Colonialism - Cabarrus County Schools
UNIT 3A - IMPERIALISM AND WORLD WAR I
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Imperialism - one nation extending authority over another through territorial acquisition and control over the government and economy in the conquered nation.
1. Desire for Military Strength
2. Gaining New Markets - $$$$
3. Belief in Cultural Superiority
4. Closing the American Frontier
ALASKA – “SEWARD’S FOLLY”
1867 – US Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
• Initially considered a horrible Purchase (Seward’s Folly) turns into wealth when large amounts of gold were discovered (1897-1898).
HAWAII – “CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC”
Hawaiian Islands are “military and commercial outpost in the Pacific”: important to Americans.
• 1893 – American planters organize uprising against the Queen
• 50 US Marines help overthrow the Queen and establish a pro-American government
• July 7, 1898 – US Congress annexes Hawaii making it a territory
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
1896: General Valeriano Weyler placed the rural population of central and western Cuba into concentration camps.
“Yellow Journalism” – Pulitzer and Hearst
• New York Journal (Hearst) and New York World (Pulitzer) printed exaggerated actions of “Butcher” Weyler’s actions
The De Lôme Letter criticized President William McKinley "... McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble…". McKinley’s response – take action.
The USS Maine blows up in Havana – carrying US citizens to protect them from violence
• American Newspapers claim the Spanish blew up the ship, although it remains a mystery to this day.
• April 20, 1898 – US declares war on Spain
Admiral Dewey – attacks Spanish fleet in Philippines when war breaks out. Sinks the entire fleet in 7 hours.
Battle of San Juan Hill –June 1898 – Roosevelt’s Rough Riders capture the hill and Roosevelt becomes a national hero.
Treaty of Paris 1898
• Cuba freed from Spanish
• Spain gives up Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, and Wake.
• US BECOME LEGIT IMPERIAL POWER
USA AS A LEGITIMATE IMPERIAL POWER
The Philippines - Filipinos rebel lead by Emilio Aguinaldo.
• 70,000 troops were sent to Philippines - 3 years to end the revolt
• First Gov.-General of the Philippines – William H. Taft
Puerto Rico (1898) - 1917 – Jones Act
• PR gets full territorial status
• Puerto Ricans are US Citizens
• Puerto Ricans do not vote in US Presidential Elections
Cuba
• Teller Amendment – US cannot annex Cuba but instead leave “control of the island to its people”
• Platt Amendment – Cuban can’t enter agreements with foreign countries, US can intervene in Cuban affairs, Cuba must leave Guantanamo Bay to US for Naval and Coaling Station, and Cuba cannot build up public debt.
China
• Spheres of Influence – areas where another nation has control
• Open Door Policy #1 – nations who are parts of the Speres of Influence must guarantee rights of all nations to trade equally with China.
• Boxer Rebellion – Chinese Boxers attack and kill westerners and Chinese Christians. US troops crush rebellion
• Open Door Policy #2 – China should remain one country
Panama – Roosevelt’s Big Ditch
• Panama gives US land rights for a canal for $10 million. Makes transportation and trading easier
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – guarantee’s US right to protect western hemisphere and act as policing power.
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy – create economic stability worldwide to promote American commercial interests
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy – Spread Democracy, Promote Peace, and Condemn Colonialism.
CAUSES OF WWI
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
• Ottoman Empire joins later
Triple Entente – France, Russia, Great Britain
• USA joins later
Assassination of Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian Nationalist group, ignited conflict in the Balkans
• System of alliances pulls European nations into the conflict
• German Schlieffen Plan – defeat France quickly and turn attention to Russia
Trench Warfare – troops dig into earth building intricate trenches to battle
• No Man’s Land…..
American Neutrality – “neutral in fact as well as name”
• Freedom of the Seas threatened by German U-Boats – Sinking of the Lusitania kills 128 Americans
• Zimmerman Note - Note written by German Foreign Secretary Zimmerman suggesting Mexico enter a German-Mexican alliance and attack the US
• “World must be made safe for Democracy – US enters war April 6, 1917
American Military Expansion into WWI
Selective Service Act – Men 18-30 register for the Military Draft
• Women may serve as Nurses
• African Americans in noncombat roles
Naval Convoy – largest in the world at the time. Assisted the British blockade
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – General John J. Pershing – DOUGHBOYS
• Lead Germans to final retreat
Weaponry
• German – Big Bertha (Cannon) and Zeppelins (gas filled airships)
• Dog Fights – Air Battles – The Red Baron
• Mustard Gas – Chlorine that burns the skin and attacks the nervous system
The War at Home
• Changing consumer goods to producing war weaponry and supplies
• War Industries Board – power determined which materials could and could not be used my manufacturers
• Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
• Committee on Public Information – 1st Propaganda Agency
• Espionage Act – crime to aid enemy nations or interfere with recruiting of soldiers
• Sedition Act – crime to speak or write anything critical of the government
Armistice Day – November 11, 1919 at 11 AM
110,000 Americans died during WWI - 8.5 million casualties total during the Great War
Russia in WWI – Russian exits fighting on the Eastern Front March 1918 when the Russian people overthrow the Czar
• Bolsheviks seized power under their leader Vladimir Lenin
Treaty of Paris
Wilson’s 14 Points
• Eliminate General Causes of War – disarmament, Freedom of the Seas, Open Diplomacy
• Rights of people to live under a government of their own choosing
• League of Nations – International Peacekeeping Organization – US DOES NOT APPROVE
PUNISHING THE GERMANS
• Take away Army and Navy
• Pay reparations
• War Guilt Clause – admit responsibility for the war
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