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APPENDIXAPPENDIX 1ISO13232Described in this section are quotations and summaries of the part of ISO13232 (ISO 2005, 2012) which only related to this paper.Overall Evaluation"The purpose of ISO13232 is to define common research methods for assessing the feasibility of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles; and a means for making an overall evaluation of the effects of such devices on injuries, across a range of realistic impact conditions."Overall evaluation (equivalent to risk/benefit analyses) is "objective calculation of the effects of a protective device, in comparison to a baseline motorcycle in terms of the percentage of the population of impact configurations in which the device is beneficial versus the percentage in which it is harmful or in which it has no effect, for various injury indices."200 impact configurations are used for overall evaluations. "Impact conditions based on an analysis of this standardized and representative set of accident data were selected based upon their real world frequency of occurrence, or their frequency of injury to a particular body region, or their providing special physical insight into the crash dynamics.""In order to do an overall evaluation of the feasibility of a given protective device according to ISO13232, paired comparison tests using at least the seven full-scale impact configurations shall be done. The protective device shall also be evaluated in the remaining 193 impact configurations, and this evaluation should be done by computer simulation."Seven Impact ConfigurationsThe impact configurations for crash tests shall include those shown in Figure A1, as a preliminary assessment of the proposed protective device.Figure A1. Target impact geometries at first MC/OV contact for seven required impact configurationsOpposing Vehicle RequirementsFor all test series, the opposing vehicle for all tests in a given test series shall be a single make, model, year and version of any four door saloonhaving a kerb mass not less than 1238 kg and not greater than 1450 kghaving an overall height not less than 137 cm and not greater than 147 cmMotorcyclist Anthropometric Test Device (MATD)The MATD designed for motorcycle crash testing is designed based on the Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy.The dummy is equipped with: The head accelerometers.The head/neck assembly which is compatible with the six axis upper neck load cell.The motorcyclist neck which is designed to meet simultaneously biofidelity criteria in frontal flexion and extension, lateral bending and torsion.The same fore/aft sternum deflection capability as the standard Hybrid III component which is compatible with standard Hybrid III ribs.The frangible abdominal insert which allows quantification of potential abdominal injuries as a result of penetration into the polystyrene material.The thoracic spine box which is compatible with the internal data acquisition system.A modified straight lumbar spine which provide an upright seating position on a motorcycle.The sit/stand (pedestrian) construction which allows the dummy to be mounted astride a conventional motorcycle.Abbreviated Injury ScaleThe Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) (AAAM 1990), which classifies seriousness of injury on various regions of body by numbers, is used for assessment of rider injury. The AIS indicates the seriousness of injury by 6 ranks from AIS1 up to AIS6. Table A1 shows AIS score. Table A1. AIS scoreAIS scoreContent1Minor2Moderate3Serious4Severe5Critical6MaximumInjury EvaluationInjury variables The following injury variable values of the four body regions (head, neck, chest and abdomen) are evaluated over the primary impact period and also over the entire impact sequence using the calculations described in ISO13232. Headhead maximum GAMBIT (Generalized Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Tolerance) head injury criterion (HIC)head maximum resultant linear accelerationNeckneck injury index (NII)Chestupper sternum maximum normalized compressionlower sternum maximum normalized compressionupper sternum maximum velocity-compressionlower sternum maximum velocity-compressionAbdomenabdomen maximum residual penetrationProbable AIS Probable AIS (PAIS) is one of injury indices defined in ISO13232. It is obtained as follows.For each of the four body regions, calculate the injury severity probability (ISPi,j) which is the probability of sustaining an injury of at least severity level i to the body region j (e.g., ISPH,1 is the probability of a head injury of at least AIS1) as a function of the injury variable value of body region i for each AIS > j injury severity level using the injury assessment functions given in ISO13232.For each of the four body regions and each of the AIS injury severity levels, calculate the probability of sustaining an injury of the specific AIS injury severity level (Pi,j). Use the equation given below:Pi,j=ISPi,j-ISPi,j+1Calculate a single weighted average PAIS for each body region i as shown in the equation below:PAISi=j=06j×Pi,jj=06Pi,jPAIS is rounded to the nearest integer.APPENDIX 2The major specifications of the test motorcycle are listed in Table A2.Table A2. Specifications of test motorcycleDescriptionValueManufacturerHondaModelPCX, JapanYear2012-2013TypeScooterMass(empty, as tested, no airbag)127.3 kgMass(empty, as tested, with airbag)132.0 kgLength, overall1915 mmWidth, overall740 mmHeight, overall1090 mmWheelbase1315 mmEngine displacement124 cm3APPENDIX 3The major specifications of the opposing vehicle are listed in Table A3. Table A3. Specifications of opposing vehicleDescriptionValueManufacturerHondaModelAccord, JapanYear1998-2001Mass1300 kgLength, overall4635 mmWidth, overall1695 mmHeight, overall1420 mmWheelbase2665 mmEngine displacement1997 cm3APPENDIX 4The prototype airbag characteristics that were used in the crash tests are listed in Table A4.Table A4. Specifications of prototype airbagDescriptionValueVolume78.5 literHeight1180 mmWidth680 mmLength340 mmVentNo ventAPPENDIX 5The PAIS of head, neck, chest and abdomen in each impact period of all conducted tests are listed in Table A5.Table A5. PAIS for four body regions in airbag test and baseline testREFERNCESInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard ISO 13232, Second edition, Motorcycles - Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles, Parts 1 to 8. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2005.International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Standard ISO 13232, Second edition Amendment 1, Motorcycles - Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles, Parts 1 to 8. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2012.Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). The abbreviated injury scale, 1990 revision. Des Plaines, Illinois: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1990. ................
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