Chapter 44: The American People Face a New Century



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Chapter Studyguides

CHAPTER 1: NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS: 33, 000 B.C.—A.D. 1769

Introduction

Know: Old World, New World

1. What conditions existed in what is today the United States that made it "fertile ground" for a great nation?

The Shaping of North America

Know: Appalachian Mountains, Tidewater Region, Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, Great Lakes, Missouri-Mississippi-Ohio River System

2. Speculate how at least one geographic feature affected the development of the United States.

Peopling the Americas

Know: Land Bridge

3. "Before the arrival of Europeans, the settlement of the Americas was insignificant." Assess this statement.

The Earliest Americans

Know: Maize, Aztecs, Incas, Pueblo, Mound Builders, Three-sister Farming, Cherokee, Iroquois

4. Describe some of the common features North American Indian culture.

Indirect Discoverers of the New World

Know: Finland, Crusaders, Venice, Genoa

5. What caused Europeans to begin exploring?

Europeans Enter Africa

Know: Marco Polo, Caravel, Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand and Isabella, Moors

6. What were the results of the Portuguese explorations of Africa?

Columbus Comes upon a New World

Know: Columbus

7. What developments set the stage for “a cataclysmic shift in the course of history?”

When Worlds Collide

Know: Corn, Potatoes, Sugar, Horses, Smallpox

8. Explain the positive and negative effects of the Atlantic Exchange.

The Spanish Conquistadors

Know: Treaty of Tordesillas, Vasco Nunez Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Coronado, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Pizarro, Encomienda

9. Were the conquistadors great men? Explain.

Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadors

Know: Granada, Moors, "Reconquista"

10. Were the conquistadors' motives successfully fulfilled? Explain.

The Conquest of Mexico

Know: Hernan Cortes, Tenochtitlan, Montezuma, Mestizos

11. Why was Cortes able to defeat the powerful Aztecs?

The Spread of Spanish America

Know: John Cabot, Giovanni da Verazano, Jacques Cartier, St. Augustine, New Mexico, Pope's Rebellion, Mission Indians, Black Legend

12. What is the “Black Legend,” and to what extent does our text agree with it?

CHAPTER 2: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA: 1500—1733

England's Imperial Stirrings

Know: Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, Catholic Ireland

13. Why was England slow to establish New World colonies?

Elizabeth Energizes England

Know: Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Virginia, Spanish Armada

14. What steps from 1575-1600 brought England closer to colonizing the New World?

England on the Eve of Empire

Know: Enclosure Movement, Primogeniture, Joint-stock company

15. Explain how conditions in England around 1600 made it "ripe" to colonize N. America.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

Know: Virginia Company, Jamestown, John Smith, Powhatan, Pocahontas, Starving Time, Lord De La Warr

16. Give at least three reasons that so many of the Jamestown settlers died.

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

Know: Powhatan's Confederacy, Anglo-Powhatan Wars

17. What factors led to the poor relations between Europeans and Native Americans in Virginia?

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

Know: John Rolfe, Tobacco, House of Burgesses

18. "By 1620 Virginia had already developed many of the features that were important to it two centuries later." Explain.

Maryland: Catholic Haven

Know: Lord Baltimore, Indentured Servants, Act of Toleration

19. In what ways was Maryland different than Virginia?

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

Know: West Indies, Sugar, Barbados Slave Code

20. What historical consequences resulted from the cultivation of sugar instead of tobacco in the British colonies in the West Indies?

Colonizing the Carolinas

Know: Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, Rice

21. Why did Carolina become a place for aristocratic whites and many black slaves?

The Emergence of North Carolina

Know: Tuscarora

22. North Carolina was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit." Explain.

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

Know: James Oglethorpe

23. In what ways was Georgia unique among the Southern colonies?

Makers of America: The Iroquois

Know: The Iroquois Confederacy, Deganawidah, Hiawatha, Five Nations, Handsome Lake

24. How did the political structure of the Iroquois prove to be first a strength and ultimately a weakness?

The Plantation Colonies

25. Which Southern colony was the most different from the others? Explain.

CHAPTER 3: SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES: 1619—1700

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

Know: John Calvin, Conversion Experience, Visible Saints, Church of England, Puritans, Separatists

26. How did John Calvin's teachings result in some Englishmen wanting to leave England?

The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth

Know: Mayflower, Myles Standish, Mayflower Compact, Plymouth, William Bradford

27. Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Plymouth colony.

The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

Know: Puritans, Charles I, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Great Migration, John Winthrop

28. Why did the Puritans come to America?

Building the Bay Colony

Know: Freemen, Bible Commonwealth, John Cotton, Protestant Ethic

29. How democratic was the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Explain.

Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth

Know: Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism, Roger Williams

30. What happened to people whose religious beliefs differed from others in Massachusetts Bay Colony?

The Rhode Island "Sewer"

Know: Freedom of Religion

31. How was Rhode Island different than Massachusetts?

Makers of America: The English

32. In what ways did the British North American colonies reflect their mother country?

New England Spreads Out

Know: Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders

33. Describe how Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire were settled.

Puritans versus Indians

Know: Squanto, Massasoit, Pequot War, Praying Towns, Metacom, King Philip's War

34. Why did hostilities arise between Puritans and Native Americans? What was the result?

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

Know: New England Confederation, Charles II

35. Assess the following statement, "The British colonies were beginning to grow closer to each other by 1700."

Andros Promotes the First American Revolution

Know: Dominion of New England, Navigation Laws, Edmund Andros, Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, Salutary Neglect

36. How did events in England affect the New England colonies' development?

Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands

Know: Dutch East India Company, Henry Hudson, New Amsterdam, Patroonships

37. Explain how settlement by the Dutch led to the type of city that New York is today.

Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors

Know: Wall Street, New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant, Log Cabins

38. "Vexations beset the Dutch company-colony from the beginning." Explain.

Dutch Residues in New York

Know: Duke of York

39. Do the Dutch have an important legacy in the United States? Explain.

Penn's Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania

Know: Quakers, William Penn

40. What had William Penn and other Quakers experienced that would make them want a colony in America?

Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors

Know: East New Jersey, West New Jersey, Delaware

41. Why was Pennsylvania attractive to so many Europeans and Native Americans?

The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies

Know: Middle Colonies, Benjamin Franklin

42. What do the authors mean when the say that the middle colonies were the most American?

Varying Viewpoints: Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe?

43. “The picture of colonial America that is emerging from all this new scholarship is of a society unique—and diverse—from its inception.” Explain?

CHAPTER 4: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: 1607—1692

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

44. "Life in the American wilderness was nasty, brutish, and short for the earliest Chesapeake settlers." Explain.

The Tobacco Economy

Know: Tobacco, Indentured Servants, Freedom Dues, Headright System

45. What conditions in Virginia made the colony right for the importation of indentured servants?

Frustrated Freemen and Bacon's Rebellion

Know: William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon

46. Who is most to blame for Bacon's rebellion, the upper class or the lower class? Explain.

Colonial Slavery

Know: Royal African Company, Middle Passage, Slave Codes, Chattel Slavery

47. Describe the slave trade.

Africans in America

Know: Gullah, Stono Rebellion

48. Describe slave culture and contributions.

Makers of America: From African to African-American

49. "And precisely because of the diversity of African peoples represented in America, the culture that emerged was a uniquely New World creation." Explain.

Southern Society

Know: Plantations, Yeoman Farmers

50. Describe southern culture in the colonial period, noting social classes.

The New England Family

Know: The Scarlet Letter

51. What was it like to be a woman in New England?

Life in the New England Towns

Know: Harvard, Town Meetings

52. Explain the significance of New England towns to the culture there.

The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trial

Know: Jeremiad, Conversions, Half-Way Covenant

53. What evidence shows that New England was becoming more diverse as the 17th century wore on?

The New England Way of Life

Know: Yankee Ingenuity

54. How did the environment shape the culture of New England?

The Early Settlers' Days and Ways

Know: Leisler's Rebellion

55. How much equality was evident in the colonies?

CHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION: 1700-1775

Conquest by the Cradle

Know: Thirteen Original Colonies

1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies?

A Mingling of Races

Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement

2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?

The Structure of Colonial Society

Know: Social Mobility

3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies.

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish

Know: The Session

4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics?

Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists

Know: Smallpox, Diphtheria

5. Why has the relative prestige of the professions changed from colonial times to today?

Workaday America

Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act

6. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies.

Horsepower and Sailpower

Know: Taverns

7. What was it like to travel in early America?

Dominant Denominations

Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians

8. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain?

The Great Awakening

Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists

9. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference?

Schools and Colleges

Know: Latin and Greek

10. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?

A Provincial Culture

Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin

11. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.

Pioneer Presses

Know: John Peter Zenger

12. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?

The Great Game of Politics

Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications

13. How democratic was colonial America?

Colonial Folkways

14. What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in America during the colonial period?

Colonial America: Communities of Conflict or Consensus?

Know: Nash's Urban Crucible Theory

15. Were the colonies marked more by internal consensus or internal conflict? Explain.

CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA: 1608—1763

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France

16. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?

New France Fans Out

Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle

17. What factors led to the French settlement of New France?

The Clash of Empires

Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg

18. Describe the early wars between France and Britain.

George Washington Inaugurates War with France

Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians

19. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?

Global War and Colonial Disunity

Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die"

20. What was meant by the statement, “America was conquered in Germany?

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath

Know: Edward Braddock

21. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?

Pitt's Palms of Victory

Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec

22. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War?

Restless Colonials

23. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?

Makers of America: The French

Know: Louis XIV, The Great Displacement

24. What contributions to American culture were made by the French?

War’s Fateful Aftermath

Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763

25. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British?

CHAPTER 7: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION: 1763—1775

The Deep Roots of Revolution

26. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore?

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances

Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto

27. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.

28. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy?

The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism

Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties

29. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies?

30. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?

The Stamp Tax Uproar

Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation

31. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies?

Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act

Know: Stamp Act Congress, Nonimportation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act

32. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre"

Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams

33. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties?

The Seditious Committees of Correspondence

Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence

34. How did Committees of Correspondence work?

Tea Brewing in Boston

Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party

35. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"

Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act

36. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?

Bloodshed

Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord

37. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress?

Imperial Strength and Weakness

Know: Hessians, Tories

38. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

American Pluses and Minuses

Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals

39. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

A Thin Line of Heroes

Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army

40. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?

CHAPTER 8: AMERICA SECEDES FROM THE EMPIRE: 1775—1783

Congress Drafts George Washington

Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington

41. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?

Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings

Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians

42. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why?

The Abortive Conquest of Canada

Know: Richard Montgomery

43. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense

44. Why was Common Sense important?

Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism"

Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy

45. Why did Paine want a democratic republic?

Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence

Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights

46. What does the Declaration of Independence say?

Patriots and Loyalists

Know: Patrick Henry

47. What kinds of people were Loyalists?

Makers of America: The Loyalists

48. What happened to Loyalists after the war?

The Loyalist Exodus

49. What happened to Loyalists during the war?

General Washington at Bay

Know: William Howe, Trenton, Princeton

50. What were some of the flaws of General William Howe?

Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion

Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates

51. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?

Revolution in Diplomacy?

52. Why did the French help America win independence?

The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War

Know: Armed Neutrality

53. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause?

Blow and Counterblow

Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis

54. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain.

The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier

Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers

55. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?

Yorktown and the Final Curtain

Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown

56. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?

Peace at Paris

Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris

57. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?

A New Nation Legitimized

Know: Whigs

58. Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain.

Whose Revolution?

59. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.

CHAPTER 9: THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION: 1776—1790

The Pursuit of Equality

Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley

1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?

Constitution Making in the States

Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law

2. What was the importance of the state constitutions?

Economic Crosscurrents

Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation

3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America?

A Shaky Start toward Union

Know: Natural Rights

4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government?

Creating a Confederation

Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation

5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war?

The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution

6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it?

Landmarks in Land Laws

Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787

7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.

The World's Ugly Duckling

Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers

8. Using examples, explain the title of this section.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy

Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy

9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain.

A Convention of "Demigods"

Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry

10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government?

Patriots in Philadelphia

11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.

Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises

Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise

12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

Safeguards for Conservatism

Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers

13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written?

The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists

Know: Antifederalists, Federalists

14. Who were the antifederalists and why did they oppose the Constitution?

The Great Debate in the States

15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why?

The Four Laggard States

Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist

16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution?

A Conservative Triumph

17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?

The Constitution: Revolutionary or Counterrevolutionary?

Know: Nationalist School of Historians, Critical Period, Charles Beard, Gordon Wood

18. Why have historians disagreed about the reason why our Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution?

CHAPTER 10: LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE: 1789—1800

Growing Pains

Know: Trans-Appalachia

19. Did America appear to have a bright future in 1789? Explain.

Washington for President

Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox

20. Was Washington an important president? Explain.

The Bill of Rights

Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay

21. What important steps were taken by the first congress?

Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit

Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts

22. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia?

Customs Duties and Excise Taxes

Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes

23. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank

Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause

24. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

Know: Whiskey Rebellion

25. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain.

The Emergence of Political Parties

Know: Factions, Parties

26. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad?

The Impact of the French Revolution

Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror

27. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation

Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet

28. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.

Embroilments with Britain

Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville

29. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?

Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell

Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address

30. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty.

John Adams Becomes President

Know: John Adams, High Federalists

31. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president?

Unofficial Fighting with France

Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute

32. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

Adams Puts Patriotism above Party

Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800

33. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?

The Federalist Witch Hunt

Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act

34. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions

Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification

35. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.

Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans

36. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?

CHAPTER 11: THE TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign

37. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"

Know: Aaron Burr

38. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.

39. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation

Know: Pell-mell

40. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"

Jeffersonian Restraint

Know: Albert Gallatin

41. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary

Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase

42. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats

43. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?

The Louisiana Godsend

Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture

44. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.

Louisiana in the Long View

Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike

45. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

Know: Aaron Burr, James Wilkinson

46. How did Aaron Burr demonstrate the weakness of the US government?

America: A Nutcracked Neutral

Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake

47. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?

The Hated Embargo

Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act

48. Who opposed the embargo and why?

Madison’s Gamble

Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2

48. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison

50. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?

"Mr. Madison's War"

Know: War of 1812

51. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?

CHAPTER 12: THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM

On to Canada over Land and Lakes

Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough

52. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans

53. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.

The Treaty of Ghent

Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

54. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention

55. What did the Hartford Convention do?

The Second War for American Independence

56. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?

Nascent Nationalism

Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur

57. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?

"The American System"

Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal

58. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings

Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings

59. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819

60. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.

Growing Pains of the West

61. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?

Slavery and the Sectional Balance

Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution

62. Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"

63. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.

Makers of America: Settlers of the Old Northwest

Know: Old Northwest, Butternuts, Yankees

64. How did Southern and Northern settlers of the Old Northwest differ?

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden

65. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster

66. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819

67. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.

The Menace of Monarchy in America

Know: George Canning

68. How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?

Monroe and His Doctrine

Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine

69. How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?

Monroe's Doctrine Appraised

70. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.

CHAPTER 13: THE RISE OF A MASS DEMOCRACY

The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824

Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain

1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?

A Yankee Misfit in the White House

Know: John Quincy Adams

2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.

Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828

Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards

3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.

“Old Hickory” as President

Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob

4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?

The Spoils System

Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office

5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.

The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”

Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey

6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?

"Nullies" in South Carolina

Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill

7. Describe the nullification crisis.

The Trail of Tears

Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles

8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

The Bank War

Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle

9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, “Czar Nicholas I?” Explain.

"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832

Know: Anti-Masonic Party

10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?

Burying Biddle’s Bank

Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular

11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.

The Birth of the Whigs

Know: Democrats, Whigs

12. What is so alluring about being associated with “the common man?”

The Election of 1836

Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren

13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.

Big Woes for the "Little Magician"

Know: Martin Van Buren

14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?

Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury

Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury

15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?

Gone to Texas

Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett

16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans?

The Lone Star Rebellion

Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto

17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?

Makers of America: Mexican or Texan?

Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos

18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land?

The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840

Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?

Politics for the People

20. Is the federal government today more concerned with the “common man” or “aristocracy?” Explain.

The Two-Party System

21. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?

Varying Viewpoints: What Was Jacksonian Democracy?

Know: Frederick Jackson Turner, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Richard Hofstadter

22. Explain at least three theories about what motivated the followers of Andrew Jackson.

CHAPTER 14: FORGING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The Westward Movement

Know: "Self-Reliance"

23. What were settlers of the frontier like?

Shaping the Western Landscape

Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin

24. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.

The March of the Millions

Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters

25. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?

The Emerald Isle Moves West

Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail

26. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain.

The German Forty-Eighters

Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer

27. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.

Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism

Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party

28. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?

Makers of America: The Irish

Know: Potato Famine, Famine Irish, Boss System, Political Machines

29. Describe the hardships of the Irish in Ireland and America.

Creeping Mechanization

Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution

30. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine

Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton

31. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.

Makers of America: The Germans

Know: Forty-Eighters, Mennonites, Milwaukee, Amish

32. What kind of lives did Germans live in the United States? Why?

Marvels in Manufacturing

Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse

33. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.

Workers and "Wage Slaves"

Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt

34. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?

Women and the Economy

Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes

35. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)

Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields

Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture

36. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?

Highways and Steamboats

Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton

37. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?

"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York

Know: Erie Canal

38. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.

The Iron Horse

39. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.

Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders

Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express

40. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.

The Transport Web Binds the Union

Know: Division of Labor

41. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.

The Market Revolution

Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility

42. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?

CHAPTER 15: THE FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE

Reviving Religion

Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney

43. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?

Denominational Diversity

Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists)

44. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?

A Desert Zion in Utah

Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young

45. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?

Free Schools for a Free People

Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers

46. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?

Higher Goals for Higher Learning

Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines

47. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?

An Age of Reform

Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix

48. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements?

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder"

Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851

49. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.

Women in Revolt

Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments

50. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.

Wilderness Utopias

Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers

51. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?

The Dawn of Scientific Achievement

Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon

52. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.

Makers of America: The Oneida Community

Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism

53. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.

Artistic Achievements

Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster

54. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.

The Blossoming of a National Literature

Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant

55. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?

Trumpeters of Transcendentalism

Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman

56. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.

Glowing Literary Lights

Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson

57. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.

Literary Individualists and Dissenters

Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville

58. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?

Portrayers of the Past

Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman

59. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?

Varying Viewpoints: Reform: Who? What? How? and Why?

60. Were 19th century reformers compassionate, religious people; fanatics who didn't care if their actions had negative results; or conservatives who wanted to control the lower classes? Explain.

CHAPTER 16: THE SOUTH AND THE SLAVE CONTROVERSY

"Cotton is King!"

Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin

1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have?

The Planter "Aristocracy"

Know: Chivalry

2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"

Slaves and the Slave System

Know: One crop economy

3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton?

The White Majority

Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly

4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery?

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters

Know: Emancipate, mulattoes

5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain.

Plantation Slavery

Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe

6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves.

Life Under the Lash

Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South

7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible?

The Burdens of Bondage

Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner

8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement?

Early Abolitionism

Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe

9. Describe some of the early abolitionists.

Radical Abolitionism

Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass

10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be?

The South Lashes Back

11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists?

The Abolitionist Impact in the North

12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success?

Varying Viewpoints: What Was the True Nature of Slavery?

Know: Ulrich B. Phillips, Stanley Elkin, Eugene Genovese, "Sambo," Kenneth Stampp, Lawrence Levine

13. What do historians agree on about slavery? Disagree about?

CHAPTER 17: MANIFEST DESTINY AND ITS LEGACY

The Accession of "Tyler Too"

Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler

14. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text.

John Tyler: A President Without a Party

Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay

15. What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him?

A War of Words with England

Know: Caroline, Creole

16. Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's.

Manipulating the Maine Maps

Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster

17. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty?

The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone

Know: Lone Star Republic

18. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845?

The Belated Texas Nuptials

Know: Conscience Whigs

19. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union?

Oregon Fever Populates Oregon

Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail

20. What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary?

A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny

Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse

21. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election?

Polk the Purposeful

22. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success.

Misunderstandings with Mexico

Know: John Slidell, Nueces River

23. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico?

American Blood on American (?) Soil

Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions

24. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico.

The Mastering of Mexico

Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott

25. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico?

Fighting Mexico for Peace

Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

26. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Profit and Loss in Mexico

Know: Wilmot Proviso

27. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the Mexican-American War?

Makers of America: The Californios

Know: Californios, Father Junipero Serra, Franciscans, Secularization, Anglos

28. How did the Californios gain and then lose power?

CHAPTER 18: RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE

The Popular Sovereignty Panacea

Know: Mexican Cession, Fire-eaters

29. What were the advantages and disadvantages of popular sovereignty?

Political Triumphs for General Taylor

30. Why was the Free-Soil party formed? Was it important? Explain.

"Californy Gold"

31. Did the California Gold Rush make people rich? Explain.

Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad

Know: Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman

32. "The South was in a politically weak position in the 1850's." Assess this statement.

Twilight of the Senatorial Giants

Know: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster

33. What effect did Webster's speech have?

Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill

Know: William H. Seward, Higher Law

34. How did William Seward contribute to the tension between North and South in 1850?

Breaking the Congressional Logjam

Know: Compromise of 1850

35. What factors led to the acceptance of the Compromise of 1850?

Balancing the Compromise Scales

36. Explain the quote, "No single irritant of the 1850's was more consistently galling to both sides...."

Defeat and Doom for the Whigs

37. What was important about the election of 1852?

Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border

Know: William Walker, Commodore Matthew C. Perry

38. Explain the Ostend Manifesto, and what consequences it had.

The Allure of Asia

Know: Treaty of Wanghia, Caleb Cushing, Commodore Perry

39. Is China or Japan more important to American trade today?

Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsen Purchase

40. What was the reason for the Gadsen Purchase?

Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Scheme

Know: Stephen A. Douglas

41. Why were northerners so opposed to popular sovereignty?

Congress Legislates a Civil War

42. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

CHAPTER 19: DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION

Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries

Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper

43. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.

The North-South Contest for Kansas

Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians

44. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas?

Kansas in Convulsion

Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution

45. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party?

"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon

Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks

46. What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South?

"Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder"

Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party

47. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election.

The Electoral Fruits of 1856

48. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.

The Dred Scott Bombshell

Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney

49. Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive?

The Financial Crash of 1857

50. How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely?

An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges

51. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background.

The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas

Know: Freeport Doctrine

52. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

John Brown: Murderer or Martyr

Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee

53. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?

The Disruption of the Democrats

Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell

54. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860?

A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union

55. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward?

The Electoral Upheaval of 1860

56. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincoln’s election, or were they helpless?

The Secessionist Exodus

Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis

57. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why?

The Collapse of Compromise

58. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail?

Farewell to Union

59. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to?

Varying Viewpoints: The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible

60. Was the Civil War irrepressible? Explain.

CHAPTER 20: GIRDING FOR WAR: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

The Menace of Secession

1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson

2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?

Brothers' Blood and Border Blood

Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb

3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?

The Balance of Forces

Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

4. What advantages did the South have? The North?

Dethroning King Cotton

Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn

5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy

Know: Trent, Alabama

6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?

Foreign Flare-Ups

Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian

6. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?

President Davis Versus President Lincoln

Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln

8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?

Limitations on Wartime Liberties

Know: Habeas Corpus

9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?

Volunteers and Draftees: North and South

Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers

10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.

The Economic Stresses of War

Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation

11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?

The North's Economic Boom

Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix

12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

CHAPTER 21: THE FURNACE OF WAR

Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”

Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson

14. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign

Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan

15. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.

The War at Sea

Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor

16. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?

The Pivotal Point: Antietam

17. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"

A Proclamation Without Emancipation

Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region

18. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.

Blacks Battle Bondage

Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow

19. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg

Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address

19. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?

The War in the West

Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg

21. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.

Sherman Scorches Georgia

Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea

22. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

The Politics of War

Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham

23. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.

The Election of 1864

Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta

24. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?

Grant Outlasts Lee

Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse

25. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?

The Martyrdom of Lincoln

Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe

26. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare

Know: Lost Cause

27. What was the legacy of the Civil War?

Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?

28. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?

CHAPTER 22: THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION

The Problems of Peace

Know: Reconstruction

29. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.

Freedmen Define Freedom

Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association

30. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

The Freedmen's Bureau

Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard

31. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Johnson: The Tailor President

Know: Andrew Johnson

32. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.

Presidential Reconstruction

Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans

33. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?

The Baleful Black Codes

Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage

34. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?

Congressional Reconstruction

35. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)

Johnson Clashes with Congress

Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment

36. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?

Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson

37. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?

Republican Principles and Programs

Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans

38. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?

Reconstruction by the Sword

Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule

39. Describe military reconstruction.

No Women Voters

Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment

40. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers

41. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?

The Ku Klux Klan

Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise

42. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?

Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank

Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton

43. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens

44. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?

The Purchase of Alaska

Know: William Seward, Russia

45. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.

The Heritage of Reconstruction

46. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was Reconstruction?

47. Do you believe that the primary motive in Reconstruction was revenge or the desire to help African-Americans? Explain.

CHAPTER 23: POLITICAL PARALYSIS IN THE GILDED AGE

The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant

Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt

48. Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?

The Era of Good Stealings

Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden

49. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.

A Carnival of Corruption

Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap

50. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.

The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley

51. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?

Depression and Demands for Inflation

Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act

52. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age

Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine

53. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?

The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876

Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden

54. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?

The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),

55. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?

The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South

Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson

56. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513.

Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes

Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act

57. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

Garfield and Arthur

Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883

58. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?

Makers of America: The Chinese

Know: Chinatowns, Chinese Exclusion Act

59. Why did most Chinese immigrants come to America?

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884

Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion

60. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.

“Old Grover" Takes Over

61. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."

Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff

62. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?

The Billion Dollar Congress

Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

63. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers.

The Drumbeat of Discontent

Know: Populists

64. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence.

Cleveland and Depression

Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act

65. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil?

Cleveland Breeds a Backlash

Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff

66. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the “forgettable presidents” a fair one? Explain.

Varying Viewpoints: The Populists: Radicals or Reactionaries?

67. Were the Populists romanticized, or were they truly “authentic reformers with genuine grievances?”

CHAPTER 24: INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse

Know: Land grants

1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?

Spanning the Continent with Rails

Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford

2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.

Binding the Country with Railroad Ties

Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill

3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.

Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization

Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars

4. What technological improvements helped railroads?

Revolution by Railways

Know: Time Zones

5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?

Wrongdoing in Railroading

Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools

6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?

Government Bridles the Iron Horse

Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission

7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?

Miracles of Mechanization

Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison

8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?

The Trust Titan Emerges

Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate

9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?

The Supremacy of Steel

Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process

10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?

Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel

Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan

11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.

Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose

Know: Kerosene

12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?

The Gospel of Wealth

Know: Social Darwinism

13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?

Government Tackles the Trust Evil

Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act

14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?

The South in the Age of Industry

15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America

16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.

In Unions There is Strength

Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town

17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?

Labor Limps Along

Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor

18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.

Unhorsing the Knights of Labor

Know: Haymarket Square

19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?

The AF of L to the Fore

Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop

20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?

Makers of America: The Knights of Labor

Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly

21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?

Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight

22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?

CHAPTER 25: AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY

The Urban Frontier

Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements

23. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?

The New Immigration

24. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?

Southern Europe Uprooted

25. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?

Makers of America: The Italians

Know: Birds of Passage, padrone

26. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?

Reactions to the New Immigration

Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley

27. How did political bosses help immigrants?

Narrowing the Welcome Mat

Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty

28. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?

Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA

29. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?

Darwin Disrupts the Churches

Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,

30. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?

The Lust for Learning

Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua

31. What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?

Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People

Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP

32. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.

The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act

33. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?

The March of the Mind

Know: William James

34. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.

The Appeal of the Press

Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism

35. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?

Apostles of Reform

Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy

36. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?

Postwar Writing

Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson

37. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.

Literary Landmarks

Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.

38. What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?

The New Morality

Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock

39. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?

Families and Women in the City

Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells

40. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?

Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress

Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton

41. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?

Artistic Triumphs

Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition

42. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"

The Business of Amusement

Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith

43. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?

CHAPTER 26: THE GREAT WEST AND THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

The Clash of Cultures on the Plain

Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry

44. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.

Receding Native Americans

Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo

45. How was the West "won?"

Bellowing Herds of Bison

Know: Buffalo Bill Cody

46. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?

The End of the Trail

Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act

47. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?

Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker

Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators

48. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?

Makers of America: The Plains Indians

49. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive

Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok

50. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?

The Farmers’ Frontier

Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden

51. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?

The Far West Comes of Age

Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone

52. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?

The Fading Frontier

Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington

53. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?

The Farm Becomes a Factory

Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine

54. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."

Deflation Dooms the Debtor

Know: Deflation

55. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?

Unhappy Farmers

56. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?

The Farmers Take Their Stand

Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver

57. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?

Prelude to Populism

Know: The Farmers’ Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease

58. What steps did the Farmers’ Alliance believe would help farmers?

Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike

Know: Coxey’s Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company

59. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?

Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan

Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech

60. Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain.

Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders

Know: Fourth Party System

61. “The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864.” Explain.

Republican Standpattism Enthroned

Know: Dingley Tariff Bill

62. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president?

Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really “Won”?

Know: Frederick Jackson Turner

63. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain.

CHAPTER 27: EMPIRE AND EXPANSION

America Turns Outward

Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement

1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?

Spurning the Hawaiian Pear

Know: Queen Liliuokalani

2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?

Cubans Rise in Revolt

Know: General Weyler

3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?

Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila

Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey

4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?

The Confused Invasion of Cuba

Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill

5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.

America's Course (Curse?) of Empire

Know: Anti-Imperialist League

6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?

Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans

7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo

8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

New Horizons in Two Hemispheres

9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?

"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines

Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation

10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?

Hinging the Open Door in China

Know: Boxer Rebellion

11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?

Makers of America: The Filipinos

12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?

TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick

Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit

14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?

Building the Panama Canal

Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas

15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?

TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine

Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor

16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?

Roosevelt on the World Stage

Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth

17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?

Japanese Laborers in California

Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet

18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?

Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?

19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.

CHAPTER 28: PROGRESSIVISM AND THE REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT

Progressive Roots

Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld

20. What were the goals of the Progressives?

Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo

21. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?

Political Progressivism

Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists

22. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.

Progressivism in the Cities and States

Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes

23. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?

Progressive Women

Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"

24. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?

TR's Square Deal for Labor

Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor

25. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?

TR Corrals the Corporations

Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company

26. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."

Caring for the Consumer

Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act

27. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?

Earth Control

Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club

28. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?

The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907

29. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?

The Rough Rider Thunders Out

Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs

30. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?

Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole

31. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain

The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat

Know: Dollar Diplomacy

32. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?

Taft the Trustbuster

Know: Rule of Reason

33. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?

Taft Splits the Republican Party

Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon

34. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?

The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture

35. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?

CHAPTER 29: WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM AT HOME AND ABROAD

The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912

Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom

36. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.

Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President

37. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.

Wilson: The Idealist in Politics

38. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?

Wilson Tackles the Tariff

Know: Underwood Tariff

39. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"

Wilson Battles the Bankers

Know: The Federal Reserve Act

40. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?

The President Tames the Trusts

Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act

41. How did Wilson curb the trusts?

Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide

Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis

42. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.

New Directions in Foreign Policy

Know: Haiti

43. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico

Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing

44. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?

Thunder Across the Sea

Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers

45. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?

A Precarious Neutrality

Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II

46. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?

America Earns Blood Money

Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex

47. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?

Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916

Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"

48. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?

Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?

Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians

49. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?

CHAPTER 30: THE WAR TO END WAR

War by Act of Germany

Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann

50. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?

Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned

Know: Jeannette Rankin

51. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?

Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points

Know: Fourteen Points

52. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

Creel Manipulates Minds

Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There

53. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent

Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood

54. How was loyalty forced during WWI?

The Nation’s Factories Go to War

Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board

55. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?

Workers in Wartime

Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies

56. How did the war affect the labor movement?

Suffering Until Suffrage

Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau

57. How did the war affect women?

Forging a War Economy

Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds

58. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.

Making Plowboys into Doughboys

59. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?

Fighting in France--Belatedly

60. How were American troops used in Russia?

America Helps Hammer the Hun

Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York

61. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.

The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany

Know: Armistice

62. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?

Wilson Steps Down from Olympus

Know: Henry Cabot Lodge

63. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?

The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris

Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations

64. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?

Hammering Out the Treaty

Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables

65. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?

The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War

Know: Treaty of Versailles

66. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?

The Domestic Parade of Prejudice

67. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?

Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)

68. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?

Defeat Through Deadlock

69. Why was the treaty finally rejected?

The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920

Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy

70. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?

The Betrayal of Great Expectations

71. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?

Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?

Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism

72. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?

CHAPTER 31: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE "ROARING TWENTIES"

Seeing Red

Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti

1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.

Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK

2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.

Stemming the Foreign Flood

Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act

3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.

Makers of America: The Poles

Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw

4. What factors led Poles to America?

The Prohibition "Experiment"

Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment

5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?

The Golden Age of Gangsterism

Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law

6. What was Gangsterism?

Monkey Business in Tennessee

Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow

7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.

The Mass-Consumption Economy

Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.

Putting America on Rubber Tires

Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T

9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?

The Advent of the Gasoline Age

10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?

Humans Develop Wings

Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh

11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?

The Radio Revolution

12. How did America change as the result of the radio?

Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies

Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer

13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?

The Dynamic Decade

Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey

14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.

Cultural Liberation

Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright

15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?

Wall Street's Big Bull Market

Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon

16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?

CHAPTER 32: THE POLITICS OF BOOM AND BUST

The Republican "Old Guard" Returns

Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang

17. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

18. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.

The Aftermath of War

Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act

19. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?

America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens

Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact

20. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

21. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?

The Stench of Scandal

Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty

22. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain

“Silent Cal” Coolidge

Know: Calvin Coolidge

23. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?

Frustrated Farmers

Know: McNary-Haugen Bill

24. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?

A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924

Know: Robert La Follette

25. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?

Foreign-Policy Flounderings

26. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?

Unraveling the Debt Knot

Know: Dawes Plan

27. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?

The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928

Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"

28. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?

President Hoover's First Moves

Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff

29. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.

The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties

Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"

30. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?

Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles

31. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?

Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists

Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian

32. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?

Hoover Battles the Great Depression

Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts

33. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.

Routing the Bonus Army in Washington

Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur

34. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?

Japanese Militarists Attack China

Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine

35. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?

Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy

36. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?

CHAPTER 33: The Great Depression and the New Deal

FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair

Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt

37. What kind of man was FDR?

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932

38. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?

The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932

39. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?

FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform

Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,

40. Describe the New Deal.

Roosevelt Manages the Money

Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency

41. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?

Creating Jobs for the Jobless

Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA

42. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.

A Day for Every Demagogue

Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA

43. List other historical demagogues.

New Visibility for Women

Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck

44. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.

Helping Industry and Labor

Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes

45. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?

Paying Farmers Not to Farm

46. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?

Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards

Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act

47. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?

Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants

Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles

48. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?

Battling Bankers and Big Business

Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC

49. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.

The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River

Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism

50. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?

Housing Reform and Social Security

Know: FHA, Social Security

51. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?

A New Deal for Labor

Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike

52. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?

Landon Challenges "the Champ”

Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League

53. What was the significance of the 1936 election?

Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench

54. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?

The Court Changes Course

Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black

55. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?

The Twilight of the New Deal

Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act

56. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.

New Deal or Raw Deal?

57. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?

FDR's Balance Sheet

58. What is the textbook author's opinion of Roosevelt? Do you agree?

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal

Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition

59. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)

CHAPTER 34: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE SHADOW OF WAR

The London Conference

Know: London Economic Conference

1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act

2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Know: Good Neighbor Policy

3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.

Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism

5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?

Congress Legislates Neutrality

Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts

6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War

7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?

Appeasing Japan and Germany

Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement

8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?

Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality

Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry

9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?

The Fall of France

Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill

10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?

Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust

Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress

11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)

Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal

12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.

FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)

Know: Wendell Wilke

13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.

Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law

Know: Lend-Lease

14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?

Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter

Know: Atlantic Charter

15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?

U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash

16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?

Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor

Know: Dutch East Indies, Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941

17. How did American actions contribute to Japan's decision to attack Pearl Harbor?

America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent

18. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.

CHAPTER 35: AMERICA IN WORLD WAR II

The Allies Trade Space for Time

Know: Germany First

19. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.

The Shock of War

Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.

20. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?

Building the War Machine

Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board

21. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?

Makers of America: The Japanese

Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei

22. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?

Manpower and Womanpower

Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter

23. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?

Wartime Migrations

Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots

24. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?

Holding the Homefront

25. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?

The Rising Sun in the Pacific

Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March

26. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.

Japan's High Tide at Midway

Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz

27. Why was Midway an important battle?

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam

28. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?

The Allied Halting of Hitler

Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad

29. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.

A Second Front from North Africa to Rome

Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily

30. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.

D-Day: June 6, 1944

Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton

31. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?

FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944

Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman

32. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?

Roosevelt Defeats Dewey

Know: Fala

33. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?

The Last Days of Hitler

Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day

34. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.

Japan Dies Hard

Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes

35. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.

The Atomic Bombs

Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito

36. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?

The Allies Triumphant

Know: George Marshall

37. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain

Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?

38. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?

CHAPTER 36: THE COLD WAR BEGINS

Postwar Economic Anxieties

Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill

39. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.

The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970

40. How did women benefit from the economic boom?

The Roots of Postwar Prosperity

Know: R and D, Productivity

41. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?

The Smiling Sunbelt

Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt

42. How did the population shift in the years after the war?

The Rush to the Suburbs

Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight

43. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.

The Postwar Baby Boom

Know: Baby Boom

44. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?

Makers of America: The Suburbanites

Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight

45. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?

Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri

Know: "The buck stops here."

46. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?

Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?

Know: Yalta, United Nations

47. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?

The United States and the Soviet Union

Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence

48. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?

Shaping the Postwar World

Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization

49. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?

The Problem of Germany

Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift

50. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?

A Cold War Congeals

Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

51. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.

America Begins to Rearm

Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization

52. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.

Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia

Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb

53. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.

Ferreting Out Alleged Communists

Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

54. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?

Democratic Divisions in 1948

Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal

55. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?

The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)

Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action

56. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?

The Military Seesaw in Korea

Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur

57. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?

Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?

58. What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?

CHAPTER 37: THE EISENHOWER ERA

Affluence and Its Anxieties

Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique

59. What was life like for women in the 1950's?

Consumer Culture in the Fifties

Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society

60. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?

The Advent of Eisenhower

Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech

61. Describe the 1952 presidential election.

The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy

Know: Joseph McCarthy

62. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.

Desegregating American Society

Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.

63. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?

Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution

Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

64. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?

Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration

65. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?

Eisenhower Republicanism at Home

Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO

66. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?

A “New Look” in Foreign Policy

Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex

67. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.

The Vietnam Nightmare

Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

68. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?

Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East

Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country

69. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?

Round Two for "Ike"

Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act

70. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?

The Continuing Cold War

Know: U-2 Spy Plane

71. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.

Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism

Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro

72. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?

Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency

Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier

73. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?

An Old General Fades Away

Know: Alaska, Hawaii

74. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.

The Life of the Mind in Postwar America

Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell

75. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?

CHAPTER 38: THE STORMY SIXTIES

Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit

Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps

1. What was new about the New Frontier?

The New Frontier at Home

2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.

Rumblings in Europe

Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle

3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.

Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"

Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response

4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?

Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire

Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong

5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?

Cuban Confrontations

Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line

6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?

The Struggle for Civil Rights

Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers

7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?

The Killing of Kennedy

Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission

8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?

The LBJ Brand on the Presidency

Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America

9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.

Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964

Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?

The Great Society Congress

Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start

11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?

Battling for Black Rights

Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma

12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?

Black Power

Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael

13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?

Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres

Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare

14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?

Vietnam Vexations

Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro

15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.

Vietnam Topples Johnson

Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy

16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?

The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968

Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace

17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?

Victory for Nixon

18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.

The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson

19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.

The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s

Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD

20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?

Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?

21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.

CHAPTER 39: THE STALEMATED SEVENTIES

Sources of Stagnation

Know: Productivity, Inflation

22. Describe the economic problems faced by the United States in the 1970s.

Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War

Know: Liberal Establishment, Vietnamization, Silent Majority, Nattering Nabobs of Negativism, My Lai

23. What was President Nixon’s plan for getting the US out of Vietnam?

Cambodianizing the Vietnam War

Know: Cambodia, Kent State University, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg

24. What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970 and 1971?

Nixon's Detente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow

Know: Henry Kissinger, Détente, ABM Treaty, SALT Treaty, MIRVs

25. What was the “China Card,” and how did Nixon use it?

A New Team on the Supreme Bench

Know: Judicial Activism, Miranda, Engel v. Vitale, Warren Berger, Roe v. Wade

26. Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court?

Nixon on the Home Front

Know: Aid the Families with Dependent Children, Reverse Discrimination, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Silent Spring, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Southern Strategy

27. How conservative was President Nixon? Explain.

The Nixon Landslide of 1972

Know: George McGovern

28. How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election?

The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act

Know: Pol Pot, War Powers Act

29. What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act?

Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table

30. "The shaky `peace' was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat." Explain.

The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis

Know: OPEC

31. Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil Embargo.

Watergate and the Unmaking of a President

Know: Watergate, CREEP, Enemies List, Plumbers, John Dean, Executive Privilege, Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Massacre

32. Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty?

The First Unelected President

33. Did President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon? Explain.

Defeat in Vietnam

34. What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam War?

Feminist Victories and Defeats

Know: Title IX, ERA, Roe v. Wade

35. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?

Makers of America: The Vietnamese

36. What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America?

The Seventies in Black and White

Know: Desegregation, white flight, affirmative action, United States v. Wheeler

37. Explain the significance of the Bakke case.

The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory

Know: Jimmy Carter

38. Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976?

Makers of America: The Feminists

39. Compare and contrast the first and second feminist waves.

Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy

Know: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords

40. Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.

Economic and Energy Woes

Know: Shah of Iran

41. How did Carter react to the renewed energy crisis?

Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio

Know: Leonid Brezhnev, SALT II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Afghanistan, Hostage Crisis

42. What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency?

CHAPTER 40: THE RESURGENCE OF CONSERVATISM (1980-1992)

The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980

Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, “ABC” movement

1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?

The Reagan Revolution

Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, “welfare state,” “boll weevils”

2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?

The Battle of the Budget

Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, “yuppies”

3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?

Reagan Renews the Cold War

Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, “Solidarity,” Olympic boycott

4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?

Troubles Abroad

Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, “Teflon president,” Sandinistas, “contra” rebels

5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.

Round Two for Reagan

Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty

6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?

The Iran-Contra Imbroglio

Know: Iran-contra affair

7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.

Reagan’s Economic Legacy

Know: “Reaganomics”

8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?

The Religious Right

Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, “identity politics”

9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?

Conservatism in the Courts

Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey

10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?

Referendum on Reaganism in 1988

Know: “Black Monday,” “Seven Dwarfs”

11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?

George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War

Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, “ethnic cleansing,” Nelson Mandela

12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?

The Persian Gulf Crisis

Know: Saddam Hussein, “Operation Desert Storm” (“hundred-hour war”)

13. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?

Bush on the Home Front

Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, “read my lips…”

14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?

Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?

Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will

15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.

CHAPTER 41: AMERICA CONFRONTS THE POST-COLD WAR ERA

Bill Clinton: The First Baby-Boomer President

Know: William Jefferson Clinton, H. Ross Perot, Carol Moseley-Braun, Janet Reno, Ruth Bader Ginsburg

16. What popular concerns helped Clinton win the election?

A False Start for Reform

Know: “don’t ask, don’t tell,” Hillary Rodham Clinton, Brady Bill, Oklahoma City bombing, Branch Davidians, Waco, Texas, Columbine High School shooting, NRA, Michael Moore

17. Why did gun control become an important issue during the Clinton administration?

The Politics of Distrust

Know: Newt Gingrich, “Contract with America,” “unfunded mandates”

18. How did voters respond to Clinton’s “liberal mandate” and to Gingrich’s “conservative mandate?”

Clinton Again

Know: Welfare Reform Bill, Proposition 209, “” boom, NAFTA, WTO, “globalization,” campaign finance reform, John McCain

19. Describe the economy and trade under Clinton.

Problems Abroad

Know: Somalia, Rwandan genocide, Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, NATO, Slobodan Milosevic, “ethnic cleansing,” Kosovo, Yitzhak Rabin, PLO, Yasir Arafat, Madeleine Albright

20. How did events in Somalia shape US actions in Rwanda?

Scandal and Impeachment

Know: Monica Lewinsky, Kenneth Starr, “high crimes and misdemeanors,” impeachment

21. Did Clinton’s action reach the impeachable level? Explain.

Clinton’s Legacy

Know: “patients’ bill of rights,” presidential pardons

22. What is Clinton’s Legacy?

The Bush-Gore Presidential Battle

Know: Albert Gore, Ralph Nader, George W. Bush, “compassionate conservatism,” Richard Cheney

23. Describe how Bush and Gore planned to deal with the federal surplus.

The Controversial Election of 2000

Know: Florida, Bush v. Gore, Electoral College

24. How do you think Bush v. Gore should have been settled? Explain.

Bush Begins

Know: embryonic stem cells, Kyoto Treaty, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

25. What were Bush’s goals as president?

Terrorism Comes to America

Know: 9/11, Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda, East Africa & Yemen, Afghanistan, the Taliban, Saddam Hussein, USA Patriot Act, Dept. of Homeland Security, habeas corpus, Guantanamo

26. How is the USA Patriot Act connected to 9-11?

Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq

Know: “Axis of Evil,” “neoconservatives,” WMDs, Colin Powell, U.N. weapons inspectors, “Mission Accomplished”

27. What reasons did Bush give for wanting to invade Iraq? What did skeptics like our European allies and Colin Powell say about his actions?

Owning Iraq

Know: Abu Ghraib

28. How has Iraq changed the view of the US by most nations around the world?

A Country in Conflict

Know: Enron and WorldCom, gay marriage, recall, Schwarzenegger, Gratz/Grutter v. Bollinger

29. Describe the myriad conflict impacting the US during 2003 and 2004.

Reelecting George W. Bush

Know: No Child Left Behind, John F. Kerry, “flip-flopper,” “Bible Belt”

30. Describe the differences between Bush and Kerry.

Chapter 42: The American People Face a New Century

Introductory Section (The Weight of History)

1. Summarize this section in one or two well constructed sentences.

Economic Revolutions

Know: Information Superhighway

2. In what ways is America’s high tech economy similar to and different from the American economy of several decades ago? Be specific.

The Makers of America: Scientists and Engineers

Know: “Big Science,” “Big Technology,” Human Genome Project

3. How and why has the federal government spurred America’s scientific and technological dominance in the post World War II era?

Affluence and Inequality

Know: Welfare Reform Bill of 1996

4. Your textbook suggests several possible causes for the widening income gap in America? Which cause or causes do you think are the most likely reason for this phenomenon? Explain.

The Feminist Revolution

Know: Family Leave Bill (1993)

5. What accounts for the enduring economic gap between women and men?

New Families and Old

6. Which of the statistics about families in this section most surprises you or do you feel is most significant? Explain.

The Aging of America

7. What are the implications of the aging of America?

Makers of America: The Latinos

8. According to your text, why have Mexican immigrants been relatively slow to become US citizens?

Beyond the Melting Pot

Know: United Farm Workers Organizing Committee/Cesar Chavez

9. Compare and contrast the status of Latino, Asian and Native Americans in America today.

Cities and Suburbs

10. Describe the changes that major American cities and suburbs have undergone in the last few decades.

Minority America

Know: Los Angeles riots

11. Describe the challenges that the African-American community still faces in this country.

E Pluribus Plures

Know: Multiculturalism

12. Do you think that the “melting pot” or “salad bowl” is more appropriate metaphor for our diversity? Why?

The Life of the Mind

13. Have you read any of the works or authors mentioned in this section? If so, briefly share your impressions.

The American Prospect

14. Of all the challenges facing America at the beginning of the 21st century, which do you think is most significant? Why?

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