Unit 13: Conformity & Counterculture, Civil Rights & Cold War



Unit 8: Eyes On The Prize: Cold War, Consumerism, Counterculture, & Civil Rights

Essential Question:

• To what extent, and in what ways, have events since the end of WW2 challenged and redefined the nation's values, ideals and sense of purpose?

| |

|Post-war America was a nation that appeared to be finally living up to the promise predicted since its founding almost two centuries prior. A |

|society that had known mostly deprivation and sacrifice since the early 1930’s now began to enjoy unprecedented economic growth, access to a |

|cornucopia of new consumer products, and apparent social contentment. |

|As European global empires declined the US was left as one of the two true superpowers, locked in ideological conflict with the USSR and a fear of |

|communism. Some Americans defined the national identity and purpose as leading the 'free world' against the totalitarianism of a communist menace, |

|while the geo-political conflict with the USSR spurred an arms race that threatened mutual destruction of both sides. This race did have its |

|benefits, however, catalyzing a boom in research and development of new technologies that continue to benefit Americans today. |

|However, despite the apparently upbeat image of a new age of prosperity and global leadership, an increasing number of Americans expressed unease |

|with what they saw as superficial, unsustainable, and unjust national ideals and norms, spawning a mass counterculture that questioned the |

|conformity of American society. Furthermore, social, racial, and economic injustices, notably the persistent racism and disenfranchisement of |

|African-Americans, continued to undermine the nation's self-appointed role as “leader of the free world”. One hundred and seventy years after the |

|Constitution declared all men as equal, and a century after the 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments, black Americans in the segregated South still fought |

|to challenge ‘Jim Crow’, in a struggle that had national and global consequences. |

|By the dawn of the 1980's, the idealism and optimism of the post-war decades had been replaced by a sense of social (and economic) malaise. Failure|

|to achieve success in the Vietnam War, widespread social change, urban poverty and drug abuse, and economic problems stemming from growing |

|conflicts in the oil-rich Middle East left Americans uncertain about the future. In 1980, after two decades of social upheaval, many Americans were|

|swayed by the upbeat traditionalism of a former actor named Ronald Reagan, whose media-savvy presidency re-energized American conservatism and |

|promised people that it was, in fact, "Morning In America". Is the rest really history (yet)? |

Focus Questions:

• To what extent did the Cold War redefine America's role in world affairs?

• How did the end of WW2 and the start of the Cold War impact American society & culture?

• How did America’s actions in the Cold War compare with its democratic ideals?

• To what extent was social protest responsible for ending 'Jim Crow' in the South?

• How did civil rights activism affect the growth of identity-based political and social movements?

• To what extent were the Republican administrations of the 1980's successful in rolling back social reforms of the 20th century?

•

|Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins |

|Pages 858–860 |United Nations (1945) |Dean Acheson |

|Taft-Hartley Act (1947) |Security Council |Soviet A-bomb (1949) |

|Employment Act (1946) |Big five powers |H-bomb |

|Council of Economic Advisers |Baruch Plan | |

|GI Bill of Rights (1944) |Nuremberg trials (1945–1946) |Pages 879–883 |

|VA loans |Hermann Goering |Loyalty oaths |

| |German occupation zones |House Committee on Un-American Activities |

|Pages 860–864 |“Iron curtain” |(HUAC) |

|Dr. Benjamin Spock |Berlin blockade & Berlin airlift (1948–1949) |Richard M. Nixon |

|“Sunbelt” |“Containment” doctrine |Alger Hiss (1948) |

| |George F. Kennan |Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy |

|Pages 864–866, 868–869 |Truman Doctrine (1947) |McCarran Internal Security Bill |

|Suburbs |European Community (EC) |Julius and Ethel Rosenberg |

|Federal Housing Administration |Marshall Plan (1947) |1948 election |

|Levittown |Recognition of Israel (1948) |Thomas E. Dewey |

|“White flight” |National Security Act (1947) |Strom Thurmond |

|Baby boom |Pentagon |Henry A. Wallace |

| |NSC & the CIA |Truman’s “Point Four” Program |

|Pages 866–867 |“Voice of America” (1948) |“Fair Deal” Program |

|Harry S Truman |Selective service system (1948) | |

| |NATO (1949) |Pages 883–885 |

|Pages 867, 870 |Japanese occupation |Korea/38th parallel |

|Yalta Conference (February 1945) |Gen. Douglas MacArthur |North Korean attack (1950) |

|“Big Three” |Jiang Jieshi |NSC-68 |

| |Mao Zedong |U.N. “police action” |

|Pages 871–879 |Communist China (1949) |Inchon |

|Bretton Woods (1944) | |Yalu River |

|International Monetary Fund | |MacArthur firing (1951) |

|IBRD (World Bank) | | |

|Chapter 38: The Eisenhower Era |

|Pages 887–890 |Pages 897–899 |National Aeronautics and Space Administration |

|Dwight D. Eisenhower |Bracero program |(NASA) |

|Adlai E. Stevenson |“Operation Wetback” |National Defense and Education Act (1958) |

|Richard M. Nixon |Interstate Highway Act (1956) |Lebanon intervention (1958) |

|“Checkers” speech (1952) |AF of L and CIO merger |“Spirit of Camp David” |

|Korean armistice (1952) | |U-2 spy plane |

| |Pages 899–902 |Gary Powers |

|Pages 890–891 |John Foster Dulles |Guatemalan intervention (1954) |

|Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy |Strategic Air Command (SAC) |Fulgencio Batista |

|Gen. George Marshall |“Massive retaliation” |Fidel Castro) |

|Army-McCarthy hearings (1954) |Nikita Khrushchev | |

| |Geneva summit (1955) |Pages 905–907 |

|Pages 891 –897 |Hungarian uprising |Richard Nixon |

|Jim Crow laws |Ho Chi Minh |“Kitchen debate” |

|Murder of Emmett Till |Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam) |Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. |

|Gunnar Myrdal & American Dilemma |Geneva Conference (1954) |John F. Kennedy |

|Jackie Robinson |Ngo Dinh Diem |Lyndon B. Johnson |

|Walter White |Warsaw Pact |“New Frontier” |

|Thurgood Marshall |Shah of Iran |Nixon-Kennedy TV debates (1960) |

|Rosa Parks |Suez crisis |Twenty-second Amendment |

|Montgomery bus boycott |Eisenhower Doctrine |Alaska and Hawaii become states |

|Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. |Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries | |

|Earl Warren |(OPEC) |Pages 908–915 |

|Brown v. Board of Education) | |Betty Friedan |

|Orval Faubus |Pages 902–905 |Television |

|Little Rock Central High |James R. Hoffa |Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton Sheen |

|Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) |Landrum-Griffin Act |Elvis Presley |

|Greensboro “sit-ins” |Sputnik |Marilyn Monroe |

|Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) | |

| |“Missile gap” | |

|Chapter 39: The Stormy Sixties |

|Pages 916–918 |Pages 926–929 |Pages 934–937 |

|John F. Kennedy |Lee Harvey Oswald |Dominican intervention (1965) |

|Robert F. Kennedy |Earl Warren |“Operation Rolling Thunder” |

|J. Edgar Hoover |Lyndon B. Johnson |Vietnam “escalation” ) |

|Robert S. McNamara |Civil Rights Act (1964) |“Domino” theory |

|“New Frontier” |Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) |Six-Day War (1967) |

|Peace Corps |Title VII |“Teach-ins” (1965) |

|Moon landing (1969) |Affirmative action |Sen. William Fulbright |

|Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin |“War on Poverty” |“Credibility gap” |

| |“Great Society” |“Doves” and “Hawks” |

|Pages 918–921 |Michael Harrington | |

|Nikita Khrushchev |Barry Goldwater |Pages 937–941 |

|Vienna Conference (1961) |Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |Tet Offensive |

|Berlin wall (1961) | |Sen. Eugene McCarthy |

|Trade Expansion Act (1962) |Pages 929–930 |Johnson’s “abdication” |

|“Atlantic Community” |Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) |Hubert H. Humphrey |

|Charles de Gaulle |HUD (1965) |R. F. Kennedy assassination |

|“Massive retaliation” |Robert C. Weaver |Chicago Democratic convention (1968) |

|“Flexible response” |National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities |Richard M. Nixon |

|Green Berets |Medicare |Spiro T. Agnew |

|Anti-Diem coup (1963) |Medicaid |George C. Wallace |

| |“Entitlement” programs | |

|Pages 921–922 |Immigration and Nationality Act |Pages 941–943 |

|Alliance for Progress (1961) |Project Head Start |“Beat” poets (1950s) |

|Bay of Pigs (1961) | |James Dean |

|Cuban missile crisis |Pages 931–934 |Free speech movement |

|Peaceful coexistence/détente |Voting Rights Act (1965) |Mario Savio |

| |Twenty-fourth Amendment |“Counterculture” |

|Pages 923–926 |Mississippi “freedom summer” |“Sexual revolution” |

|Freedom Riders |Selma march (1965) |Birth-control pill (1960) |

|James Meredith |Watts riots |Dr. Alfred Kinsey |

|Birmingham protests (1963) |Malcolm X |Stonewall incident (1969) |

|March on Washington (August 1963) |Elijah Muhammed |Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |

|Medgar Evers |Black Panther Party |“Weathermen” |

| |Stokeley Carmichael |“Flower children” |

| |“Black Power” | |

| |King assassination (1968) | |

| | | |

|Chapter 40: The Stalemated Seventies |

|Pages 946–948 |Occupational Health and Safety Administration |Pages 960–965 |

|Productivity |(OSHA) |Nixon pardon (1974) |

|Inflation |Rachel Carson/Silent Spring |Helsinki accords (1975) |

| |Clean Air and Endangered Species Acts (1970) |Vietnam defeat (1975) |

|Pages 948–951 |Nixon’s “southern strategy” | |

|“Vietnamization” |Sen. George McGovern |Pages 963, 966–967, 968–969 |

|“Nixon Doctrine” |Vietnam pullout (1973) |Title IX (1972) |

|Vietnam moratorium | |Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |

|My Lai massacre |Pages 955–957 |Roe v. Wade (1973) |

|Cambodian invasion (1970) |CREEP |Phyllis Schlafly |

|Kent State/Jackson State (1970) |Watergate break-in (June 1972) |Betty Freidan |

|(continued over) |(continued over) |(continued over) |

| |White House “plumbers unit” | |

|Tonkin Gulf Resolution repeal (1970) |Sen. Sam Ervin |National Organization for Women (NOW) |

|Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) |John Dean III |Milliken v. Bradley (1974) |

|Daniel Ellsberg |Spiro Agnew |“Reverse discrimination” |

|Pentagon Papers (1971) |Gerald Ford |Bakke case (1978) |

| |Archibald Cox |United States v. Wheeler (1978) |

|Pages 950–951 |“Saturday night massacre” (1973) | |

|Henry Kissinger | |Pages 967, 970–975 |

|China opening (1971) |Pages 957–960 |Jimmy Carter (1976) |

|Détente policy |Cambodian bombings (1973) |Department of Energy |

|Antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty (1972) |Pol Pot |“Human rights” |

|Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1972) |War Powers Act (1973) |Camp David accords (1978) |

| |October War (1973) |Return of Panama Canal |

|Pages 951–955 |Arab Oil Embargo (1974) |Mohammed Reza Pahlevi |

|Earl Warren |“Energy crisis” |Brezhnev and SALT II negotiations (1979) |

|Liberal Warren Court decisions |Alaska pipeline |Iranian hostage crisis |

|Griswold v. Connecticut |Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini |

|Gideon v. Wainwright) |(OPEC) |Afghanistan invasion and Olympic boycott (1980) |

|Miranda |Articles of impeachment | |

|Warren E. Berger |Nixon resignation | |

|Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) | | |

|Supplemental Security Income (SSI) | | |

|Philadelphia plan (1969) | | |

|“Reverse discrimination” | | |

|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | | |

|Chapter 41: The Resurgence of Conservativism |

|Pages 976–979 |Pages 987–990 |Pages 1000–1005 |

|“Old Right” |“Supply-side” economic theory |“Don’t ask, don’t tell” |

|“New Right” movement |Rev. Jerry Falwell |Hillary Rodham Clinton |

|Ronald Reagan |Moral Majority |Newt Gingrich |

|Jimmy Carter |Sandra Day O’Connor |“Contract with America” |

|Sen. Edward Kennedy |Abortion Rulings: |Welfare reform bill (1996) |

| |Webster v. RHS (1989) |Sen. Robert Dole |

|Pages 979–981 |Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) |California Proposition 209 |

|Iranian hostage release (1981) | |North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |

|California “tax revolt” (Proposition 13) |Savings and loan crisis |(1993) |

|“Supply-side” economics/ “Reaganomics” |Third world debt crisis |World Trade Organization (WTO) |

|Yuppies” |Leveraged buyouts |“Globalization” |

| |“Black Monday” (October 19, 1987) |Sen. John McCain |

|Pages 981–987 |Gary Hart |Columbine High School (1999) |

|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or “Star Wars”)|Jesse Jackson |National Rifle Association (NRA) |

| |Michael Dukakis |“Million Mom March” (2000) |

|“Solidarity” | | |

|1984 Olympic boycott |Pages 990–994 |Pages 1005–1007 |

|“Sandinistas” |George H. W. Bush |Somalia (1993) |

|“Contra” rebels |Tiananmen Square (1989) |Jean Bertrand Aristide |

|Walter Mondale |Berlin wall (1989) |Slobodan Milosevic |

|Geraldine Ferraro |German reunification (1990) |Kosovo (1999) |

|Mikhail Gorbachev |Boris Yeltsin |Yitzhak Rabin |

|Glastnost |Dissolution of the Soviet Union |Yasir Arafat |

|Perestroika |Commonwealth of Independent States |Madeleine Albright |

|Geneva (1985) and Reykjavik (1986) summits |START II accord (1993) | |

|INF Treaty (1987) |Nelson Mandela |Pages 1007–1011 |

|Moscow summit (1988) | |Whitewater |

|Ferdinand Marcos |Pages 994–996 |Vincent W. Foster, Jr. |

|Corazon Aquino |Panama invasion |Monica Lewinsky |

|Iran-Contra affair (1986) |Saddam Hussein |Paula Jones |

|Oliver North |Kuwait invasion (1990) |Kenneth Starr |

| |Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf |William Rehnquist |

| |Operation Desert Storm |Clinton impeachment/trial |

| | |Joseph Lieberman |

| |Pages 996–1000 |Ralph Nader |

| |Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) |George W. Bush |

| |Clarence Thomas (1991) |Dick Cheney |

| |Anita Hill | |

| |Bill Clinton | |

| |Albert Gore | |

| |Democratic Leadership Council | |

| |H. Ross Perot | |

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