JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II - NPS …

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior National Historic Landmarks Program

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

National Historic Landmarks Theme Study

Cover photo Farm families of Japanese ancestry wait for a bus that will take them to the Tanforan Assembly Center, along with 595 others removed from the area near Centerville, California, under Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34. WRA photo by Dorothea Lange, May 9, 1942, courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study

Edited by Barbara Wyatt National Historic Landmarks Program

Based in part on Confinement and Ethnicity by

Jeffery F. Burton Mary M. Farrell Florence B. Lord Richard W. Lord NPS Western Archeological and Conservation Center Tucson, Arizona, 1999

With Contributions from S. Curtis Breckenridge

Marilyn Harper

Produced by the National Historic Landmarks Program

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, DC

August 2012

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. 1

PART 1, INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 3

Table 1. Wartime Properties Identified in Public Law 102-248 ................................................ 7

PART 2. HISTORIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 9

THE PRELUDE TO RELOCATION ......................................................................................... 9 REMOVAL............................................................................................................................... 22 CONFINEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 34 ALTERNATIVES TO CONFINEMENT................................................................................. 43 RESISTANCE AND LEGAL CHALLENGES ....................................................................... 50 FREEDOM RESTORED.......................................................................................................... 56 RETROSPECTIVE................................................................................................................... 58

PART 3. ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES....................................................................... 61

WCCA ASSEMBLY CENTERS ............................................................................................. 61 WRA RELOCATION CENTERS ............................................................................................ 61 INTERNMENT/DETENTION FACILITIES .......................................................................... 68 U.S. ARMY FACILITIES ........................................................................................................ 70 JAPANESE AMERICAN WARTIME COMMUNITIES ....................................................... 71 OTHER PROPERTY TYPES .................................................................................................. 74

PART 4. SURVEY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 77

Table 2. Wartime Properties not Specified in Public Law 102-248 ........................................ 79

PART 5. REGISTRATION GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ....................................................................... 81

EVALUATION CHALLENGES ............................................................................................. 81 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ........................... 87 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK EXCEPTIONS ......................................................... 89 APPLYING THE CRITERIA................................................................................................... 90 APPLYING CRITERION 1 ..................................................................................................... 96 APPLYING CRITERION 2 ................................................................................................... 101 APPLYING CRITERION 4 ................................................................................................... 101 APPLYING CRITERION 5 ................................................................................................... 102 APPLYING CRITERION 6 ................................................................................................... 102 APPLYING THE EXCEPTIONS........................................................................................... 103 EVALUATING ABOVEGROUND INTEGRITY ................................................................ 105 EVALUATING ARCHEOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ............................................................. 108

PART 6. SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................ 109

WCCA ASSEMBLY CENTERS ........................................................................................... 110 Fresno Assembly Center ................................................................................................. 111 Marysville Assembly Center (Arboga Assembly Center) .............................................. 111 Mayer Assembly Center ................................................................................................. 112

iii

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download