United States History Study Guide



United States History Study GuideSemester II – Grade 11Academic Year 2014-2015NoteThe material presented in this document should be viewed as a “study guide” only. Meaning, it is just headlines and topics to help you study. However you are responsible for everything that is in your notes and textbook as well as any external material provided throughout the course.Material Covered:Chapter 4Section 307683500Summary:The Americans won few battles, but the British under- estimated the Patriots and failed to adapt to fighting in America. A victory at Saratoga brought French assistance.Objectives:Explain the advantages the British held at the start of the war, and the mistakes they made by underestimating the Patriots. Describe the frontier war. Evaluate the major military turning points of the war. Know the reasons behind why everyone expected the British to win and why people believed the Patriots would lose.Also, know and be able to explain the major mistakes that the British commanders made during the war. The outcome of the frontal assault that William Howe ordered.Explain the leadership strategy of George Washington and why soldiers looked up to him.Discuss and explain how the colonists endured the hardships of the war, especially at Valley Forge. Explain the important role that females played during the times of war.Discuss and explain the importance of the Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Princeton. Explain how Europeans were a great help to the Patriots during the way:Marquis de Lafayette.Baron Von Steuben.The Spanish at New Orleans. Discuss the war’s development when it moved Westward and how this impacted relations with the Native Americans. Section 407493000Summary:British General Cornwallis was trapped at Yorktown and forced to surrender. The Treaty of Paris officially recognized American independence. Objectives:Assess why the British failed to win the war in the South.Describe how the British were finally defeated.List the terms of the peace treaty. Explain how the war and the peace treaty affected minority groups and women. Assess the impact of the American Revolution on other countries.Explain why despite the fact that the British won several battles, they were still losing the way. Explain the significance of the American – French victory at Yorktown and the importance of the Treaty of Paris. List and explain the reasons behind why the British lost the war. Discuss the situation of Native Americans after the issuance of the Treaty of Paris. Discuss how the revolution affected slaves and other revolutions around the world. Chapter 6Section 1-31754826000Summary:In 1789, George Washington selected a talented Cabinet and began setting precedents for the new government. Despite Washington’s opposition, political parties began to form for and against Alexander Hamilton’s economic plans. Objectives:Describe the steps Washington’s administration took to build the federal government. Analyze Hamilton’s plans for the economy and the opposition to them.Explain how a two-party system emerged in the new nation. Discuss and explain the biggest challenges that George Washington faced when he took office. Identify the members of Washington’s cabinet and the responsibilities of each. Explain the importance of establishing a court system. Explain and discuss Hamilton’ plan in detail. You should know the terms of the plan, why it was created, his opinion of the plan, and the opinions of the Antifederalists.Explain why Jefferson opposed the plan.Discuss the difference between Jefferson & Hamilton’s views of how the constitution should be implemented. Be able to explain the whisky rebellion and why it occurred. Discuss and explain the emergence of the two political parties at that time:Democratic republicans,Federalists. Section 2:012636500Summary:The new nation faced difficulties involving both Native Americans and foreign powers. The nation attempted to remain neutral in a war between France and Britain, but abuses by both powers made this difficult.Objectives:Explain how territorial expansion brought Americans into conflict with the British and with Native Americans.Describe American relations with Britain, France, and Spain.Analyze how the political parties’ debates over foreign policy further divided them.Describe how territorial expansion affected the relationship with natives. The problems that arose between the new administration and Chief Little Turtle, and the results. Discuss the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the resulting Treaty of Greenville. Discuss how the French revolution affected Americans and affected the relationship between the British and the French. Explain how the Americans viewed the British and French war and how it affected trade and revenues. Explain why Washington sent John Jay to London and the resulting treaty that took place. Know and explain the Pinckney treaty and its effects.Explain why Washington retired and the five points that explain how he helped the new nation.Explain the challenges that John Adams faced when he became president and his involvement in the XYZ Affair.Discuss and explain the Alien & Sedition Acts and their results.Explain the effects of the peace treaty that Adams made with France.Section 3:015430400Summary:The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another. Chief Justice John Marshall ensured that Federalist views were still heard during Jefferson’s presidency however. In 1803, Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France.Objectives:Understand why some saw Jefferson’s election as a “republican revolution.”Explain the impact of John Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice of the United States.Identify the importance of the Louisiana Purchase. Analyze Jefferson’s foreign policies.

Discuss and explain why Jefferson viewed his election as a revolution in the principals of government.Know who is John Marshal and why he was powerful.The four Federalist Principals he applied to his decisions and the concept of judicial review.The case of Marbury vs. Madison.Discuss the Louisiana purchase:How it was conducted and why.Its effects on the United States. Know its place on the map.Explain what is the Corps of Discovery:Why it took place.The people who led it. Discuss the Barbary Way and explain why it was initiated and its outcomes.Know the concept of impressment.Explain why Jefferson asked for an embargo, and its effects on the American people.Section 4:06286500 Summary:Spurred by “War Hawks” in Congress, the U.S. went to war with Great Britain in 1812. While the fighting settled little, it provided Americans with a new sense of pride and nationalism.Objectives:Identify the events that led to the War Hawks’ call for war.Analyze the major battles and conflicts of the War of 1812.Explain the significance of the War of 1812. Explain why Americans faced trouble from Native Americans.Chief Tecumesh and his efforts to fight American expansion.Battle of Tippecanoe.Who were the War Hawks and what did they want to do.Explain their input in the war of 1812.Discuss the four part offence that the British launched on the United States. Discuss and explain America’s worst humiliation during the war of 1812.Burning the White House.Discuss and explain the Treaty of Ghent and its effects.Discuss how the events of the war of 1812 fostered American pride:Francis Scott Key and the Star Spangled Banner.Explain the significance of the Hartforth convention.Chapter 7 Section 1-317513017500Summary: Transportation was changed by the growth of canals, railroads and steam power. An industrial revolution changed the nature of work as skilled artisans were replaced by factory workers.Objectives:Summarize the key developments in the transportation revolution of the early 1800s.Analyze the rise of industry in the United States in the early 1800s.Describe some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the early 1800s.State and explain the major developments that took place during the 1800’s in terms of transportation and industry. Rail Roads.Canals.Steamboats.Be able to explain the importance and significance of the industrial revolution and the prominent people and terms that are related to this movement:Samuel Slater.Francis Cabot Lowell.The Lowell Girls.Eli Whitney.Interchangable Parts.Samuel B.F Mors.Mors Code.Section 2-317513017500Summary: While the North developed manufacturing along its rivers, the South came to be dominated by one agricultural product. “King Cotton” stifled the growth of industry, reinforced slavery, and increased sectional differences.

Objectives:Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the United States.Describe the impact of industrialization on northern life.Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South. Explain the significance of the Tariff of 1816.How were labor unions formed and why?How and why the middle class emerged and the jobs that they occupied. The effects of immigration on America’s urban population during the 1840’s.The emergence of the Whig Party and their views about immigrant minorities like the Catholics &/or the Jews.The effects of cotton production on slavery.The importance of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.Explain how the dependence on cotton greatly limited the economy of the South.Explain why despite most of the Southerners were not slave holders, they still defended slavery.Section 3-317513017500Summary: Following the War of 1812 a spirit of nationalism developed in the United States. This was represented by Henry Clay’s American system and the adoption of the Monroe Doctrine.

Objectives:Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the year following the War of 1812.Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy.Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew. Explain why democratic republicans enjoyed an era of good feeling under James Monroe.Discuss the concept of Henry Clay’s American System: Why it as developed, Who were the people that were greatly affected by it, The views of the North and the South and its outcome.Explain why Henry Clay wanted to reestablish a second National Bank.Explain how the Supreme Court justice continued to strengthen federal power under Chief Justice John Marshall.The concepts of BooM and Bust Explain the American reissuance and its effects.Explain how American Nationalism was reflected in the Monroe Doctrine.Explain how United States policies reflected nationalism in Florida. Discuss and explain the Missouri Compromise. Section 4-317513017500Summary: The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 symbolized a growth in popular democracy. New state constitutions reduced property requirements and increased democracy, but Native Americans were forced off their land.

Objectives:Analyze the movement toward greater democracy and its impact.Describe the personal and political qualities of Andrew Jackson.Summarize the causes and effects of the removal of Native Americans in the early 1800s.Discuss the four candidates that ran for president in 1824, and who won:John Quincy Adams,William Crawford,Andrew Jackson,Henry Clay.Explain why Adams won the presidency and the concepts of:Jacksonian Democracy,Spoils System.Know who Martin Van Buren is.Explain why conflicts arose between Native Americans and whites. Discuss the Indian removal act and its effects, as well as the Trail of tears.Section 5-317513017500Summary: Disputes over tariffs and the westward spread of slavery threatened the Union in the early 1800s. The Missouri Compromise and the Nullification Crisis illustrated sectional differences that were never permanently addressed.

Objectives:Evaluate the significance of the debate over tariffs and the idea of nullification.Summarize the key events of the conflict over the second Bank of the United States in the 1830s.Analyze the political environment in the United States after Andrew Jackson.Discuss and explain the tariff of abomination and why it developed. Discuss why John C. Calhoun resigned from vice presidency and what he did after. Discuss the resolution of Nullification Crisis that took place in 1833.Explain why the second national bank divided Americans.Who were the Whigs, their leaders, and their political views.Explain why Andrew Jackson was viewed as a tyrant.Discuss why his economic policies led to economic disaster for the next president.Discuss the Panic of 1837:Inflation.Bankruptcies.How and why people left their jobs.Chapter 8Section 1-317513017500Summary: In the 1800s, a religious revival began in the United States that lasted almost half a century. It encompassed evangelical preaching, the emergence of new religious groups, the growth of utopian communities, and the Transcendentalist movement. It was also a period of intolerance of non-Protestant religions.Objectives:Describe the Second Great Awakening.Explain why some religious groups suffered from discrimination in the mid-1800s.Trace the emergence of the utopian and Transcendentalist movements.Discuss the concept of the Second Great Awakening and the reasons behind why it took place.Discuss how the Evangelical revivals began on the Kentucky frontier and spread to the cities of the Northeast by the 1820s.Discuss why African Americans also embraced religion.Explain who were the Unitarians and who were the Mormons.Discuss how Joseph Smith and the Mormons were intolerant of other religious groups and what that lead to.Catholics,Jews.Explain the concepts of Utopian Communities, Transcendentalists, and Ralph Waldo Emerson.Explain the importance of Henry David Thoreau and his beliefs. Section 2-317513017500Summary: A number of major reform movements of varying effectiveness emerged in the first half of the 1800s. They attempted to improve conditions related to public education, the abuse of alcohol, and the treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill.Objectives:Describe the public school movement.Describe how reformers tried to improve the condition of prisoners and people with mental illness.Evaluate the effectiveness of the temperance movement.Discuss and explain the important movements that took place during that time, their leaders and why they were significant:The Temperance movement.The Penitentiary movement.The Public School movement.Discuss the contributions that Horace Mann called for. Discuss the major role that women played during that time:The Public School’s movement.Dorothea Dix and her involvement with the mentally ill and the criminals.Section 3-317513017500Summary: American slaves generally lived in harsh and cruel conditions. As the religious movement grew, so did the antislavery, or abolition, movement. In the North, slavery was attacked from the pulpit and in a small, but vocal, press that included free blacks.Objectives:Describe the lives of enslaved and free African Americans in the 1800s.Identify the leaders and tactics of the abolition movement.Summarize the opposition to abolition.Discuss why the reliance on slavery grew in the South. Explain the brutal conditions that the slaves lived in.Explain the consequences that the slaves who fought back faced:The Freedmen and what happened to them.Discuss and explain the importance of the abolition movement.How this affected the North.How religious individuals fostered the growth of the abolition movement. The importance of William Lloyd Garrison.Know why Fredrick Douglass was important. Explain how Southerners defended slavery from abolitionist attacks.Explain why some northerners were also against the abolition movement.Discuss the Gag Rule. Section 4-317513017500Summary: In the early 1800s, most women had no political or economic rights in the United States. They began to agitate for property and financial rights and, ultimately, the right to vote. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the beginning of the women’s rights movement.

Objectives:Identify the limits faced by American women in the early 1800s.Trace the development of the women’s movement.Describe the Seneca Falls Convention and its effects.Discuss how in the 1800’s women’s rights were severely limited. Discuss the concept of Matrimonial societies. Explain how new opportunities for women grew from the Second Great Awakening reform movements.Explain how industrialization brought women into the workplace. Discuss the Women’s movement and its importance. Explain the importance of the Seneca Falls Convention and the Married Women’s Property Act. Know the prominent women at that time and why they were important. Chapter 9Section 1-317513017500Summary: A series of trails were established along which thousands of settlers traveled west. The Oregon and Santa Fe Trails were popular routes. The Mormons followed Brigham Young to Utah in 1847. All of the trails included dangers and difficulties.

Objectives:Trace the settlement and development of the Spanish borderlands.Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.Describe the causes and challenges of westward migration.

Explain the history of how the Spanish founded New Mexico and how the area grew. Discuss the Missions and Presidios and their importance. Discuss the importance of Junipero Serra. Discuss and explain the concepts of Manifest Destiny and explain who were the expansionists, and the importance of both. Explain who were Mountain Men and what they did.Discuss the different people and families who started up businesses during the migration to the West:Marcus and Narcissa Whitman,John C. Freemont.Discuss the harsh conditions that the immigrants faced.Explain the importance of Brigham Young.Discuss why the Treaty of Fort Laramie was initiated.Know the three different routs that people used at that time:California Trail.Mormon Trail.Oregon Trail. Section 2-317513017500Summary: Texas gained independence from Mexico and was annexed by the U.S. A dispute over the southern border of Texas led to war with Mexico, which resulted in the forced sale of a large territory to the United States.

Objectives:Explain how Texas won independence from Mexico.Analyze the goals of President Polk.Trace the causes and outcome of the Mexican–American War.Explain why American expansionists had their eyes on Texas. Discuss the three steps Mexico took in order to try and defend Texas from the American expansionists. Explain why tension grew between the Americans and the Mexicans. Discuss the importance of:Stephen F. Austin,Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.Discuss how the Lone Star Republic was established.Discuss the significance of Sam Houston.Discuss the treaty that Santa Anna signed because he feared execution.Explain the significance of James K. Polk and the results of the annex to Texas.Discuss why the Northerners felt betrayed by Polk.Discuss and explain the events leading to the war between America and Mexico and the results. Section 3-317513017500Summary: As a result of the Gold Rush, thousands flocked to California. Overnight, San Francisco grew into a city. California soon sought admission into the Union, raising the issue of the spread of slavery into the new territories.Objectives:Explain the effects of the Mexican–American War on the United States.Trace the causes and effects of the California Gold Rush.Describe the political impact of California’s application for statehood.Discuss the importance of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and why it was developed. Explain the Gadsden Purchase and its effect on the United States. Know the map that shows the different territories purchased by the United States and be able to identify each territory on the map. Explain why the purchase of the Mexican Cession caused a debate over the expansion of slavery.Discuss the significance of finding gold at Sutter’s Mill on the American River near Sacramento, California. The California Gold Rush. The forty-niners. Place mining. Explain why the population of California grew tremendously after the Gold Rush.Discuss the living conditions in the mining camps. Discuss and explain how mining was later mechanized:Hydraulic mining and its effects.Explain why individual prospectors were soon replaced by wealthy investors paying wages in the gold fields.Discuss how white miners quickly asserted control in California. Explain why California prepared to seek admission into the Union by 1849. ................
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