Teaching and Learning Flying - Airplane Instrument Rating



Teaching and Learning Flying - Airplane Instrument Rating

Attitude Instrument Flying

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DEFINITION

Attitude instrument flying (AIF) may be defined as the control of an aircraft's spatial position by using the flight instruments rather than outside visual references.

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SAFETY FACTORS

Proper interpretation of flight instruments yields essentially the same information about the aircraft's spatial orientation as outside visual references. Safe, precise, proficient performance of any instrument flight maneuver depends fundamentally on mastery of basic AIF. Competence in AIF flying not only makes possible safe, precise flight in IMC, but also enhances the safety and accuracy of VFR flight. Thorough understanding of the operation and use of all the flight instruments plus regular practice leads to prompt recognition of instrument failure and transition to safe partial panel attitude instrument flight. 

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TOLERANCES

Instrument Rating PTS (FAA-S-8081-4D)

IV. A. To determine that the applicant can perform basic flight maneuvers

1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level, climbs, turns and descents while conducting various instrument procedures.

2. Maintains altitude within +/- 100 feet during level flight, headings within +/- 10°, airspeed within +/- 10 knots, and bank angles within +/- 5° during turns.

3. Uses proper instrument crosscheck and interpretation, and applies the appropriate pitch, bank and trim corrections when applicable.

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OBJECTIVES

To encourage mastery of AIF to increase pilot proficiency and enhance the safety of flight

To develop the student's knowledge and skill in AIF to meet instrument pilot PTS 

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PROCEDURES

Preflight

• Instruments more precise than visual references

• Two basic methods

Control and performance

Primary and supporting[pic]

Pitch instruments

attitude indicator (AI)

altimeter (ALT)

airspeed indicator (ASI)

vertical speed indicator (VSI)

Bank instruments

attitude indicator (AI)

heading indicator (HI)

magnetic compass (MC)

turn coordinator (TC)

Power instruments

airspeed indicator (ASI)

engine instruments

manifold pressure gauge (MP)

tachometer (RPM)

For any maneuver or flight condition

Primary instruments

One in each group (pitch, bank, power)

Provide most pertinent and essential information

Indication stable with correct flight (shows greatest change with improper aircraft control)

Secondary instruments

Back up and supplement primary instruments

• Fundamental skills

o Cross-check

Continuous, logical observation of instruments for attitude and performance information

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Proficient pilot adjusts scan rate and sequence to specific flight situation

Common errors

Fixation

Omission

Emphasis

o Interpretation

Applied knowledge of

instrument construction and operating principles

aircraft performance capabilities (POH)

Learn what performance to expect and combination of instruments to interpret for each flight condition

o Control

Four components

Pitch

Bank

Power

Trim

Common error - Tension - use relaxed touch

• The Three Step Scan (Rod Machado)

o Select attitude and power. Trim and confirm.

Know and use predetermined attitudes and power settings for basic flight conditions

Confirm proper attitude indicator response to control input

Turn triangle of agreement

1. attitude indicator

2. turn coordinator

3. magnetic compass

Pitch triangle of agreement

4. attitude indicator

5. vertical speed indicator

6. alternate static system (activate to resolve disagreement)

o Radial scan the primary instruments.

Start at and alternate back to the attitude indicator

o Trim using the VSI and monitor scan the Big 6

Trim rudder

Trim elevator for constant VSI in SLF or constant rate climb or descent

Scan the six flight instruments and repeat

•

• SLF

SLF

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

ALT

HI

ASI

Secondary

AI, VSI

AI, TC

MP, RPM

•

• Turns

Turn, constant airspeed - Full panel

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

ALT

TC

ASI

Secondary

AI, VSI

AI

MP, RPM

•

• Change of airpseed

Airspeed change in SLF - Full panel

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

ALT

HI

MP(RPM) -> ASI

Secondary

AI, VSI

AI, TC

ASI -> MP(RPM)

•

Airspeed change in turn - Full panel

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

ALT

TC

MP(RPM) -> ASI

Secondary

AI, VSI

AI

ASI -> MP(RPM)

•

• Constant airspeed climbs and descents

Climb (or descent), straight, constant airspeed

Full panel

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

AI -> ASI

HI

MP(RPM)

Secondary

AI, VSI

AI, TC

-> ASI

•

• Constant rate climbs and descents

Climb (or descent), straight, constant rate

Full panel

Pitch

Bank

Power

Primary

VSI

HI

ASI

Secondary

AI

AI, TC

MP(RPM)

•

Inflight

• Demonstrate while desribing instrument scan

• Coach student practice (actual or simulated IMC)

o SLF

o Turns

o Change of airpseed

o Constant airspeed climbs and descents

o Constant rate climbs and descents

Postflight

Critique student performance

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COMMON ERRORS

• Fixation, omission, emphasis during cross-check

• Overcontrolling

Smooth, gently control pressures

Use two step corrections

1. Just enough control pressure to stop needle movement

2. A bit more to start smooth correction

• Uncoordinated use of controls

Keep the ball centered

• Improper trim control

Trim to relieve control pressures

Small, frequent adjustments

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References

14 CFR parts 61, 91

AIM

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15, 1999

Instrument Rating PTS, FAA-S-8081-4D, April 2004

Instrument Instructor PTS, FAA-S-8081-9B, June 2001

The Instrument Flight Manual, Sixth Edition William K. Kershner

Mastering Instrument Flying, Third Edition Henry Sollman and Sherwood Harris

Intrument Flight Maneuvers and Practical Test Prep, 4th Edition Irvin N. Gleim

Rod Machado's Instrument Pilot's Survival Manual, 2nd Edition Rod Machado | |

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