0.1 Tax Incidence
0.1. TAX INCIDENCE
0.1
1
Tax Incidence
An important implication of the demand/supply model is that a tax imposed on
the sale or purchase of the product will be born in part by sellers and in part by
buyers. Furthermore, the effects of the tax on buyers and sellers is independent
of whether the tax is nominally placed on selling or on buying. We begin with
the equilibrium established above, and we impose a tax on the selling of the
good. We consider an excise tax first, and then a value-added tax.
(%i40)
kill(all)$ fpprintprec : 5$
DQ(p, a, ED) := a*p^ED$
DP(q, a, ED) := (q/a)^(1/ED)$
SQ(p, b, ES) := b*p^ES$
SP(q, b, ES) := (q/b)^(1/ES)$
(%i6)
[a0, ED0, b0, ES0] : [1200, -4, 40, 0.75]$
qE : find_root(DP(q, a0, ED0) - SP(q, b0, ES0) = 0, q, 0.01, 500 );
pE : find_root(DQ(p, a0, ED0) - SQ(p, b0, ES0) = 0, p, 0.01, 500 );
(%o7)
68.437
(%o8)
2.0463
0.1.1
Excise Tax
The results of an excise tax, X0 = 0.50 are as follows: the quantity traded falls
from 68.437 units to 57.82 units, the price paid by buyers rises from 2.0463 to
2.1344, and the price received by sellers falls from 2.0463 to 1.6344. That is, the
price paid rises by 0.0881, and the price received falls by 0.412. Thus, for this
particular demand and supply pair, the tax falls disproportionately on sellers.
The equality in the second line below shows the willingness-to- pay function
on the left-hand side and the supply price on the right-hand side. The latter
contains two parts: the original function, which reflects non-tax costs, and the
per-unit excise tax.
(%i9)
X0 : 0.5$
qX0 : find_root(DP(q, a0, ED0) = SP(q, b0, ES0) + X0, q, 0.01, 500 );
pDX : DP(qX0, a0, ED0 );
pSX : SP(qX0, b0, ES0);
[pDX - pE, pSX - pE];
(%o10)
57.82
(%o11)
2.1344
(%o12)
1.6344
(%o13)
[0.0881, ?0.412]
2
If the tax had been placed on the buying of the good rather than the selling of
the good, the price that buyers would be willing and able to pay to sellers at
each quantity would be the original willingness to pay less the tax, X0. Thus
the left-hand side of the expression above would become DP (q, a0, ED0) ? X0
and the right-hand side would revert to SP (q, b0, ES0). All solution values
would be the same.
The graph shows the upward shift in the supply curve and the resulting equilibrium values. The supply curve shifts upward, parallel to the initial curve, by
the amount of the excise tax, X0.
If the tax had been placed on buyers, the demand curve would shift downward
by X0, reflecting the lower net price that buyers are willing and able to pay to
sellers.
(%i14)
pGrossNew : if q < qX0 then pDX else 0$
pNetNew: if q < qX0 then pSX else 0$
wxdraw2d( user_preamble = "set key bottom right",
xlabel = "Quantity", ylabel = "$ per unit",
yrange = [0, 1.25*pDX], explicit(pGrossNew, q, 0, 1.25*qE),
explicit(pNetNew, q, 0, 1.25*qE), key = "Demand",
explicit(DP(q, a0, ED0), q, 0, 1.25*qE),
key = "Initial Supply", line_width=2,
explicit(SP(q, b0, ES0), q, 0, 1.25*qE),
color = "dark-gray", key="Tax-laden Supply",
explicit(X0 + SP(q, b0, ES0), q, 0, 1.25*qE))$
kill(pGrossNew, pNetNew)$
(%t16)
0.1.2
Ad Valorem Tax
To illustrate the ad-valorem tax, we impose a 40% tax rate, V 0 = 0.4. We
impose this tax on the buyers. As a result, the tax-laden price is (1 + V 0 times
0.1. TAX INCIDENCE
3
the pre-tax price. As a result the amount that buyers are willing and able to
.
pay to sellers equals DP (q,a0,ED0)
1+V 0
The values that result from imposing this tax appear below. The quantity
traded falls to 55.335 units per time period. The tax-inclusive price rises to
2.1580, and the net price (received by sellers) falls to 1.5414. Again, given this
particular demand and supply curve pair, the tax falls disproportionately on
sellers.
(%i18)
V0 : 0.40$
qV0 : find_root(DP(q, a0, ED0)/(1 + V0) = SP(q, b0, ES0), q, 0.01, 500 );
pDV : DP(qV0, a0, ED0 );
pSV : SP(qV0, b0, ES0);
[pDV - pE, pSV - pE];
(%o19)
55.335
(%o20)
2.158
(%o21)
1.5414
(%o22)
[0.112, ?0.505]
The algebra above implies that the difference between the pre-tax (net) price
and the tax-laden (gross) price is proportional to the price. Thus the initial
demand curve and the tax-laden demand curve in the graph below are not
parallel.
If the tax had been imposed on the selling of the product rather than on the
buying of the product, then the tax-laden supply curve would be (1+V 0) higher
than the supply curve in the graph. Given the functions involve here, the fact
that the two are not parallel would be much more apparent than in the case of
the demand curves.
(%i23)
pNewGross : if q < qV0 then pDV else 0$
pNewNet : if q < qV0 then pDV/(1+V0) else 0$
wxdraw2d( yrange = [0, 2.5*pDV],
explicit(pNewGross, q, 0, 1.25*qE),
explicit(pNewNet, q, 0, 1.25*qE), key="Initial Demand",
explicit(DP(q, a0, ED0), q, 0, 1.25*qE),
line_width = 2, key = "Tax-laden Demand",
explicit(DP(q, a0, ED0)/(1 + V0), q, 0, 1.25*qE),
color = "dark-gray", key = "Supply",
explicit(SP(q, b0, ES0), q, 0, 1.25*qE) )$
kill(pNewGross, pNewNet)$
4
(%t25)
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- t 038 00 s h t 1 in 2 0 ft
- 1 30 29 u t 1 in 2 0 ft l n
- 0 1 tax incidence
- tax year s e 0 0 20 1 map printed section 7 28 0 1 5nw
- kir for tax administration k seymo purposes only u
- tax base for purpose of calculating council tax 2019 20
- multiple agency fiscal note summary
- tax year map printed 7 23 0 1
- vi investing in the common good program performance in
- 12 9 0 2 12 7 8 7 2 9 1
Related searches
- 1 or 2 820 820 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 3 820 820 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 2 396 396 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 3 396 396 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 2 232 232 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 3 232 232 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 2 386 386 1 0 0 0 1 or kdniv1zg 2021 tax document
- 1 or 3 386 386 1 0 0 0 1 or kdniv1zg 2021 tax document
- 1 or 2 15 15 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- 1 or 3 15 15 1 0 0 0 1 2021 tax document
- allstate 1 or 2 851 851 1 0 0 0 1 tax document
- allstate 1 or 3 851 851 1 0 0 0 1 tax document