Chapter 1 Introduction - Shandong University



Teaching Plan of Human Structure and Function I

Chapter 1 Introduction

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 1 Introduction

Teacher: Hao Jing, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 0.5 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao (Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Understanding content:

1.To know the research object and purpose of histology.

2 .To know the common research techniques of histology.

3. To know the relationship between the cubic morphology with varieties of sections.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The research contents and the situation in medicine of Histology (10min).

2. The common research technics of Histology and  Embryology. The basic principle of manufactory of Histological sections.  The meaning of acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic affinities. The basic principle of manufactory of ultra-thin section. The meaning of high electron dense and low electron dense of transmission electron micrograph. The observation of scanning electron microscope. The basic principle of freeze etching and freeze fracture. The basic principle of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography(the observation of light microscope and transmission electron microscope). The method of issue culture(10min).

3. The relationship between cubic morphology and varieties of sections(4min).

4. The common length unit of microscope, use the international unit system correctly(1min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis The meaning of acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic affinities. The meaning of high electron dense and low electron dense of transmission electron micrograph.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

Define following word

1. H-E staining

2. basophilia

3. acidophilia

4. neutrophilia

5. metachromasia

6. argyrophilia

7. electron dense

8. electron lucent

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2. Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.

Chapter2 Epithelial tissue

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 2 Epithelial tissue

Teacher: Hao Jing, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the general features and classification of epithelial tissue.

2. To master the structured features and functions of varieties of covering epithelium.

3. To master the L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of microvilli and cilia.

4. To master the ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of intercellular conjunctions.

5. To master the position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of basement membrane.

Familiarizing content:

To know the conception of glandular cells, glandular epithelium and glands, and the morphological classification of exocrine glands.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The general features and classification of epithelial tissue. The conception and general functions of covering epithelium, glandular epithelium and sense epithelium (10 min).

2. Covering epithelium: the general features and classification of covering epithelium, epithelial polarity. The structure and function of simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboid epithelium ,simple columnar epithelium,  pseudostratified columnar epithelium , stratified squamous epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium(30 min).

3. The special structures of epithelial cell :The L.M and Ultra-structured features and functions of microvilli and cilia in the free surface of the epithelial cell. The distribution of conjunctive structure and junctional complex in the lateral surface of the epithelial cell. The Ultra-structured feature of plasma membrane  infolding and hemidesmosome in the basal surface of the epithelial cell. The L.M. structure., Ultra-structure and function of basement membrane. The composition and formation of the basement membrane (30 min).

4. Glandular epithelium: The conception of glandular cell, glandular epithelium and gland. The generation of glandular cell and gland. The general features of exocrine gland and endocrine gland. The classification of exocrine gland, unicellular gland and multi-cellular gland, the morphological classification of multi-cellular gland. The features of mucous gland, serous gland and mixed gland. The characteristic of merocrine, apocrine and holocrine (20 min).

5. The physiologic renew of the epithelium, and the regeneration of the epithilium after destruction. The types of glandular cell: protein secretary cell, glycoprotein secretary cell, steroid secretary cell (10 min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The general features and classification of epithelial tissue.

2. The structured features and functions of varieties of covering epithelium.

3. The L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of microvilli and cilia.

4. The ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of intercellular conjunctions.

5. The position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of basement membrane.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the general features and classification of epithelial tissue.

2. Please describe the structured features and functions of varieties of covering epithelium.

3. Please describe the L.M structure, E.M structured features and functions of microvilli and cilia.

4. Please describe the ultra-structure features and functions of varieties of intercellular conjunctions.

5. Please describe the position, L.M structure, ultra-structure and function of basement membrane.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2. Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.

Chapter3 Connective tissue proper

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 3 Connective tissue proper

Teacher: Hao Jing, professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the feature and classification of the connective tissue.

2. To master the structure and function of varied composition of the loose connective tissue.

Familiarizing content:

1. To know the features of fibers and composition of the matrix.

2. To know the basic structure and function of the dense connective tissue, adipose tissue and reticular tissue.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The feature and classification of connective tissue (10 min).

2. Loose Connective tissue

Cell: The L.M.  Structure and Ultra-structure of fibroblast and fibrocyte , the process of formation of fibers and matrix; the L.M. Structure, Ultra-structure of macrophage and its phagocytosis; the L.M. structure and Ultra-structure of plasma cell, the formation of antibody; the L.M. structure and its function of adipose cell; the conception of undifferentiated mesenchymal cell and varied white cells(40 min).

Intercellular matrix: the L.M. structure and Ultra-structure, physical and chemical properties and stain feature of collagenous fiber, elastic fiber and reticular fiber. The composition, properties and functions of matrix (30 min).

3. The structured features and functions of dense connective tissue, elastic tissue and adipose tissue. The basic structure and functional significance of reticular tissue(20 min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The feature and classification of the connective tissue.

2. The structure and function of varied composition of the loose connective tissue.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the feature and classification of the connective tissue.

2. Please describe the structure and function of varied composition of the loose connective tissue.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2. Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010

Chapter4 Cartilage and bone

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 4 Cartilage and bone

Teacher: Hao Jing, professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the structure and function of hyaline cartilage.

2. To master the structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone.

Familiarizing content:

1. To know the features of elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage

2. To know the processes of formation of bone and its remodeling.

Understanding content:

To understand the structure and role of osteoblast and osteoclast in regulation of blood calcium.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. Cartilage

The structure of cartilage tissue , the L.M. Structure and Ultra-structure of  chondrocyte, the matrix and the fibers of cartilage. The structure and function of perichondrium, the growing type of the cartilage. The distribution, structured features and function of hyaline cartilage., elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage (30min).

2. Bone

Osseous tissue and its generation: The L.M.structure and Ultra-structure of osteocyte , the intercellular matrix of bone . The structure of osseous lamella .The origin, L.M. structure , ultra-structure and function of the osteoblast. The basic development processes of osseous tissue, the osteoid. The origin, L.M. structure, ultra-structure and function of osteoclast. The role of osteoblast and osteoclast in regulation of blood calcium (30min).

The structure of long bone: the structure of spongy bone and compact bone , inner circumferential lamellas, outer circumferential lamellas, intermediate lamellas and Harvensian  system.

The structure of osteum (20min).

The formation of the bone: (1) the processes of intramembranous ossification (2)the processes of endochondral ossification. The formation of the embryonic form of cartilage . perichondral ossification, the formation of bone collar, endochondral ossification, the appearance of primary  ossification center. The formation of bone marrow cavity, the appearance of secondary ossification center. The growth of epiphyseal cartilage and the growth of bone. The growing thick of the bone collar and the thick of the diaphysis. The factors which influence the growth of bone (15min).

The constant remodeling processes and its significancepf bone (5min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The structure and function of hyaline cartilage.

2. The structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the structure and function of hyaline cartilage.

2. Please describe the structure of osseous tissue and diaphysis of long bone

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2. Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010

Chapter 5 Muscle tissue

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 5 Muscle tissue

Teacher: Hao Jing, professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 1.5hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.

2. To master the ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

Familiarizing content:

To know the ultra-structure of the smooth muscle.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The properties of muscle tissues (5min).

2. Skeletal muscle: the microstructure — sarcomere , myofibril, light band and dark band of skeletal muscle fiber; the ultra-structure — myofilament, T tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum and triad of skeletal muscle fiber; the structural foundation of skeletal muscle contraction; the muscle satellite cell and the regeneration of skeletal muscle contraction; the structure of muscle — endomysium, perimysium, epimysium (35min).

3. Cardiac muscle: the main different points of microstructure and ultra-structure between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle;t he ultra-structure of intercalated disk (15min).

4. Smooth muscle: the feature of microstructure and ultra-structure ; the conjunction method between smooth fibers (15min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.

2. The ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the microstructure and function of three kinds of muscle tissues.

2. Please describe the ultra-structure and different points between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology,second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2. Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010

Chapter 6 Nervous tissue

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 6 Nervous tissue

Teacher: Hao Jing, professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of nerve cell and neuroglia.

2. To master the ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.

3. To master the structure and classification of nerve fibers.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The basic structure of nerve tissue (5min).

2. Nerve cell: the microstructure and ultra-structure of the cell body, dendrite and axon; the classification of nerve cell according to the morphology or neurotransmitters; the structural foundation of the anterograde and retrograde transport; the synapse — the conjunction between nerve cells, the microstructure of the synapse, the ultra-structure of the chemical synapse and electrical synapse (45min).

3. The classification of neuroglia: the neuroglia in the CNS — the structure and function of ependymal cell, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and microglial cell; the neuroglia in the PNS — the structure and function of neurolemmal cell and ganglionic glial cell (25min).

4. Nerve fiber: the microstructure of myelinated nerve fiber; the formation of the neurilemma and myelin sheath and its ultrastructure;the microstructure and ultrastructure of the unmyelinated nerve fiber (20min).

5. The degeneration and regeneration of the nerve fiber (5min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of nerve cell and neuroglia.

2. The ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.

3. The structure and classification of nerve fibers.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the basic structure of nerve tissue; the structure and function of nerve cell and neuroglia.

2. Please describe the ultra-structure and classification of the synapse.

3. Please describe the structure and classification of nerve fibers.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House,2010.

2.Michael H. Ross Michael H. Ross (Author)

› Visit Amazon's Michael H. Ross Page

Find all the books, read about the author, and more.

See search results for this author

Are you an author? Learn about Author Central

& Wojciech Pawlina. Histology(A text and Atlas) 6th edition.Williams&Wilkins,2010.

Chapter 7 Cell& tissue adaptation and injury

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 7 Cell& tissue adaptation and injury

Teacher: Guo Chenhao, professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 3 hours

Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

1. The concept and type of atrophy, the concept of hypertrophy, the concept of hyperplasia, the concepts and common types of metaplasia; familiar with the concept of aging, to understand the mechanisms of aging.

2. To know the cell and tissue damage, the mechanism of cell and tissue damage.

3.To grasp the concept of degeneration, the concept of cell edema and pathological changes, the concept of steatosis, pathological changes and pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, the concept of hyalinization, types and their pathological changes, the concept of necrosis, familiar with the pathological changes, the categories of pathological pigmentation, familiar with lipofuscin, the pathological characteristics of hemosiderin deposition and formation process, familiar with the concept and type of pathological calcification, the concept of amyloidosis, mucus -like degeneration;

4.To grasp the concept of necrosis, the general pathological changes, the types and the pathological changes of different types, familiar with necrosis ending, to grasp the concept of apoptosis and the distinction from necrosis, familiar with the morphological characteristics, the mechanisms and biological significance of apoptosis.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. Cell adaptation and cell aging: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Cell aging (self-study) (60min).

2. The cell and tissue damage: causes, mechanisms, types and morphological changes (90min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1.To grasp the concept and type of atrophy, the concept of hypertrophy, familiar with the type, to grasp the concept of hyperplasia, familiar with the common types, to grasp the concepts and common types of metaplasia.

2.The concept of degeneration, the concept of cell edema and pathological changes, the concept of steatosis, pathological changes and pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, the concept of hyalinization, types and their pathological changes, the concept of necrosis;

3.The concept of necrosis, the general pathological changes, the types and the pathological changes of different types, the concept of apoptosis and the distinction from necrosis.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

Define following word

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia

Please describe the concept of apoptosis and the distinction from necrosis

【Reference teaching material】

1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.

2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.

Chapter 8 Damage repair

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 8 Damage repair

Teacher: Guo chenghao, professor

Teaching date: 2010.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 3 hours

Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

1.To know the concept of repair; To grasp the concept of regeneration, the categories and the regenerative capacity of the organizations and their cell types included; To master the regeneration processes of epithelium, capillaries and peripheral nerve, know the regeneration processes of other tissues.

2. To know the molecular mechanisms of cell regeneration and differentiation, the role of the extracellular matrix in the process of cell regeneration.

3.To know the concept of fibrous repair, the concept of granulation tissue, morphological characteristics, role and outcome; To grasp the morphology of the scar tissue, familiar with its role in the body.

4. To grasp the basic process and the type of wound healing; familiar with the process of fracture healing; understand the factors that affect the healing.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The concept of the repair and regeneration, the regeneration capacity and regeneration processes of all kinds of tissues (50min).

2. The concept of fibrous repair, granulation tissue, morphological characteristics, role and outcome. The morphology and effect of scar tissue (50min).

3. The basic process of wound healing, skin wound healing, the basic characteristics of fracture healing (30min).

4. Factors that affect the healing (20min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The concept of regeneration, the categories and the regenerative capacity of the organizations and their cell types included; The regeneration processes of epithelium, capillaries and peripheral nerve.

2. The morphology of the scar tissue.

3. The basic process and the type of wound healing.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the concept of regeneration, the categories and the regenerative capacity of the organizations and their cell types included.

2. Please describe the regeneration processes of epithelium, capillaries and peripheral nerve.

3. Please describe the morphology of the scar tissue.

4. Please describe the basic process and the type of wound healing.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.

2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.

Chapter 9 General Embryology

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 9 General Embryology

Teacher: Hao Aijun, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao (Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1. To master the definition, place, time，process, conditions and the significances of fertilization.

2. To master the structure of blastocyst.

3. To master the definition, time, place, process, and conditions of implantation, and the ectopic implantations.

4. To master the meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .

5. To master the formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.

6. To master the composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.

7. To master the structure and the function of the placenta.

Familiarizing content:

1. To know the definition of embryology and the development periods of the fetus .

2. To know significance of capacitation of spermatozoon.

3. To know the meaning of the cleavage, morula and the blastocyst.

4. To know the calculation of the expected delivery date and the measuring method of fetal age.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

Introduction of human development, the development and mature of gametes, the capacitation of spermatozoon. The meaning of embryo, fetus and pregnancy body (50min).

1.From fertilization to the formation of blastocyst.(1st week) (50min)

The time ,place,condition, processes and significance of fertilization.

The processes of cleavage, morula and the structure of blastocyst, inner cell mass trophoblast and blastoceol.

The definition, time ,place, processe and conditions of implantation, and the  ectopic implantations and their causes, the decidual response and deciduas, cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast.

2.Bilaminar stage (2nd week) (50min)

The formation of bilaminar germ disc (epiblast ,hypoblast),amniotic cavity and yolk sac.The extraembryonic mesoderm, the extraembryonic cavity, extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm， structure of the chorion and the body stalk.

3.Trilaminar stage(3th week) (50min)

The appear of primitive streak and the decision of middle axis of embryo. The formation of notochord and endoderm, intraembryonic mesoderm and ectoderm. The differentiation of the trilaminar germ disc : formation of neural plate, neural groove and neural tube as well the neural crest; the formation of paraxial mesoderm (somite), lateral plate(mesoderm) and the intermediate mesoderm; buccopharyngeal membrane, cloacal membrane, and intraembryonic coelom somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm, and body stalk.

4.embryonic stage (4th-8th week) (50min)

Infolding of embryonic disc. The formation of primitive gut and yolk stalk. The formation of umbilical cord ,the introduction of appeatance change of fetus.

5.Fetal stage (9th week to birth) (50min)

The summary of main changes every month during fetal stage, the calculation of the expected delivery date and the measuring method of fetal age. The factors which influence the fetal growth.

6.Fetal membrane and placenta (70min)

The formation of chorion, yolk sac, amnion, allamtois and umbilical cord and their functions and abnormality in fetal development. The structure and function of placceta, placental barrier. Hydatidiform mole.

7. Twins: monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins(30min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1. The definition, place, time，process, conditions and the significances of fertilization.

2. The structure of blastocyst.

3. The definition, time, place, process, and conditions of implantation, and the ectopic implantations.

4. The meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .

5. The formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.

6. The composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.

7. The structure and the function of the placenta.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the definition, place, time，process, conditions and the significances of fertilization.

2. Please describe the structure of blastocyst.

3. Please describe the definition, time, place, process, and conditions of implantation, and the ectopic implantations.

4. Please describe the meaning of the decidua and the deciduas reaction .

5. Please describe the formation and the differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.

6. Please describe the composition ,structure and significance of fetal membrane ,.

7. Please describe the structure and the function of the placenta.

【Reference teaching material】

1. Gao Yingmao, Histology&Embryology, second edition, People’s Medical publishing House, 2010.

2. Thomas W. Sadler.Langman’s Medical Embryology 12th edition.2011

Chapter 10 The Development of Face and Palate

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 10 The Development of Face and Palate

Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 8hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Formation of face and neck; development of palatine and related malformations

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

Section 1 Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches and branchial arches and formation of face (50 min)

1. Formation of the branchial apparatus; Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches and related malformations (20min)

2. formation of face (15min)

3. formation of primitive stomodeum and related malformations (15min)

Section 2 Development of the palate and formation of neck and related malformations (50min)

1.development of palatine and related malformations (25min)

2.formation of neck and definition of cervical sinus (15min)

3.give a summary (10min)

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis Formation of the branchial apparatus; Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches; development of palatine and related malformations

Difficult point Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches; development of palatine

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point and samples

【Home work】

Define following word

1. pharyngeal pouch

2. cleft palate

3.cervical sinus

4. oblique facial cleft

【Reference teaching material】

1. 高英茂主编.组织学与胚胎学（八年制）.北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.

2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition) Lippincott Williams & wilkins 2004

Chapter 11 The Development of Digestive and Respiratory system

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 11 The Development of Digestive and Respiratory system

Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

Development of digestive gut and related malformations; development of liver, gallbladder and pancreas and related malformations

Understanding content:

Development of the primitive gut

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

Section 1 development of digestive system (50 min)

4. development and differentiation of primitive gut (10min)

5. development of digestive tract (15min)

6. development of liver and gallbladder (15min)

7. development of pancreas (10min)

Section 2 malformations in the development of digestive system and development of respiratory system and related malformations (50min)

1. malformations in the development of digestive system (15min)

2. development of respiratory system (15min)

3.malformations in the development of respiratory system (10min)

4. give a summary (10min)

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis development of digestive tract and related malformations; development of liver and pancreas and related malformations

Difficult point development of digestive tract and related malformations

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point and samples

【Home work】

1. describe the development of digestive tract and related malformations

2. describe the development of liver, gallbladder and pancreas and related malformations

3. describe the development of respiratory system and related malformatiosn

【Reference teaching material】

1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.

2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams & wilkins. 2004

Chapter12 The Development of urogenital System

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 12 The Development of urogenital System

Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

Development of metanephros and related malformations; development and derivation of urogenital sinus and related malformations; development of testis and ovary and related malformations

Understanding content:

Development of pronephros and mesonephros; development of urogenital duct and related malformations

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

Section 1 development of urinary system and indifferentiation stage of development of genital system (50 min)

1. primordium of urinary and genital system (10min)

2. development of urinary system (25min)

3. malformations in the development of urinary system (10min)

4.indifferentiation stage of development of genital system (5min)

Section 2 differentiation stage of development of genital systme and related malformations (50min)

1. development of testis (15min)

2. development of ovary (15min)

3.malformations in the development of genital system (10min)

4. give a summary (10min)

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis primordium of urogenital system; development of metanephros and related malformations; development of testis and related malformations; development of ovary and related malformations

Difficult point development of metanephros, testis and ovary

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point and samples

【Home work】

1. describe the development of metanephros and related malformations

2. describe malformations related with urachus

3. describe the development of genital system and related malformatiosn

4. describe the development of genital duct

【Reference teaching material】

1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.

2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams & wilkins. 2004

Chapter13 The Development of Circulatory System

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 13 The Development of Circulatory System

Teacher: Guo Yuji, Instructor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Histology and Embryology, Gao Yingmao(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

Development of cardiovascular system and related malformations; Fetal circulation and changes of fetal circulation after birth

Understanding content:

Development of primitive cardiovascular system

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

Section 1 development of primitive cardiovascular system and evolution of the external appearance of heart (50 min)

1. development of primitive cardiovascular system (10min)

2. development of cardiac tube (15min)

3. evolution of the external appearance of heart (10min)

4.Septum formation in the primitive atrium (15min)

Section 2 septum formation in the heart and related malformations (50min)

1. Septum formation in the primitive ventricle (10min)

2. Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus & bulbus cordis (10min)

3. Fetal circulation (10min)

4. malformations in the development of cardiovascular system (10min)

5. give a summary (10min)

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis evolution of the external appearance of heart; Septum formation in the primitive ventricle and related malformations; Septum formation in the primitive atrium and related malformations; Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus & bulbus cordis and related malformations; malformations in the development of cardiovascular system; Fetal circulation

Difficult point septum formation in the heart

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point and samples

【Home work】

1. describe the septum formation in the primitive atrium and related malformations

2. describe the septum formation in the primitive ventricle and related malformations

3. describe the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus & bulbus cordis and related malformations

4. describe the fetal circulation and changes of fetal circulation after birth

【Reference teaching material】

1. 高英茂主编. 组织学与胚胎学（八年制）. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2005.

2. T. W. Sadler Langman’s medical embryology(ninth edition). Lippincott Williams & wilkins. 2004

Chapter 14 Tumor

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 14 Tumor

Teacher: Zhang, Jianping, Associate Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Pathology, Chen Jie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

1. To know the concept of the tumor, the difference between the tumor and non-tumor hyperplasia; To grasp the general morphology and structural characteristics of the tumor.

2. To grasp the concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor atypia.

3. To grasp the growth types and spread pathway of tumor; familiar with the biology of tumor growth, such as growth fraction, the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis and tumor heterogeneity and its significance; understand the grade and stage of the tumor.

4. To know the effects of benign and malignant tumors on the body.

5. To grasp the difference between benign and malignant tumors.

6. To master the naming and classification of tumor.

7. To master the histology sources, morphological characteristics and the predilection sites of common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma); the difference between cancer and sarcoma, the overall pathologic characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors; To understand the common non-epithelial tumor; To master precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia; familiar with the common type of precancerous lesions; understand neuroectoderm-derived tumors, common tumor types composed by a variety of tissue.

8. To know the concept of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the main type of understanding of the mechanism of action; familiar with the environmental carcinogenic factors and their carcinogenic mechanisms; internal factors of tumor development.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

The concept and general morphology of the tumor (30min); atypia; growth and spread (30min); tumor effects on the body (30min); difference between benign and malignant tumors (borderline tumors concept) (40min); tumor nomenclature and classification(20min); distinction of cancer and sarcoma(20min); common tumor, For example (predilection sites , morphological characteristics) (50min). The benign and malignant tumors derived from epithelium: papilloma, adenoma (cystadenoma, fibroadenoma, pleomorphic adenoma), squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma(50min). Precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ (50min). Mesenchyme-derived benign and malignant tumors: fibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma, vascular tumors, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, giant cell tumor, osteosarcoma (30min). Other tumors: melanoma, black nevus, teratoma. The pathological examination methods of the tumor, tumor etiology and pathogenesis(50min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1.The general morphology and structural characteristics of the tumor.

2. The concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor atypia.

3. The growth types and spread pathway of tumor.

4. The difference between benign and malignant tumors.

5. The naming and classification of tumor.

6. The histology sources, morphological characteristics and the predilection sites of common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma); the difference between cancer and sarcoma, the overall pathologic characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors; Precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1. Please describe the general morphology and structural characteristics of the tumor.

2. Please describe the concept, degree of differentiation and performance of tumor atypia.

3. Please describe the growth types and spread pathway of tumor;

4. Please describe the difference between benign and malignant tumors.

5. Please describe the naming and classification of tumor.

6. Please describe the histology sources, morphological characteristics and the predilection sites of common epithelial tumors (papillomas, adenomas, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma).

7. Please describe the difference between cancer and sarcoma.

8. Please describe the overall pathologic characteristics of malignant mesenchymal tumors.

9. Please describe precancerous lesions, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ, as well as the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia

【Reference teaching material】

1. Lynn S. Bickley, Peter G., Szilagyi. Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition, 2012.

2. Chen Jie, Li Gandi. Pathology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.

Chapter 15 Introduction of Pharmacology

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 15 Introduction of Pharmacology

Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 1 hours

Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

To master the concepts of pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Familiarizing content:

Familiar with the nature and duties of pharmacology.

Understanding content:

To understand history and development of pharmacology, and the role of pharmacology in clinical medicine and in the research and development of new drugs.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The nature and the duties of pharmacology (20min).

(1) Pharmacology,drug,pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics.

(2) The nature and the duties of pharmacology.

2. The history and the development of drug and pharmacology (20min).

3. The roles of pharmacology in the research and development of new drugs (10min).

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

The concepts of pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

Define following word

pharmacology, drug, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

【Reference teaching material】

1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.

2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 7th edition, 2011.

Chapter 16 PHARMACOKINETICS

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 16 PHARMACOKINETICS

Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

1．Familiar with the main modes and characteristics of drug transmembrane, and to master the effect of pH on drug transmembrane.

2．Familiar with the concepts of absorption and distribution, and its affecting factors. And to master the pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination, bioavailability and apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .

3．Familiar with the concept of drug biotransformation and main modes, and to master the properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and inhibitors, and their effects ondrug actions.

4．To understand the concept of drug excretion and main routes, And to master the pharmacological importances of the passive tubular reabsorption and enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.

5．Familiar with the first-order elimination kinetics and zero-order elimination kinetics, typical time-concentration curve, compartment models and the kinetics of multiple dose kinetics.

6．To master thepharmacological importances of the elimination rate constant（K）, half life（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The process of drug in the body include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The modes of drug transmembrane include passive transport and active transport. And the effects of fluid pH on thetransports of the weak acidic and weak basic drugs (10min).

2. The absorption of drug and the first-pass elimination (10min).

3. The distribution of drug and its affecting factors including Plasma protein binding, The properties of drug and physical pH, local tissue blood flow and cell membrane barriers.

The concept of redistribution (10min).

4. The biotransformation of drug: hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system,enzyme inducer and enzyme inhibitor (10min).

5. The excretion of drug (10min)

The routes of drug excretion have two mian routes: renal excretion and biliry excretion: hepato-enteral circulation.

6. The timing course of drug concentration in the body(20min)

(1)The typical time-concentration relationship curve

(2)Peak concentration, Cmax

(3)Peak time, tmax

(4)Minimum effective concentration, Cmin

(5)Maxmum effective concentration, Cmax

(6)Area under the curve, AUC (g.h.L-1)

7. Pharmacokinetic parameters(30min)

(1)First order kinetics

dC/dt = -keC1 = -keC， Ct = C0e-ket

(2)Zero order kinetics

-dC/dt = KC0 = -KC0 = -K

(3)Bioavailability，F

F(oral) = A/D x 100% = AUC(oral)/AUC(iv) x 100%

= AUCtest/AUCstandard x 100%

(4)Apparent volume of distribution, Vd : Vd = A/C0 = A/AUC x Ke(L)

(5)Half-life, t1/2)： t1/2 = 0.693/ke

(6)Plasma clearance, CL： CL = (RE)/Cp = Vd x ke (L.h-1)

(7)Rate of elimination, RE：RE = CL x Cp

(8)Elimination rate constant, Ke：Ke = 0.693/t1/2

(9)Steady state concentration, Css

(10)The maximum steady state concentration,Css-max

(11)The minimum steady state concentration, Css-min

(12)The average concentration of Css, Css

(13)Maintenance dose, Am：Am = CL x TC x ( x F

TC: target concentration，(: dose internal，F: bioavailabilty.

(1)Loading dose, Dl

Dl = Css x Vd = RA/Ke = 1.44t1/2RA，当 ( 为 t1/2, Dl = Dm/1-e-0.693 = D/0.5 = 2Dm

(15)Compartment model

one-compartment model and two-compartment model.

【Emphasis and difficult point】

Emphasis

1．The effect of pH on drug transmembrane.

2．The pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination, bioavailability and apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .

3．The properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and inhibitors, and their effects on drug actions.

4. The pharmacological importances of the passive tubular reabsorption and enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.

5．The pharmacological importance of the elimination rate constant（K）, half life（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).

【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】

Multimedia and power point

【Home work】

1．Please describe the effect of pH on drug transmembrane.

2. Please describe the pharmacological importance of first-pass elimination, bioavailability and apparent volume of distribution(Vd) .

3．Please describe the properties of hepatomicrosomal enzymes, its inducers and inhibitors, and their effects on drug actions.

4. Please describe the pharmacological importances of the passive tubular reabsorption and enterohepatic circulation and their effects on drug actions.

5．Please describe the pharmacological importance of the elimination rate constant（K）, half life（t1/2）, plasma clearance（Cl）and steady state concentration(Css).

【Reference teaching material】

1. Yang Shijie, Yang Baofeng, Yan Guangmai, Zang Weijin. Pharmacology. People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010.

2. Humphrey P. Rang, Maureen M. Dale, James M. Ritter, Rod Flower, and Graeme Henderson. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology , 7th edition, 2011.

Chapter 17 PHARMCODYNAMICS

Course: Human structure and function I

Teaching content: Chapter 17 PHARMCODYNAMICS

Teacher: Zhang Xiumei, Professor

Teaching date: 2012.9-12

Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine, Grade 2010

Teaching hours: 2 hours

Teaching material: Pharmacology, Yang Shijie(Chief-editor)

【Aims and requirements】

Mastery content:

1．To master the basic actions of drug, the therapeutic effects and the adverse drug reactions.

2．To master the dose-response relationship of drug.

3．To master the mechanisms of drug action, interaction of drug and recptors, the types of receptors and the second messengers.

Familiarizing content:

Familiar with the structure-activaity relationship of drug.

【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】

1. The pharmacological actions and effects (10min)

(1)The pharmacological actions and effects and selectivity

(2)Therapeutic effects: etiological treatment, symptomatic treatmentand supplement therapy.

2. Adverse drug reaction, ADR (10min)

（1）Side reaction)；（2）Toxic reaction)：acute toxication, chronic toxication）and special toxicit such as carcinogenesis), teratogenesis and mutagenesis；（3）After effect)；（4）Withdrawal reaction；（5）Allergic reaction and（6）Idiosyncrasy.

3. Drug dose and dose-effect relationship (10min)

(1)Dose-effect relationshipand dose-effect curve.

(2)Graded response：

Minimum effective concentration, Cmin, threshold concentration

Minimum effective dose

Maximum efficacy,Emax

Individual variability

Potency

(3)Quantal response, all-or-non response：

Median effective dose, ED50

Concentration for 50% of maximum effect, EC50

Toxic dose)

Minimum toxic dose

Lethal dose

Median lethal dose,LD50

Therapeutic index, TI.

4. The mechanisms of drug action(10min)

Mechanisms of action：

The Types of Mechanism of Drug Action:

(1) Physical and Chemical Reaction

(2)Joining or Interfering with Cell Metabolism

▪ counterfeit incorporation

▪ antimetabolite

(3) Affecting Transportation

of Physical Substances

(4) Affecting Enzyme Activity

(5) Affecting Ion Channels on Cell Membrane

(6) Affecting Nucleotide Acid Metabolism

(7) Affecting Immunology Function

(8) Nonspecific Action

Physical and chemical changes

Membrane stablizer

Membrane labilizer

(9) Drugs and Receptors

5. Drugs and Receptors (10min)

(1)The properties of receptors

①sensitivity;②specificity;③saturability;④(reversibility)and

⑤multiple-variation.

The concept of ligand.

6．Interaction between Receptor and Drug (receptor theory)—Occupation theory(10min)

Affinity index pD2 = -logKD

Intrinsic activity）:α

0 ≤ α ≤100%，E/Emax = α[AR]/[RT]

The concept of spare receptors.

Two model theory

7. Agonists and antagonists(10min)

（1）Aagonist：

Full agonist: α= 1

Partial agonist(mixed agonist)：α ................
................

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