MODELING FLIGHT - NASA

MODELING FLIGHT

The Role of Dynamically Scaled Free-Flight Models in Support of NASA's Aerospace Programs

Joseph Chambers

MODELING

FLIGHT

The Role of Dynamically Scaled Free-Flight Models in Support of NASA's Aerospace Programs

Joseph R. Chambers

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chambers, Joseph R. Modeling flight : the role of dynamically scaled free-flight models in support of

NASA's aerospace programs / by Joseph R. Chambers. p. cm.

"NASA SP 2009-575."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Airplanes--Models--United States--Testing. 2. Wind tunnel models--United States--Testing. 3. Aeronautics--Research--United States--Methodology. 4. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I. Title.

TL567.M6C48 2010

629.101'1--dc22

2009048942

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................vii

Introduction..................................................................................................................................1

Background..................................................................................................................................7

Objectives............................................................................................................................... 7

Role.of.Free-Flight.Testing.......................................................................................................8

Principles.of.Dynamic.Scaling..................................................................................................9

Rigid-Body.Dynamic.Models.................................................................................................. 11

Incompressible.Flow. ............................................................................................................. 11

Compressible.Flow.................................................................................................................14

Limitations.and.Interpretation.of.Results................................................................................15

Historical.Development.by.the.NACA.and.NASA....................................................................17

Spin.Research.Facilities.........................................................................................................18

The.Langley.20-Foot.Spin.Tunnel..........................................................................................19

Wind.Tunnel.Free-Flight.Research.Facilities. ........................................................................22

The.Langley.12-Foot.Free-Flight.Tunnel................................................................................24.

The.Langley.Full-Scale.Tunnel...............................................................................................26.

The.Ames.Hypervelocity.Free-Fight.Facilities........................................................................29

The.Ames.40-.by.80-Foot.Tunnel...........................................................................................32

Outdoor.Free-Flight.Facilities.and.Ranges. ...........................................................................33

Langley.Unpowered.Drop.Models..........................................................................................33

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

Dryden.Unpowered.Drop.Models........................................................................................... 37

Langley.Powered.Free-Flight.Models.................................................................................... 39

Langley.Control.Line.Facility.................................................................................................. 40

Ames.Powered.Free-Flight.Models........................................................................................ 41

Dryden.Powered.Free-Flight.Models..................................................................................... 41

Wallops.Rocket-Boosted.Models........................................................................................... 42

Selected.Applications................................................................................................................ 43.

Dynamic.Stability.and.Control.................................................................................................. 47.

Low-Speed.Research............................................................................................................. 47

High-Speed.Research:.Rocket-Propelled.Models.................................................................. 50

Supersonic.Tests.at.Ames....................................................................................................... 52

Unconventional.Configurations............................................................................................... 52

The.Early.Days....................................................................................................................... 53

V/STOL.Configurations........................................................................................................... 58

Parawing.Configurations......................................................................................................... 65

Variable.Geometry.................................................................................................................. 68

Space.Capsules...................................................................................................................... 73

Reentry.Vehicles.and.Lifting.Bodies....................................................................................... 75

Supersonic.Transports............................................................................................................ 79

Vehicle/Store.Separation........................................................................................................ 80

Advanced.Civil.Aircraft............................................................................................................ 83

Wake.Vortex.Hazard............................................................................................................... 84

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MODELING FLIGHT

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