The likely impact of COVID-19 on education: Reflections ...

The likely impact of COVID-19 on education: Reflections based on the existing literature and recent international datasets

Di Pietro, G., Biagi, F., Costa P., Karpiski Z., Mazza, J.

2020

EUR 30275 EN

This p ublication is a Technical re port by the Joint Research Ce ntre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to p rovide evidence-based scientific support to the European p olicymaking process. The scientific output e xpressed does not imp ly a p olicy p osition of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any p erson acting on behalf of the Commission is re sp onsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the me thodology and quality underlying the data used in this p ublication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission service s, users should contact the re ferenced sou rce. The de signations employed and the p resentation of material on the maps do not imp ly the exp ression of any opinion whatsoever o n the p art of the European Union concerning the le gal status of any country, territory, city or are a or of its authoritie s, or concernin g the delimitation of its frontie rs or boundaries.

Contact information Name : Giorgio Di Pietro Addre ss: Edificio Exp o, c. In ca Garcilaso, 3, 41092 Seville (Spain) Email : giorgio.di-pietro@ec.europa.eu Te l.: (+34) 954488479

EU Science Hub http s://ec.europa.eu/jrc

JR C1 2 1 0 7 1

EUR 30275 EN

PDF

ISBN 978-92-76-19937-3

ISSN 1831-9424

d o i:10.2760/126686

Luxe mbourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 ? Europ ean Union, 2020

The re use p olicy of the European Commission is imp le mented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the re use of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p . 39). Exce pt otherwise noted, the re use of this document is authorised under the Cre ative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) lice nce (http s://cre licenses/by/4.0/). This me ans that re use is allowed p rovided appropriate cre dit is give n and any changes are indicated. For any use or re production of photos or other mate rial that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders.

All conte nt ? European Union 2020, exce pt cover p icture: vejaa, 2020. Source: stock.

How to cite this re p ort: Di Pietro, G., Biagi, F., Costa, P., Karpiski Z., Mazza, J, The like ly impact of COVID-19 on e ducation: Re fle ctions base d on the e xisting lite rature and inte rnational datase ts , EUR 30275 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg , 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-19937-3, doi:10.2760/126686, JRC121071

Contents

Abstract ....................................................................................................2 Ac knowledgements.......................................................................................3 Executive summary ......................................................................................4

1 Introduction............................................................................................7 2 Physical school closure, remote schooling and learning.......................................8

2.1 Less time spent in learning ....................................................................8 2.2 Stress symptoms ................................................................................9 2.3 A change in the way students interact ......................................................9 2.4 Lack of learning motivation.................................................................. 10 2.5 Remote schooling.............................................................................. 10 3 Learning and inequality............................................................................ 12 3.1 Non-financial parental support.............................................................. 12

3.1.1 Cognitive skills .......................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Non-cognitive skills .................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Amount of time at home with children............................................. 14 3.2 Financial parental resources................................................................. 14 3.2.1 Digital resources at home............................................................. 14 3.2.2 Home learning environment.......................................................... 16 3.2.3 Nutrition.................................................................................. 16 3.2.4 Affordability of extra-school activities .............................................. 19 3.3 Schools .......................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Digital infrastructure................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Teachers' digital skills ................................................................. 21 3.4 Students' digital skills......................................................................... 23 3.5 Natives vs Immigrants........................................................................ 24 4 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 28 5 Policy options ........................................................................................ 31 References ............................................................................................... 36 List of figures............................................................................................ 41 Annexes .................................................................................................. 42 Annex 1. Computation of `c onservatives' estimates of the average effect of COVID-19 on student learning in a few selected EU countries .......................................... 42 Annex 2. Computation of rough estimates of the long-term macro consequences of the likely effect exerted by COVID-19 on education in France ................................. 45

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Abstract In order to reduc e the spread of COVID-19, most c ountries around the world have decided to temporarily close educational institutions. However, learning has not stopped but is now fully taking place online as schools and universities provide remot e schooling. Using existing literature and evidence from recent international data (Eurostat, PISA, ICILS, PIRLS, TALIS), this report attempts to gain a better understanding of how the COVID-19 crisis may affect students' learning. It looks at the different direct and indirect ways through which the virus, and the measures adopted to contain it , may impact children's ac hievement. `Conservative' estimates for a few selected EU c ountries consistently indicate that, on average, students will suffer a learning loss. It is also suggested that COVID-19 will not affec t students equally, will influenc e negatively both c ognitive and non- cognitive skills acquisition, and may have important long-term consequences in addition to the shortterm ones.

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Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank various colleagues for their helpful and constructive comments including Ioannis Maghiros and Riina Vuorikari (from JRC B4), Stephanie Carretero and Joanna Napierala (from JRC B7), and Veronica De Nisi, Szilvia Kalman and Ana-Maria Stan (from DG EAC). Authors This paper was prepared by Giorgio Di Pietro, Federico Biagi, Patricia Costa, Zbigniew Karpiski and Jacopo Mazza.

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