UNIT 1: THERMODYNAMICS : Energy Changes in Chemical …



Name: ______________________________ SCH 4U/4C

Functional Groups

Aldehydes & Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, Amides

Use p. 212 – 229 of the College Chem 12 textbook to find answers to the following questions. Point form answers are acceptable.

Aldehydes & Ketones

1. a) What are pheromones?

b) What do they have to so with functional groups and organic chemistry?

2. How do small aldehydes differ from larger aldehydes in terms of odour?

3. a) What is the common name for methanal?

b) What is methanal used for?

4. a) Where are complex (long carbon-chain) aldehydes naturally found?

b) What do humans use these aldehydes for?

5. What main functional group do both aldehydes and ketones contain?

6. How is an aldehyde structurally different than a ketone (Hint: think about the position of the C=O bond)

7. How do you name an aldehyde?

8. Name and draw a structural diagram (full or condensed) of the aldehyde made of a 3 carbon chain.

9. How do you name a ketone?

10. Name and draw a structural diagram (full or condensed) of the ketone made of a 3 carbon chain.

11. What is the common name for the ketone you drew and named in the question above?

12. Does the functional group that is a part of aldehydes and ketones make molecules with these functional groups polar or non-polar?

13. Do aldehydes and ketones make for good solvents or poor ones, i.e. do they mix well with both polar and non-polar substances?

14. Name 3 of the many examples of steroids that are ketones.

Carboxylic Acids

15. a) Name 3 foods that contain carboxylic acids.

b) What taste do all of these foods have?

16. What do soured milk, yogurt and sore muscles have to do with carboxylic acids?

17. Carboxylic acids contain which main functional group?

18. Explain the 2 parts that make up the name of a carboxylic acid.

19. a) What is the IUPAC name for acetic acid, the acid found in vinegar?

b) Based on the name above, how many carbon atoms are in a molecule of acetic acid?

20. Are molecules containing carboxylic acids polar or non-polar?

21. Which carboxylic acid is used to make bath bombs, an easy-to-make consumer product?

Esters

22. Name 2 natural and 2 artificial sources of esters.

23. a) Which main functional group is contained in an ester?

b) What atom is also bonded to the carbon atom?

24. Which 2 groups react with each other to form an ester and water?

25. Explain how to name an ester.

26. Choose one odour of an ester and draw its full structural diagram. Highlight the main functional group that characterizes an ester, write its IUPAC name, and write its chemical formula beside the structural diagram.

27. What are examples of long-chain esters, that, when heated and combined with a strong base (like NaOH) forms soap?

28. How is an ester different than a carboxylic acid in terms of structure, solubility, and melting & boiling points?

Amines & Amides

29. What does an amine group have to do with proteins and DNA?

30. Why do decomposing animals smell so bad?

31. How are amines and amides related?

32. What does an amide group consist of?

33. Why are amide groups so critical in the make-up of all living things?

34. Explain the 2 parts that make up the name of an amine. Choose the naming system that makes the most sense to you (like ethers, there are 2 ways you can name them).

35. Name a hormone that is naturally found in the human body, which can also help counteract the effects of an anaphylactic reaction, and that happens to be an amine.

Nomenclature Summary Chart

| | |General Formula |Main Functional Group |

|Main |Alkane |– C – C – |/ / / / / / / / / / / |

|Hydrocarbon | | | |

| |Alkene | | |

| |Alkyne | | |

|Functional |Alcohol | | |

|Groups | | | |

| |Ether | | |

| |Aldehyde | | |

| |Ketone | | |

| |Carboxylic Acid | | |

| |Ester | | |

| |Amine | | |

| |Amide | | |

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