A3.4.1BuildUrinary - Belle Vernon Area School District



Name ________________________________Hook Up the Plumbing – 45 Informal PointsIntroductionWe often take the wonders of water for granted. We drink water to cool off or to rehydrate after exercise, but we rarely think about what this vital resource does inside human systems. In lean adults, water makes up about 60% of body mass. Water is essential for the reactions that take place in the body (think back to the breakdown of food molecules), and water is the major component of the liquid that bathes your cells and tissues. Water helps regulate body temperature, moistens tissues in the eyes, mouth and nose, lubricates joints, dissolves minerals and nutrients to make them accessible to the body, flushes out waste products and helps deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells. Without this vital resource, many systems of the body would shut down. You drink water and other fluids to fuel your body. The body tries to match the amount of water that leaves the body to the amount that is ingested. Water is lost in urine, sweat, feces, and in evaporation from the lungs. If the amount entering exceeds the amount leaving, the urinary system kicks into gear to try to restore balance.The urinary system is made of several organs that function together to filter the blood and rid the body of liquid waste called urine. This process helps maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating water and electrolyte concentration and maintaining pH balance of the blood. Your body’s urinary system is designed to help you conserve water, but if no new water is coming in and your body is losing water through sweat, a balance can not be maintained. Without water, blood pressure drops, cells begin to shrivel and overall homeostasis is lost. In this lesson, you will explore the main mechanism your body has to conserve this precious resource. But first, let us look at the major players in this system. In this activity, you will “hook up the plumbing” and add a urinary system to your Maniken?. You will research the components of the urinary system, and design and build the major urinary system organs, as well as begin to think about how these organs work together to conserve water and rid the body of waste products. ProcedureResearch the structure and function of organs in the human urinary system. Use the website found below, and other reliable Internet sources or reference textbooks to begin your search. Fill in the table below to describe the function of reach structure.Human Anatomy Online Urinary System – You Tube video Structure Function KidneysThe kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important functions of the body.They reside against the back muscles in the upper abdominal cavity. They sit opposite each other on either side of the spine. The right kidney sits a little bit lower than the left to accommodate the liver.When it comes to components of the urinary system, the kidneys are multi-functional powerhouses of activity. Some of the core actions of the kidneys include:Waste excretion: There are many things your body doesn’t want inside of it. The kidneys filter out toxins, excess salts, and urea, a nitrogen-based waste created by cell metabolism. Urea is synthesized in the liver and transported through the blood to the kidneys for removal.Water level balancing: As the kidneys are key in the chemical breakdown of urine, they react to changes in the body’s water level throughout the day. As water intake decreases, the kidneys adjust accordingly and leave water in the body instead of helping excrete it.Blood pressure regulation: The kidneys need constant pressure to filter the blood. When it drops too low, the kidneys increase the pressure. One way is by producing a blood vessel-constricting protein (angiotensin) that also signals the body to retain sodium and water. Both the constriction and retention help restore normal blood pressure.Red blood cell regulation: When the kidneys don’t get enough oxygen, they send out a distress call in the form of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-carrying red blood cells.Acid regulation: As cells metabolize, they produce acids. Foods we eat can either increase the acid in our body or neutralize it. If the body is to function properly, it needs to keep a healthy balance of these chemicals. The kidneys do that, too. UretersThe ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. Urinary BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear. Urine is made in the kidneys, and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. UrethraThe urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.Design a urinary system on your Maniken?. You must include the structures in the table above. Think about each structures placement in the body, the relative size of the organs and their connection to one another as you design. Consider the following “helpful tips” when designing your model system:Yellow clay works well for the organs of the system, but you may consider alternate materials for structures such as the kidney.The kidney sits in front of the quadratus lumborum muscle, located on the back wall of the abdominal cavity. For now, you may want to place a flap of muscle (terra cotta clay) extending from the bottom of the rib cage to the top of the pelvic bone so you have a place to anchor your kidney. A simple diagram of the muscle is found at Exercise Prescription on the Net – Quadratus Lumborum . You may go back and redesign this muscle in later units.Bladder size is up to you. How bad does your Maniken? have to “go”? Make sure that the bladder is shaped realistically.You can place the bladder on top of the pubic symphysis, the joint at the bottom of the pelvic girdle (where the screw enters your Maniken?); remember, this organ actually sits up a bit higher. Muscle and fat are layered under the bladder for support. You can add a small amount of fat under the bladder to remind yourself of this detail.Reference your model’s sex before you build the urethra. The female urethra should not extend very far past the pubic symphysis. Use a little longer piece of “spaghetti” for the male urethra. The key word is a “little” longer. The male urethra should not extend more than a few millimeters past the pubic symphysis. (Please be mature and school appropriate about this!)Create a small branch for the artery and vein that service the kidney. Choose appropriate colors of clay for each vessel. You will attach these connectors to major vessels when you build arteries and veins in upcoming lessons.On the Urinary System graphic organizer draw and label the organs you have built on your model. Label each organ and write a simple description of the function of each part. Note that the bladder is made up of a tissue called transitional epithelium. Research how the structure of this tissue type is perfect for the function of the bladder and describe in the space below. The transitional epithelium cells stretch readily in order to accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ.How does cell shape differ when the bladder is full and when the bladder is empty? Describe in the space below.When empty it resembles a deflated balloon. As it fills it is spherical in shape, then it becomes pear shaped when full and rises into the abdominal cavity.Conclusion QuestionsWhat are the main functions of the urinary system?Copied from table in #1:Waste excretion: There are many things your body doesn’t want inside of it. The kidneys filter out toxins, excess salts, and urea, a nitrogen-based waste created by cell metabolism. Urea is synthesized in the liver and transported through the blood to the kidneys for removal.Water level balancing: As the kidneys are key in the chemical breakdown of urine, they react to changes in the body’s water level throughout the day. As water intake decreases, the kidneys adjust accordingly and leave water in the body instead of helping excrete it.Blood pressure regulation: The kidneys need constant pressure to filter the blood. When it drops too low, the kidneys increase the pressure. One way is by producing a blood vessel-constricting protein (angiotensin) that also signals the body to retain sodium and water. Both the constriction and retention help restore normal blood pressure.Red blood cell regulation: When the kidneys don’t get enough oxygen, they send out a distress call in the form of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-carrying red blood cells.Acid regulation: As cells metabolize, they produce acids. Foods we eat can either increase the acid in our body or neutralize it. If the body is to function properly, it needs to keep a healthy balance of these chemicals. The kidneys do that, too.Beginning with the kidney, trace the organs through which urine travels.Kidney Ureter Bladder (storage) urethra to exit body*More detail about the pathway through the kidney will be added during the next two activities.What organs or structures in the body (other than the urinary system) help you maintain a water balance? Explain.Another mechanism for maintaining water balance involves the pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) and the kidneys. When the body is low in water, the pituitary gland secretes vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone) into the bloodstream.Aldosterone is closely linked to two other hormones: renin and angiotensin, which create the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system is activated when the body experiences a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, such as after a drop in blood pressure, or a significant drop in blood volume after a hemorrhage or serious injury. Renin is responsible for the production of angiotensin, which then causes the release of aldosterone. Once the body is rehydrated and has proper salt levels in the blood, renin levels fall, and aldosterone levels lower as a result.Antidiuretic hormone promotes vasoconstriction and water conservation by the kidneys, resulting in an increase in blood volume…..this means less urine and very concentrated urine.How does the urinary system differ in males and females?The only difference is the length of the urethra; it is longer in males.-7620045720000 BODY SYSTEM: Urinary System ................
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