Super STAAR 130 Facts



Super STAAR 134 Facts

Just the Facts!

EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION

1. _______________________ is an economic system in which the mother country controls the trade of its colonies.

2. The following colonies were established for religious freedom:

• Massachusetts - ___________________________ (___________________)

• _____________________________ - William Penn (Quakers)

• _______________________ - Roger Williams (exiled by Puritans for dissention)

• Maryland - __________________________ (___________________)

• _______________________ – James Oglethorpe (safe haven for people in debtors prison)

3. _____________________, _________________, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in ______ for economic reasons by a joint stock company.

4. The __________________________________ (_________________________) was started due to labor shortages in Virginia, resulting in the first slaves being brought to the Southern colonies.

5. The _______________________________ - an agreement signed in __________ by the Pilgrims in Plymouth. It is the 1st attempt at self government in America (based on “social contract”).

6. The _________________________________________________________ was the first representative assembly in the new world.

7. _________________________________ wrote the _________________________________ of

_________________________________, the first written Constitution in America. It is one of the first examples of a representative democracy (self government).

8. The 13 colonies were divided into 3 regions: _______________________,

____________________________, ________________________________.

Super STAAR Facts

CAUSES FOR THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

9. ____________________________________ involved England and the 13 colonies fighting against France and the Native Americans for control of the Ohio River

Valley and ended with the _____________________________________. The debt from the war resulted in increased taxation and violation of colonist’s rights.

10. __________________________ wrote the Albany Plan of Union - “Join or Die!” It encouraged the colonies to unite against the French during the French & Indian War.

11. _______________________________________________ was issued by the king to keep peace with the Native Americans, It limited the colonies from expanding west of the Appalachian Mountains.

12. These acts following the French & Indian War ticked off the Colonies and eventually

led to the Revolution! __________________, _____________________

__________________, __________________, _________________.

13. ____________________________ of England: He offended the colonies with his taxes and abuses of our rights as Englishmen.

14. The ________________________________ organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the Tea Act. In response, England passed the Intolerable Acts as punishment.

________________________was a key leader of the Sons of Liberty.

Super STAAR Facts

Important Individuals of the American Revolution:

• ______________________________ – “father of U.S. Navy.” Scottish sailor famous for victories against the British Navy. During the Revolution.

• _________________________ – 1st African American elected to public office and assisted Paul Revere in alerting the colonists of British troop movements.

• ____________________________ – African American killed at the Boston massacre who was the 1st colonist to die for American independence.

• ________________________________ – 1st African American double spy whose information helped defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown.

• _______________________________ – Jewish immigrant and American spy who helped finance the American Revolution.

• _________________________ – woman who wrote plays such as The Group and The Blockheads which were critical of the British government’s actions.

• __________________________ – Spanish governor of Louisiana and General who won many battles against the British in present day southeastern U.S

• _________________________________ – commander of the French forces in the 13 colonies, instrumental in American victory at Yorktown.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

15. ________________________ was the 2nd president of the U.S., 1st vice president, signed the Declaration of Independence, and served as Ambassador to England during the Revolutionary War. His wife, ________________________________, was a pioneer for women’s rights.

16. The first battle of the American Revolution was at ______________________ and ____________________ in April 1775. “Shot Heard Round the World”

17. ____________________________ - a pamphlet by _________________________ that convinced many colonists to support independence from Great Britain.

18. The fiery orator, patriot, and Anti-Federalist _______________________________ called for American independence and later opposed the Constitution because it did not protect individual liberties.

19. _______________________________________ was the leader of the Continental Army who later became the first President of the United States.

20. A ___________________________ is someone who supported American independence during the Revolution.

21. A ___________________________ is someone who supported maintaining British rule over the colonies during the Revolution.

22. The ______________________________________________ - a list of grievances against King George III - was written by Thomas Jefferson-July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia. It declared the colonies independent from England.

23. _____________________________ are rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are some of those rights.

24. The ________________________________________ was the turning point of the American Revolution (French entered the war).

25. ____________________________________ was where George Washington’s troops camped during the winter of 1777. More than 1/5 of his soldiers died of disease and malnutrition.

26. The British defeat in 1781 at __________________________,_______________ by George Washington’s troops signaled the end of the American Revolution.

27. The ______________________________ of 1783 ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognize the United States as an independent nation.

Super STAAR Facts

Forming a New Government

28. The _______________________________________________ – Our 1st National government with one branch (legislative). The states have most of the power. It would be replaced by the Constitution in 1787.

29. __________________________________ highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation & convinced many Founders of the need for a stronger national government.

30. A _____________________is a tax on imported goods (goods brought into a country) designed to protect home industries.

31. The ______________________________, signed in 1215 by King John, was the first document that limited power of the ruler. Idea of “Trial by jury” used in Bill of Rights.

32. The _________________________________________ of 1689 protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the U.S. Bill of Rights.

33. Early government was influenced by the works of European philosophers such as:

• _________________________________ (French) - “separation of powers” and 3 branches

• ________________________________ (English) – “unalienable rights”

• _______________________________________ (English) – “natural rights” and Bill of Rights

34. ________________________________________________ system in which each branch of government has its own powers. Legislative makes the laws, Executive executes the laws, Judicial interprets laws

35. ___________________________________________________ is a system set up by the Constitution in which each branch of the federal government has the power to check, or control, the actions of the other branches.

36. The ____________________________ (our written plan of government) - Created:

Philadelphia, ___________ (year). Provides a strong national government with power balanced between the 3 branches.

37. The ________________ _____________________ combined the

__________________ Plan (Large States) and the _____ _______________ Plan (Small States) to create a bi-cameral (2 House) Legislature we call Congress. Representation in the House of Representatives: population; the Senate: each state gets 2.

38. The _____________________________________ settled the issue of how slaves would count for representation and taxation in Congress. Each slave would count as 3/5 of a person.

39. _________________________________ is considered to be the

“_____________________________________________________________”.

40. The ____________________________________________ of 1787 established the procedures for the expansion of the United States and explains that new states are admitted to the Union equal to existing states.

41. ________________________________ is a system of representative government in which voters elect representatives to make laws for them.

42. Constitutional ________________________ - system of limited government where elected officials represent the people and must govern according to the laws of the Constitution.

43. _____________________________ is the sharing of power between the states and the national government.

44. __________________________________ were supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government and the Bank of the United States.

45. _______________________________________ were people opposed to the Constitution, preferring more power be given to the state governments than to the national government. Against the Bank of the U.S. Thomas Jefferson and George __________________ were leading Anti-Federalists.

46. The __________________________ Papers - a series of essays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton defending the Constitution and the principles on which the government of the United States was founded.

47. _______________________ means to approve by vote.

48. __________________ means to change. As in amend the ___________________ so it works better. Amendment = change to the Constitution.

49. A ___________________ _____________________ is passed when 2/3 of Congress (House & Senate) and ¾ of the state legislatures vote in favor of that amendment.

51. The ______________ of ________________ - 1st ten amendments to the Constitution --designed to protect our individual liberties.

52. The __________________ Amendment Protects the freedom of…

Religion

___________________

Press

Petition

___________________

53. The _________________________________ states – “A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

54. The ____________________________________ states - "No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

55. ______________________________________ – how laws are enforced fairly…

For example… Amendments 4-8

56. The ____________________________________________

“The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” WOW!! That means I get even more rights than what is in the Bill of Rights?!?!?

57. The _________________________________ states – “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved

to the States respectively, or to the people.” Meaning… ______________________!!

Super STAAR Facts

The Early Republic

58. George __________________________ service as president of the U.S. was an example of _____________________________. He accepted the presidency because he felt it was his duty to serve the people, rather than retire to his plantation.

59. ____________________________________________: a leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, and creator of the Bank of the U.S. - killed in a duel by the V. P. of the U. S.

60. The following Supreme Court cases, ruled by Chief Justice John Marshall, helped to strengthen the power of the federal government over the states.

______________________ v. ________________________ (1819)

______________________ v. ________________________ (1824)

61. ______________________________________ is an economic system with very few restrictions on trade and limited government intrusion into how people make a living.

62. President Washington demonstrated the increased _______________ of the federal government by sending the army to stop the ________________________________.

63. The first ____________________ Parties were formed as a result of disagreements over the powers of the federal government between Hamilton and Jefferson.

64. George Washington’s ____________________________ advised the United States to stay “neutral in its relations with other nations” and to avoid “entangling alliances”.

65. President Thomas Jefferson purchased the __________________________________ from France in _____________ (explored by Lewis & _____________________).

66. _______________________________________________ wrote the Declaration of Independence, became the 3rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States.

67.___________________ v. ___________________ was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the power of _____________________ review - the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. John Marshall’s ruling established judicial __________________.

68. British ________________________________ (forcing people to serve in a foreign country’s army or navy) resulted in the ___________________________ Act, which banned trade with all foreign countries and hurt the U.S. economy.

69.__________________________________ was fought between the United States and England. Causes of the war included impressment, seizing of American ships, and British encouragement of Indian attacks.

70. _______________________________ was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, and later became the 7th president of the United States.

71. Era of ___________________ Feelings: period of peace after the War of 1812 where _______________________ (pride in one’s country) swept the nation.

5 Major Events of the Era of Good Feelings:

1. Federalist Party collapses (Republicans dominate elections)

2. ________________________ Improvements (Roads, Bridges, Erie Canal is Built)

3. _______________________________ Treaty (Spain gives Florida to U.S.)

4. __________________________ Compromise (temporary solution to slave issue)

5. Monroe ______________________ (stopped European colonization in Americas)

72. James Monroe: 5th President & author of the _____________________ Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European colonization or interference.

73. The ____________________________________________ made slavery illegal North of the 36° 30’ line. From 1820 to 1850, newly admitted states above the line would be free states, while new states below the line would be slave states.

74. Erie _____________- man made waterway that allowed for more efficient movement of manufactured goods and raw materials from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

75. ____________________ (period of art based on emotions) gave rise to ________________________________ which stressed feeling over reason, freedom of expression over traditions and customs, and an emphasis on the beauty of nature.

Transcendentalist writers in the 1800’s included Ralph _______________ Emerson, Margaret ________________, and Henry David ___________________________

Super STAAR Facts

The Industrial Revolution

76. _________________________________________________: industry changed from the production of goods at home (cottage industry) to the efficient (faster and cheaper) __________________ production of goods using powered machinery. Factories also led to the growth of cities in the North.

77. ____________________________________ steamboat made transportation of goods and people more efficient during the Industrial Revolution.

78. The _________________________, invented in 1835 by Samuel ________________ (Morse Code), made communication more efficient across great distances. It would become an important tool in the North, during the Civil War.

79. ________________________________________ Thief: Samuel Slater (industrial espionage)

Importance: Led to large-scale factory production of cloth through the use of power looms. Provided new job opportunities for young women.

80. ____________________________________________ Inventor: Eli Whitney

Importance: Allowed factories to make products faster & cheaper. Parts could be replaced easily if broken.

81. _______________________________ – 1793 Inventor: Eli Whitney

Importance: Allowed for fast separation of cotton from seeds, greatly increasing profitability of cotton. This made the use of slavery on plantations essential to cotton farmers in the South.

82. The _____________________________ Process was an inexpensive method used to produce steel from iron. Cheaper steel sped up the building of railroads, bridges, and ships in America.

Super STAAR Facts

The Jacksonian Era

83. ________________________________________ was a self-made man & founder of the modern Democratic Party. He was responsible for the Trail of Tears and he supported the Union during the Nullification Crisis

84. Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 as president led to increased ______________________ (voting rights) for white men in the United States.

85. The ______________ of Tears, also known as the Indian __________________ Act, forced the Indians in the southeastern U.S. to move west of the Mississippi River, under military escort ordered by President Andrew Jackson.

86. ______________________________ is the idea of a state declaring a federal law unconstitutional or not in force in that state.

87. Daniel _______________________ - a Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union.

88. John C. _______________________ was a South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War.

89. Henry _____________________, nicknamed the Great Compromiser, was a powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the Compromise of 1850, and the American System.

90. ________________________ sovereignty the practice of having the authority to make decisions (about allowing slavery) for oneself. Or… Power to the people!

91. _______________________________________________ is the belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Westward Expansion and Reforms

92. _________________________ Expansion - Draw an outline map of the US. Label the Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail, and California Trail. Go to the map on the last page of this packet and fill-in-the-blanks.

93.The _______________________________ Railroad - connected the East Coast to the West coast and sped up the process of Westward Expansion as settlements and towns grew along the railroads.

94. The annexation of _______________________ created tension between the U.S. and Mexico, resulting in the _____________________ War. The U.S. victory resulted in the acquisition of land known as the Mexican Cession.

95. Horace ______________, was known as the father of Public Education in America. He believed that ‘education promotes knowledge and skills that open the doors to opportunity.’

96. ______________________________________________ organized the Seneca Falls Convention, creating the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States.

97. The _____________________________Movement was a campaign against the sale or drinking of _______________________.

98. An ________________________________ was a person who wanted to end slavery in the United States. Abolish - to get rid of.

99. The ______________________________ – gave women the right to vote. Abigail Adams, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner ____________ were leaders in the history of Women’s Rights.

Super STAAR Facts

Causes of the Civil War

100. The ______________________ of 1850 would try to solve the divisions between free and slave states or territories. The Fugitive _________ Act would upset Northerners.

101. The ___________________-_______________________ Act, passed in 1854, allowed popular __________________________ to be used to decide if Kansas and Nebraska would allow slavery. It repealed the Missouri Compromise, and the fighting that occurred in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces became known as “____________________________ Kansas.”

102. ________________________________ is a strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country.

103. Frederick ___________________________ was a former slave who became a well-known abolitionist in the country.

104. Uncle _____________ Cabin, an Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher __________, created widespread __________________ support among Northerners.

105. ______________________ v. ___________________ -1857 was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens and thus can’t sue in court. It would find the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to be unconstitutional and increased sectional division between North and South.

106. In 1859 John _______________, An ___________________________ who believed armed resistance to slavery was necessary, seized a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to begin a slave rebellion. He was captured and later executed.

107.The _________________________ was fought from _____________-____________.

The 3 causes of the Civil War were: _____________________________, States

__________________, & _________________________________.

Super STAAR Facts

The Civil War

108. ________________________________________ 16th President of the United States (Union); served during the Civil War.

109. Jefferson ____________ was the President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

110. Ulysses S. ____________________ was the General of the Union Army and accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House, ending the Civil War.

111. Robert E. ________________ was the General of the Confederate Army. His defeat at ____________________________ would be a turning point in the Civil War.

112.Thomas “____________________” Jackson was the 2nd best General in the Confederate Army. His accidental death in 1863 was a huge loss for Robert E. Lee’s Army.

113. During the Civil War, the Southern economy’s dependence on _________________, led to a Southern lack of: __________________ and _________________________.

114. Lincoln’s First __________________________________ -stressed the importance of preserving the Union and stated, “no state…can lawfully get out of the Union.” Lincoln pledged there would be no war unless the South started it.

115. The first shots of the Civil War were fired by the South at ______________________ - Charleston, SC.

116. The Battle of ___________________, with 23,000 casualties, was the bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War (and all of U.S. History). September 17, ________.

117. Abraham Lincoln issued the _____________________________ Proclamation on January 1, 1863, setting all slaves in the Confederate states free.

118. The Battle of __________________________, July1-3, 1863 was the turning point in the Civil War where Lee’s army is defeated for the first time and forced to retreat.

119. The _________________________________________ - speech given by Lincoln dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals.

120. The capture of _________________________, Mississippi by the North in 1863, was important because it gave the Union Army control of the Mississippi River.

121. ______________________________Court House, Virginia is where Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War.

122. _________________ Second Inaugural Address was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of Civil War. It stated the South should be treated fairly.

123. ________________________________________________ assassination of _________________ ______________________ in 1865, led to increased tension between the North & South and strict requirements for Southern states in order to regain representation in Congress during the Reconstruction Era.

124. Both of the following men were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for their heroism during the Civil War. _____________________________ & Phillip Bazaar

Reconstruction

125. __________________________________ – passed from 1865-1866, were laws that applied only to blacks and were passed by Southern states to limit the effects of Reconstruction in the South.

126. _______________________________________________ from Mississippi, was the first African American elected to Congress in 1870.

127. __________________________________– abolished ____________________ in the U.S. giving all African Americans their freedom.

128. The 14th Amendment – ____________________ the ___________________ of ____________________________ & prevented states from interfering with the rights of citizens. Granted citizenship to all men!

129. The ________________________________ – was passed during Reconstruction and gave all men the right to vote regardless of their race or skin color.

Super STAAR Facts

Other Important Information

130. First Great Awakening (1740s) emphasized people’s____________________ in the eyes of God and stressed the importance of religious freedom and toleration.

131. ___________________ Great Awakening (1820s) emphasized the ability of each person to achieve salvation and centered on _________________ and repairing ____________ injustices.

132 Legislative Acts to settle the “Last Frontier”

• Pacific Railway Act (1862) – provided Federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction of a _________________________ railroad across the United States.

• ______________________ Act (1862) – stated that any citizen could occupy 160 acres of government land. If the settler “improved” the land within 5 years, he would own the land.

• ___________________ (1862) – provided each state with land that the state could sell and use the earnings to fund public colleges that taught agriculture and mechanical arts (__________)

• Dawes Act (1887) – provided each _____________ family be given 160 acres of farmland, leaving the remaining tribal lands open to ____________ settlers.

133. Immigrant groups that came to the United States

• Irish – helped to build the ___________________ in the northeast; came to the US to escape a potato famine (____________________)

• Chinese – helped to construct the Transcontinental Railroad from _________________ to Utah; came to the US to disorder and poverty (____________________)

• ____________________ – came to the US after a revolution for democracy failed (_________________) and to find land and jobs to meet the needs of their families (______________________)

134. ________________________________________ are the original records of an event. Including eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches/letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts.

__________________________________________ are later writings and interpretations of historians/writers. Often these sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary source.

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Word Bank

1607 Middle

1620 New England

Cecilius Calvert (Catholics) Pennsylvania

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Rhode Island

Georgia Southern colonies

Jamestown, Virginia Thomas Hooker

John Winthrop (Puritans) Transatlantic Slave Trade (triangular trade)

Mayflower Compact Virginia House of Burgesses

Mercantilism

Word Bank 9-14

Ben Franklin

Coercive/Intolerable

French and Indian War

King George III

Quartering

Sam Adams

Sons of Liberty

Stamp

Sugar

Tea

The Proclamation of 1763

Townshend

Treaty of Paris 1763

Word Bank – Important Individuals

Bernardo de Galvez John Paul Jones

Crispus Attucks Marquis de Lafayette

Haym Salomon Mercy Otis Warren

James Armistead Wentworth Cheswell

Word Bank – 15-27

Abigail Adams Lexington Thomas Paine

Battle of Saratoga Treaty of Paris 1783 Valley Forge

Common Sense Loyalist Unalienable Rights

Concord Patrick Henry John Adams

Declaration of Independence Patriot Yorktown, Virginia

George Washington

Word Bank – 28-33

Articles of Confederation Magna Carta

Charles de Montesquieu Shays’ Rebellion

English Bill of Rights of 1689 Tariff

John Locke William Blackstone

Word Bank – 34-57

10th Amendment Checks and Balances First Amendment

1787 Constitution Great Compromise

2nd Amendment Constitutional Amendment James Madison

3/5ths Compromise Constitutional Republic New Jersey Plan

3rd Amendment Due process Northwest Ordinance

9th Amendment Father of the Constitution Ratify

Amend Federalism Republicanism

Anti-federalists FEDERALISM Separation of Powers

Assembly Federalist Papers Speech

Bill of Rights Federalists Virginia Plan

Word Bank – 58-75

1803 Good Power

Adams-Onis Impressment Review

Alexander Hamilton Judicial Romanticism

Andrew Jackson Louisiana Territory Thomas Jefferson

Civic virtue Marbury v Madison Thoreau

Clark McCulloch v Maryland Transcendentalism

Doctrine Missouri Transportation

Embargo Act Missouri Compromise Waldo

Farewell Address Monroe War of 1812

Free Enterprise Nationalism Washington’s

Fuller Political Whiskey Rebellion

Gibbons v Ogden Canal

Word Bank 76-82

Bessemer

Cotton Gin

Factory

Industrial Revolution

Interchangeable parts

Morse

Robert Fulton’s

Telegraph

Textile Mills

Word Bank 83-99

19th Amendment Popular

Abolitionist Removal

Alcohol Suffrage

Andrew Jackson Temperance

Calhoun Texas

Clay Trail

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Transcontinental

Manifest Destiny Truth

Mann US-Mexican

Nullification Webster

Word Bank – 100-107

1861 Kansas-Nebraska

1865 Rights

Abolitionist Sandford

Abolitionist Sectionalism

Bleeding Sectionalism

Brown Slave

Civil War Slavery

Compromise Sovereignty

Douglass Stowe

Dred Scott Tom’s

Word Bank 108-124

1862 Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln Grant

Abraham Lincoln Inaugural Address

Antietam John Wilkes Booth’s

Appomattox Lee

Davis Lincoln’s

Emancipation Railroads

Factories Slavery

Ft. Sumter Stonewall

Gettysburg Vicksburg

Gettysburg William Carney

Word Bank 125-134

13th Amendment Moral

15th Amendment Morrill Act

A&Ms Political

Black Codes Primary

Citizens Reforms

Defined Rights

Economic Second

Economic Secondary

Equality Slavery

Erie Canal Social

Hiram Rhodes Revels Transcontinental

Homestead White

Indian

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