TOPIC 8 GEOLOGIC TIME REVIEW HANDOUT



TOPIC 8 GEOLOGIC TIME REVIEW HANDOUT

Name ____________________________ Period _____

Directions: Using your knowledge of Earth Science and your ESRT, write the letter of the most correct answer on the line before the question number.

The graph shows the development, growth in population, and extinction of the six major groups of trilobites, labeled A through F.

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_____ 1. Which group of trilobites became the most abundant?

A. A B. B C. C D. D

_____ 2. During which period did the last of the trilobite groups become extinct?

A. Cretaceous B. Triassic C. Permian D. Carboniferous

_____ 3. Geologists have subdivided geologic time into periods that are based on

A. carbon dating C. fossil evidence

B. rock types D. landscape regions

_____ 4. According to the fossil record, which sequence correctly represents the evolution of life on Earth?

A. fish → amphibians → mammals → soft-bodied organisms

B. fish → soft-bodied organisms → mammals → amphibians

C. soft-bodied organisms → amphibians → fish → mammals

D. soft-bodied organisms → fish → amphibians → mammals

_____5. Which event in Earth’s history was dependent on the development of a certain type of life-form?

A. addition of free oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere C. movement of tectonic plates

B. formation of clastic sedimentary rocks D. filling of the oceans by precipitation

_____ 6. According to the fossil record, which group of organisms has existed for the greatest length of

time?

A. gastropods C. mammmals

B. corals D. vascular plants

Base your answer to the question on the diagrams below. Diagram 1 is a drawing of a seafloor environment during the Carboniferous Period. Diagram 2 is a drawing of a Carboniferous swamp-forest environment. Two organisms are labeled A and B.

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_____ 7. If the fish labeled A in diagram 1 are placoderms, the diagram represents conditions during which

geologic epoch?

A. Early Mississippian C. Late Mississippian

B. Early Pennsylvanian D. Late Pennsylvanian

_____ 8. Devonian-age fossils found in New York State bedrock, such as Manticoceras and Mucrospirifer,

provide evidence that parts of New York State were once

A. under a shallow sea containing tropical waters C. covered by extensive lava flows

B. higher in elevation and eroded extensively by glaciers D. impacted by comets and asteroids

_____ 9. Most scientists believe Earths Early Archean atmosphere was formed primarily by gases released

from

A. stream erosion

B. chemical weathering

C. volcanic eruptions

D. plant transpiration

Base your answer to this question on the cross section below, which shows the bedrock of a portion of the Heidelberg Escarpment, located in Thatcher State Park near Albany, New York. The rock formations are identified by name.

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_____ 10. The Manlius layer formed during the early Devonian Period. What type of fossils could possibly

be found in the Manlius layer?

A. earliest birds B. earliest reptiles C. Tetragraptus D. Ctenocrinus

The table below shows information about the radioactive decay of carbon-14.

[pic]

_____ 11.  What is the amount of carbon-14 remaining after 28,500 years?

A. [pic]g

B. [pic]g

C. [pic]g

D. [pic]g

_____ 12. Which statement is best supported by the fossil record?

A. Fossils are found in nearly all rocks.

B. Fossils are found only in areas that were once under water.

C. Most early life-forms that left fossil remains are now extinct.

D. Most early life-forms that left fossil remains still exist today.

Base your answer to the question on the block diagrams of four rock outcrops, A, B, C, and D, located within 15 kilometers of each other. The rock layers have not been overturned.

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_____ 13. When the rock layers at outcrops A, B, C, and D are correlated, which rock layer would be

determined to be the oldest?

A. Quartzite B. marble C. gneiss D. sandstone

The map below shows the location of Chicxulub Crater created 65.5 million years

ago by an asteroid impact.

[pic]

_____ 15. How much of an 800-gram sample of potassium-40 will remain after 3.9 × 109 years of

radioactive decay?

A. 50 grams B. 100 grams C. 200 grams D. 400 grams

_____ 16. A layer of volcanic ash may serve as a time marker because the ash is

A. generally deposited only on land C. deposited rapidly over a large area

B. composed of index fossils D. often a distinct color

The diagram below represents a sample of rubidium-87 (87Rb).

[pic]

_____ 17. Which diagram represents the correct proportion of 87Rb to its decay product, 87Sr, after 2 half-lives?

[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

A B C D

The table below shows how the radioactive decay of potassium-40 can be used to determine

the age of a rock.

[pic]

_____ 18. How old is a sample of granite that contains 8 grams of radioactive potassium-40 and 56 grams of

its nonradioactive decay products?

A. 1.3 × 109 years old C. 2.6 × 109 years old

B. 3.9 × 109 years old D. 5.2 × 109 years old

_____ 19. What are the respective decay products of uranium, potassium, and rubidium?

A. lead (Pb), argon (Ar), and strontium (Sr)

B. carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)

C. hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), and helium (He)

D. silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and aluminum (Al)

_____ 20. An igneous rock contains one-half of its original amount of potassium-40.  The age of the igneous

rock is closest to

A. 0.7 billion years B. 1.3 billion years C. 2.1 billion years D. 2.8 billion years

The index fossil shown below has been found in New York State sedimentary bedrock.

[pic]

_____ 21. What other index fossil could also be found in New York State bedrock of the same age?

[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

A B C D

_____ 22. What evidence suggests that a mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred at the end of the

Cretaceous Period?

A. an absence of dinosaur fossils in Paleocene bedrock

B. drawings of dinosaurs made by humans in caves during the Paleocene Epoch

C. an abundance of dinosaur fossils in Early Cretaceous bedrock

D. evolution of dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous Epoch

_____23. Which radioactive element is used to determine the absolute age of late Pleistocene animal

remains?

A. rubidium-87 B. uranium-238 C. potassium-40 D. carbon-14

_____ 24. Organisms that later became good index fossils lived over a

A. wide geographic area and existed for a long geologic time

B. wide geographic area and existed for a short geologic time

C. limited geographic area and existed for a long geologic time

D. limited geographic area and existed for a short geologic time

_____ 25. Trilobite fossils from different time periods show small changes in appearance.  These

observations suggest that the changes may be the result of

A. evolutionary development

B. a variety of geologic processes

C. periods of destruction of the geologic record

D. ripple marks found in sandy sediment

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_____ 14. This impact event occurred at the same

time as the

A. extinction of the dinosaurs

B. initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean

C. formation of the Catskill Delta

D. evolution of the first mammals

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