms of the Military Service ActWhy was this Act necessary?The Cost of WarHow many Canadians swerved in the Armed Forces in WWI?How many casualties were there?What were used as the coffin for a soldier buried on the field.The SurvivorsName 3 institutions in Toronto for the treatment and training of returning soldiersWhat pension would be awarded to a soldier who had lost one hand?List two post-war ailments of veteransFor who long were most disability pensions paid? ................
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