TnQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd - Copyediting Style Guide



Oxford Journals—AMA Manual Copyediting Style Guide

Journal: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

For matters that are not specifically addressed here, please follow the AMA Manual of Style, Tenth edition. For spelling, consult the American Heritage Dictionary, Dorland’s Medical Dictionary, and Merriam Webster’s 12th Collegiate.

|FRONT MATTER |

|Left running head (lrh) |Style |All caps, flush left, article type |

| |Example |Example will be inserted once templates are complete |

|Right running head (rrh) |Style |All caps, flush right, article type |

| |Example |Example will be inserted once templates are complete |

|Opening page |Style |Title |

| | |Author Identification |

| | |Copyright notice (if applicable) |

| | |DOI |

| | |Abstract |

| | |Text |

| | |Acknowledgments |

| | |Footnotes |

| | |References |

| | |Appendices and glossaries |

| | |Figure captions |

| | |Tables |

| | |Figures |

| |Example |Example will be inserted once templates are complete |

|Manuscript category/subject section |Style |All categories have different first page set up for |

|variations | |certain categories depending upon the section of the |

| | |issue they are published in (front, center, back) |

|Style for different article types | | |

| |Front section articles: |News |

| | |Letters |

| | |Question and Answer |

| | |Frontline Pharmacist |

| | |Management Consultation |

| | |Informatics Interchange |

| | |New Practitioners Forum |

| | |Pharmacy Student Forum |

| | |Success Skills |

| | |Alternative Therapies |

| |Center section articles: |Editorials |

| | |Pharmacy Forecast |

| | |Clinical Review |

| | |Therapy Update |

| | |Clinical Consultation |

| | |Case Report |

| | |Primer |

| | |Clinical Research Report |

| | |Practice Research Report |

| | |Descriptive Report |

| | |Note |

| | |Case Study |

| | |Commentary |

| | |Medication-Use Technology |

| | |Pharmacy Abroad |

| | |Reflections |

| | |Donald E. Francke Medal Lecture |

| | |John W. Webb Lecture |

| | |William A. Zellmer Lecture |

| | |CPO Perspective |

| | |Special Feature |

| | |ASHP Report |

| |Back section articles: |Current Literature |

| | |Career Pharm |

| | |Ad Index |

|Special issues/supplements |Style |Need to confirm how page numbers are assigned for |

| | |special issues. |

|Article type |Style |article type is placed on each page, article type is |

| | |set for each article in that section |

| |Example |Example will be inserted once templates are complete. |

|Article Title |Style |AMA 10.2–10.2.2 |

|Author and Affiliation | | |

| |Placement |For articles with an abstract: in the left-hand column|

| | |on the first page. |

| | |For articles without an abstract (including letters |

| | |and editorials): at the end of the article after |

| | |references and/or appendices. |

| |Style |For articles with an abstract: List each author in a |

| | |separate paragraph-by full name, degree(s), |

| | |professional credential(s), and no more than 2 |

| | |institutional affiliations |

| | |For articles without an abstract: Each item of |

| | |information is presented on a separate line rather |

| | |than in “run-on” format. |

| |Example for an article with an |James B. Simmons, Pharm.D., Innovative Health |

| |abstract: |Sciences, Inc., Lexington, KY, and Sullivan University|

| | |College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY. |

| | | |

| | |Melissa M. Rankin, B.S.Pharm., FASHP, Department of |

| | |Pharmacy, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, |

| | |Louisville, KY. |

| |Example for an article without an |Lawrence J. Higgins, Pharm.D., BCPS |

| |abstract: |Department of Pharmacy |

| | |Memorial General Health System |

| | |Daytona Beach, FL |

| | | |

| | |Department of Pharmacy Practice |

| | |University of Florida College of Pharmacy |

| | |Gainesville, FL |

| | |ljhiggins@ |

| | | |

| | |Cynthia F. Johnson, M.S.N., CDE |

| | |Division of Nursing Education |

| | |University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center |

| | |Knoxville, TN |

| |Name |bold |

| |Degrees |Bold and follow these provisions: |

| | | |

| | |For nonpharmacist authors: Follow the author. |

| | | |

| | |For pharmacist authors: If an author designates both |

| | |Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy and Pharm.D. degrees, |

| | |use only Pharm.D. |

| | | |

| | |“Pharm.D. student” is given in lightface type with |

| | |lowercase “s” |

| | |Follow “Academic Degrees and Honors” in the AMA |

| |Military rank |When both a military rank and an academic degree are |

| | |used, the service-specific rank precedes the author’s |

| | |name and the abbreviation of the service appears after|

| | |the author’s name and before any academic degrees. |

| | |See service-specific ranks in AMA. |

| |Example |CDR Darrell F. Snook, USPHS, Pharm.D., Department of |

| | |Pharmacy Experiential Education, Uniformed Services |

| | |University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD. |

| |Suffix |Author suffixes allowed |

| |Separators |do not insert “and” before final author |

| |Layout |Do not change the order of authors |

| |Affiliation designators |Generally given at department/division level. With |

| | |government entities or educational institutions other |

| | |than a school of pharmacy, a subordinate institution |

| | |may be listed before the parent institution. |

| | | |

| | |City and state are given for each institution listed |

| | |even if the same for both institutions. |

| | | |

| | |Lowercase “t” in “The” even if “The” is in the formal |

| | |name of an affiliation. |

|Corresponding Author |Placement |Separate paragraph at the bottom of the author id |

| | |column, not bold, e-mail in parenthesis, and Twitter |

| | |handle, if provided. |

| |Style |query author if not provided |

| |More than 1 corresponding author |Not allowed |

| |Example |Address correspondence to Dr. Reynolds |

| | |(jreynolds@umd.edu). |

| | |@DJCinDC |

|Dates (received/revised/ |Placement |Not used. |

|accepted) | | |

|Abstract |Placement |No abstracts for: Management Case Studies, Pharmacy |

| | |Abroad, Commentaries, Reflections, Letters, |

| | |Alternative Therapies, Frontline Pharmacist, |

| | |Informatics Interchange, Management Consultation, New |

| | |Practitioners Forum, Pharmacy Student Forum, Q & A, |

| | |and some Special Features (e.g., lectures), please |

| | |note there are abstracts in Case Studies |

| |Structured |For reports of studies, abstracts should have 4 |

| | |paragraphs: Purpose, Methods, Results, and Conclusion.|

| | |For descriptive papers and review articles, abstracts |

| | |should have 3 paragraphs: Purpose, Summary, and |

| | |Conclusion. |

| | | |

| | |Add these lines at the end of each abstract: |

| | | |

| | |Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 20XX: XX:XX-X (for articles |

| | |electronic-only, “e” should appear before page |

| | |numbers) |

| |Heading |No heading. |

| |Style |Each section is a separate paragraph separated by one |

| | |line space. The heading for each section is bold and |

| | |followed by a period. |

| |Abbreviations |Spell out at first mention. If only mentioned once, |

| | |don’t abbreviate. |

| |Reference citation in abstract |Not allowed, per AMA 2.5.3 |

| |Example |Example will be inserted once templates are complete. |

|Copyright line | | |

| |Format |Examples to be inserted once templates are complete. |

|Keywords |Style |Mandatory; alphabetic order, no initial cap, separated|

| | |by comma, no period, semicolon after Keywords |

| |Placement |Articles with abstract: at end of the abstract |

| | | |

| | |Articles without an abstract: after author |

| | |correspondence paragraph |

| | | |

| | |For: Q &A, Pharmacy Student Forum, New Practitioners |

| | |Forum, Management Consultation, Informatics |

| | |Interchange, Frontline Pharmacist, Alternative |

| | |Therapies, and Letters: placed after conflict of |

| | |interest statement. |

| |Example |Keywords: ezetimibe, fibrates, niacin |

|FOOTNOTES | | |

| |General Guidelines |Follow AMA: use superscript, lower-case letters with |

| | |the footnote text appearing consecutively at the end |

| | |of an article, preceding references; each footnote has|

| | |a paragraph indentation and ends with a period. |

| | | |

| | |Number of footnotes should be minimal. |

| | | |

| | |In articles describing laboratory procedures and |

| | |stability or compatibility studies, place the name of |

| | |the drug or piece of laboratory equipment; |

| | |manufacturer’s name, city, and state; and lot number |

| | |in footnotes. |

| | | |

| | |Lot number should be identified by the word “lot” |

| | |followed by the number |

| | |If drug’s manufacturer is not a well-known company, |

| | |the manufacturer’s name and city/state should be given|

| | |in a footnote. In subsequent references in the same |

| | |article to the same manufacturer, the footnote letter |

| | |may be repeated. |

|ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | | |

| |Style for Editorials, Pharmacy |Use following four sections, each preceded by a bold |

| |Forecast, Clinical Review, Therapy |subhead and following by a line space: |

| |Update, Clinical Consultation, Case | |

| |Report, Primer, Clinical Research |Acknowledgments: includes description of nonfinancial |

| |Report, Practice Research Report, |contributions |

| |Descriptive Report, Note, Case Study, |Disclosures: disclose financial support, such as |

| |Commentary, Medication-Use Technology,|research funding or grants, and individual author |

| |Pharmacy Abroad, Reflections, Donald |conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest |

| |E. Francke Medal Lecture, John W. Webb|statement must accompany every article and column. |

| |Lecture, CPO Perspective, Special |Previous affiliations: information on affiliations |

| |Feature, ASHP Report: |held by authors at the time of manuscript development,|

| | |article submission, or work performed. |

| | |Additional information: include disclaimers and other |

| | |information of interest such as statements of work at |

| | |a meeting, prior presentation of work at a meeting, |

| | |and the availability of ASHP continuing-education |

| | |credit in association with an article. |

| |Example for Editorials, Pharmacy |Acknowledgments |

| |Forecast, Clinical Review, Therapy |Richard L. Bennett, M.S., is acknowledged for |

| |Update, Clinical Consultation, Case |providing software support, and George E. Bigelow, |

| |Report, Primer, Clinical Research |Ph.D., is acknowledged for reviewing the manuscript. |

| |Report, Practice Research Report, |Blackwell Medical Equipment, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, is|

| |Descriptive Report, Note, Case Study, |acknowledged for providing devices used in the study. |

| |Commentary, Medication-Use Technology,| |

| |Pharmacy Abroad, Reflections, Donald |Disclosures |

| |E. Francke Medal Lecture, John W. Webb|The study [or research or work] was supported by a |

| |Lecture, CPO Perspective, Special |grant from the National Institutes of Health (grant |

| |Feature, ASHP Report: |NIH CA 21765). The authors have declared no potential |

| | |conflicts of interest. |

| | | |

| | |Previous affiliations |

| | |At the time of writing [or time of the study/project],|

| | |Dr. Jones was affiliated with the Department of |

| | |Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy,|

| | |Minneapolis; Dr. Smith was affiliated with Sentient |

| | |Healthcare, Little Rock, AR; and Dr. Smith was a |

| | |Pharm.D. student at West Virginia University School of|

| | |Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV. |

| | | |

| | |Additional information |

| | |The views and opinions expressed are those of the |

| | |authors and do not reflect the views of the Department|

| | |of Veterans Affairs or any U.S. government agency. |

| | |Submitted to the College of Pharmacy, the University |

| | |of Arizona, by Dr. Jackson in partial fulfillment of |

| | |the requirements for a Pharm.D. degree. |

| | |Presented as a poster at the ASHP Midyear Clinical |

| | |Meeting, Anaheim, CA, December 8, 2014. |

| | |Parts of this article appeared in the September 2013 |

| | |issue of Advances in Pharmaceutical Care. |

| | |A version of this letter appeared in a recent issue of|

| | |the Journal of North American Pharmacy. |

| | |This is article 204-000-99-001-H01 in the ASHP |

| | |Continuing Education System; it qualifies for 1.0 hour|

| | |of continuing-education credit; see page xxx or |

| | | for learning objectives, test |

| | |questions, and answer sheet. |

| |Style for Letters, Alternative |Use following four sections, each in a separate |

| |Therapies, Frontline Pharmacist, |paragraph separated by a line space and italicized |

| |Informatics Interchange, Management |text: |

| |Consultation, New Practitioners Forum,| |

| |Pharmacy Student Forum, Q & A: |Acknowledgment of contributions, previous author |

| | |affiliations, work done in fulfillment of degree |

| | |requirements, prior presentation of material, prior |

| | |publication, notice of future publication in AJHP, and|

| | |disclosures (with sources of financial support listed |

| | |before individual author conflicts of interest). |

| |Example for Letters, Alternative |Theresa G. DiSilva, Pharm.D., FASHP |

| |Therapies, Frontline Pharmacist, |Department of Pharmacy |

| |Informatics Interchange, Management |Bucks County Medical Center |

| |Consultation, New Practitioners Forum,|Doylestown, PA |

| |Pharmacy Student Forum, Q & A: |theresa.disilva@ |

| | | |

| | |Melissa Stanley, M.S., is acknowledged for editorial |

| | |assistance during revision of the article manuscript. |

| | |At the time of writing [or the study/project], Dr. |

| | |DiSilva was affiliated with Atlantic Healthcare |

| | |Consulting, Philadelphia, PA. |

| | |Presented in part as a poster at the 2014 ASHP Midyear|

| | |Conference, Anaheim, CA, December 8, 2014. |

| | |The author has declared no potential conflicts of |

| | |interest. |

| |Placement |Follows body of article and precedes references |

|HEADINGS | | |

| |Style |Follow AMA 2.8–2.8.3, 22.5.3, and 22.5.4 |

| |1st level |Flush left, bold caps and lowercase. |

| |Example |Methods |

| |2nd level |Paragraph indent, run into text, bold caps and |

| | |lowercase followed by a period. |

| |Example | Clustering data. Prescribing is a critical |

| | |process XXXXXX. |

| |3rd level |Indented and in italics. First word has an initial |

| | |caps, run on with text with a period after the |

| | |heading. |

| |Example | Six expert stakeholder panels confirmed the |

| | |finding. XXXX |

| |4th level |Indented and underscored. First word has an initial |

| | |caps, run on with text with a period after the |

| | |heading. |

| |Example | Delineating and defining the construct of |

| | |indications-based prescribing. Prescribing is a |

| | |critical process XXXXXX. |

|GENERAL STYLE | | |

|Spelling |US |Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary |

|Hyphenation |Prefixes that do not require |Follow AMA 8.3.1 |

| |hyphenation | |

| |Prefixes that require hyphenation |Follow AMA 8.3.1 |

| |Do not hyphenate |Follow AMA 8.3.1 |

| |Others |Follow AMA 8.3.1 |

|Dashes |En dash |Follow AMA 8.3.2 |

| |Examples |post–World War 1, decision tree–based analysis, |

| | |non–small cell carcinoma |

| |Em dash |Follow AMA 8.3.2 |

| |Example |he was—so he said—a man |

|Commas | |Follow AMA 8.2.1 |

|Capitalization | |Follow AMA chapter 10 |

| |After colon |Follow AMA 8.2.3 |

| |Variables |Follow author and make consistent |

| |Experiment, Day, etc. |do not capitalize |

|Italicization |Emphasis |Follow AMA 22.5.4 (Use sparingly) |

| |Variables and Statistical terms |Follow AMA 22.5.4 and 21.8 |

| |Genus and Species names |Follow AMA 15.14.1 |

|Language |For preferred language, see the list |For preferred language, see the list at the end of |

| |at the end of this guide. |this guide. |

|Quotation marks | |Follow AMA 8.6 |

|Quotations/Extracts in text | |Follow AMA 8.6 |

|Latin terms |Style |Follow AMA 9.3; follow latest edition of |

| | |Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary; consistency |

| | |within a manuscript is key. |

| |Abbreviations |Follow AMA chapter 15, specifically 15.14.1-15.14.3 |

| | |(style for abbreviations applied to all scientific |

| | |names of animals, plants, and bacteria should be |

| | |consistent) |

|Parentheses | |Follow AMA 8.5.1 |

|Brackets | |Follow AMA 8.5.2 |

|Slash (forward) | |Follow AMA 8.4 |

|Genus species |Style |Follow AMA 15.14 |

|Lists |Display |Follow AMA 19.5 |

| |In-text |Follow AMA 19.5 |

|Sequences |Table/main text |Follow AMA 15.6 |

|Geography |US, UK, and Canada |follow AMA 10.3.1, 14.4, and 14.5 |

| |Example |Society of Botany, 6110 M St, Washington, DC 20003 |

| | | |

| | |London, England |

| | | |

| | |Paris, France |

| | | |

| | |Mumbai, India |

| | | |

| | |United Kingdom |

| |US States |AMA 14.5 |

|Time and dates |Date |Follow AMA 8.2.1, 14.3, 19.1.3, and 22.5.5 |

|ABBREVIATIONS | | |

| |For common abbreviations, see list at |For common abbreviations, see list at the end of this |

| |the end of this guide. For all |guide. For all others, follow AMA 14 |

| |others, follow AMA 14 | |

| |Title |Follow AMA 2.1.5 |

| |In Headings |Follow AMA 2.8.3 |

| |At the beginning of sentence |Follow AMA 14.11 |

| |In Figures |Follow AMA 4.2.7 |

| |In Table |Follow AMA 4.1.6 |

| |Latin abbreviations |Use ‘eg’ (for example) and ‘ie’ (that is) with care |

| | |and only in parenthesis; follow AMA 11.1 |

| |Chemical compounds |Follow AMA 14.13 |

| |Plurals |Follow AMA 9.5 |

| |Names |Follow AMA 14.6 |

| |Places |Spell out cities, states, provinces, territories, and |

| | |possessions if stand-alone. Two letter abbreviations |

| | |of US states with ZIP and postal codes in the |

| | |reference lists, but not in the text. Abbreviate in |

| | |tables and figures. |

| |Units of measure |Most units of measure are abbreviated when used with |

| | |numerals or in a virgule construction. Spell out |

| | |certain units of measure at first mention and place |

| | |the abbreviated form in parentheses. Use the |

| | |abbreviated form in the text. |

|TECHNICAL STYLE | | |

|Number style | |follow AMA chapter 19 |

| | | |

| | |spell out numbers that occur at the beginning of |

| | |sentence, title, subtitle, or headings |

| | | |

| | |hyphenate numerals twenty-one through ninety-nine when|

| | |these numbers occur alone, or as part of a larger |

| | |number |

| | | |

| | |No elision. Full-span (1939—1945, AD 500—5000). |

| | | |

| | |Thousand separator: separate digits with a thin space |

| | |(10 000). |

| | | |

| | |Date style: Month/Date/Year |

|Roman numerals | |follow AMA 19.7.5 |

|-fold words | |follow AMA 19.1 |

|Units of measure | |follow AMA chapter 18 and 19.1.3-19.1.5 |

|Greek character | |follow AMA chapter 17 |

|Statistical style |Probability |follow AMA chapter 20, specifically 20.9 |

| |Statistical variables |follow AMA 22.5.4 |

| |Standard deviation |follow AMA 20.9 (specifically page 894)) |

| |Abbreviations |follow AMA 20.10 |

|Math style | |follow AMA chapter 21 |

| |Equations |Follow AMA chapter 21 and should remain linear |

| |Examples |a = x(b − c)/(y + d) |

|TABLES AND FIGURES | | |

|Tables | |Follow AMA 4.1-4.1.8 |

| |Preferences |Give data for mean ± S.D. (or S.E.) in one column, not|

| | |two. |

| |Call outs |Should state “(Table 1)” and not “(see Table 1)” |

| |Abbreviations within tables |To be used sparingly. |

| | |Any abbreviations used in the title, headings, and/or |

| | |body of a table are to be defined in the first |

| | |footnote. |

| | |Abbreviations are not to be defined within the title. |

| | | |

| | |Incorrect Title: Baseline Data on Patients With |

| | |Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) at Study Site |

| | | |

| | |Correct Title:Baseline Data on Patients With CHF at |

| | |Study Sitea |

| | | |

| | |aCHF = congestive heart failure. |

| | | |

| | |AIDS and HIV can be used in titles of tables, with a |

| | |definition in the footnote. |

| |Footnotes for tables |Noted with superscript lower-case letters, begin with |

| | |a paragraph indent, and end with a period. |

| | | |

| | |To explain why one or more data cells do not contain |

| | |data, use leaders (3 spaced periods) followed by a |

| | |superscript letter and a corresponding explanatory |

| | |footnote. |

| | | |

| | |Example: |

| | |[Set leaders in table cell] . . .b |

| | |[Corresponding footnote] bNot assessed. |

|Figures | |Follow AMA chapter 4.2 |

| |Preferences |Figures captions should be copyedited. Compare symbols|

| | |in figures with those in the text and figure captions;|

| | |check they are the same. Query author if figure has |

| | |been reproduced from another source (information in |

| | |caption). |

| | | |

| | |Example of a caption: |

| | |Figure 4. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on |

| | |urinary 6-β-hydroxy-cortisol and cortisol |

| | |concentrations. Corticol and its metabolite |

| | |(6-β-hydroxy-cortisol) were measured in a 12-hour |

| | |urine collection presupplementation and after eight |

| | |weeks of supplementation with either vitamin E (solid |

| | |bars) or placebo (open bars). None of the differences |

| | |between groups were significant. |

|SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | | |

| |Use |If supplementary data is accompanying the manuscript, |

| | |in author ID, include following text: |

| | | |

| | |Supplementary material is available with the full text|

| | |of this article at American Journal of Health-System |

| | |Pharmacy online. |

|APPENDIX | | |

| |Style |Should have specific titles, which are run right |

| | |after the “Appendix” designation with an em dash in |

| | |between |

| | | |

| | |Footnotes are allowed and follow rules in this style |

| | |guide |

| | | |

| | |Lettered consecutively if a paper has more than one |

| | |(Appendix A and Appendix B) |

| | | |

| | |If only one appendix, refer to as “the appendix” |

| | | |

| | |For checklists or multiple-choice questions used as |

| | |appendices, answer blanks can be deleted from the |

| | |manuscript in copyediting |

| |Example |Appendix—Classification system for radiopaque |

| | |contrast media |

| |Placement |After References |

| |Equation numbering |Follow AMA 21.2 |

| |Table numbering |Follow AMA 4.1-4.1.8 |

| |Figure labels |Follow AMA 4.2 |

REFERENCES

General Considerations

1. Include all sources used, published and unpublished, electronic and hard copy, except for personal communications and product (manufacturer) information. Personal communications should be cited parenthetically in text (e.g., Frump JB, Pfizer, personal communication, 2014 Apr 22). Product information (including information on software sources—but not software user manuals, which are treated as references) should be cited either parenthetically in text or in footnotes (consistently one way or the other within a paper, as judgment dictates).

2. Material that is “in press”—but not that “submitted for publication”—can be used as references; query authors about “in press” items: “Still in press? If not, give full bibliographic data.”

3. When information from a secondary source is used, the reference should be to the secondary source, but the text should clarify that this is Smith’s study, as cited by Jones. Unless the author is very well known (e.g., Einstein), include initials or first name (e.g., A. B. Smith).

4. Should be typed double-spaced, on sheets separate from the text, and numbered consecutively as they appear in the text.

5. Are identified (“called out”) in the text, tables, and figure captions by superscript numbers.

6. Are cited consecutively in the text. Usually, references cited first in a table, footnote, or figure caption (not in the text) should be numbered consecutively in relation to where the table, footnote, or figure is mentioned in the text.

7. Generally, a reference number is placed at the end of the first sentence supported by that source. Unless other references are cited, it is assumed that the attributable material immediately following that sentence is also from that source; therefore, the reference number should not be repeated in consecutive sentences until other references “intervene.”

• If the authors are specified by name in the text, place the reference number after the names rather than at the end of the sentence.

• Reference numbers are placed outside periods and commas and inside colons and semicolons.

8. No need to ask author for page number for quotations from journal articles and other periodicals. Do ask when books and booklike references are quoted.

9. Per NLM style, use only first two initials in references when three initials are given. First two initials are enough.

10. In references, we always italicize genus and species names without checking the cited source. However, we do not italicize “in vivo” and “in vitro,” even if the source does. We correct misspelled drug and organism names and obvious typos without checking.

11. The section heading “References” becomes “Reference” if there’s only one reference.

12. When citing both a reference and a footnote, put the reference number first: “The evidence for efficacy was overwhelming.17,b”

13. When there are four or fewer authors, list all authors in the reference list. Place last name first and include first and middle initial (without periods) for each author when available. When there are more than four authors, list only the first three and add “et al.”

14. When “Jr.” is part of an author’s name, use no period and do not set it off with commas. Example: Allen LV Jr, McAllister JC III

15. When name of first author contains a particle (e.g., de, van, la), capitalize first letter of the particle regardless of its usual usage within a sentence (or within a list of authors) (Words into Type).

16. When a group, such as a committee or commission, wrote the item, list the group as the author.

17. When the author is unknown, begin the reference with the title. Delete “Anon.”

18. Maintain the spelling and punctuation of the actual title rather than changing it to AJHP style (e.g., “haematological” in a BMJ article would not be changed to the American spelling). When parts of a title are separated by a colon, do not capitalize the word that follows the colon (unless it is a proper name). In places where an en dash or an emdash would be used in AJHP papers, do not insert that type of dash in the reference citation unless you know that’s what was used in the source. Also, do not automatically insert a hyphen where we would use one.

19. In titles in the reference list, use italics for genus and species names; do not for terms like “in vivo” and “in vitro.”

20. Do not abbreviate one-word journal titles. Abbreviate other journal titles in the reference list according to National Library of Medicine recommendations (ncbi.nlm.books/NBK7251/)

21. For a more exhaustive list, use the List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA) from the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) International Centre (services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/).

22. Unless a volume number is part of the title of a reference (as in USP DI volumes), change roman numerals denoting volumes to arabic.

23. For periodicals paginated by issue (each issue starts on page 1), the issue number or date should be included. If the author provides both, use the issue number; if only the date is provided, use that.

24. Major U.S. and foreign cities do not have to be followed by state or country (see list on page 107 of Words into Type).

25. A few publishers’ names can cause problems. In Macmillan, the second “m” is not capitalized. The middle initial of Charles C Thomas does not receive a period.

26. To avoid inconsistency in use of publishers’ names, shorten them according to the following guidelines:

• Delete initials and given names, The, Books, Publishers, Company, Co., Inc., Press, & Sons, and other unnecessary appendages, unless doing so could cause confusion.

• Do not shorten Academic Press, and retain Press in names of all university presses.

• Abbreviate University as Univ. in all references that contain the word: Univ. of Arizona Press, MIT Press, Andrews Univ. Press.

• Be careful not to delete words that are actually part of the root name: Loompanics Unlimited should not become Loompanics; Park Row should not become Park.

• When publishers have the same root name, e.g., Phoenix Books (Phoenix, AZ) and Phoenix Publishers (Sugar Hill, NH), these can still be shortened since place of publication is included in book references.

• When in doubt, spell it out.

27. Do not automatically change author’s citation to a newer edition of the source; the reference cited should be what the author used.

28. List inclusive page numbers; retain letters used as part of page numbers (e.g., S224-34, but 224H-234H).

29. In long lists of references in which there is repeated citation of the same publication, a shorthand method of citation (e.g., ibid, op. cit.) that follows the usual rules for bibliographies is permissible.

Example:

1. AHFS drug information 2014. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2014:11.

2. Ibid:23.

Note: Ibid is used only if material is from the immediately preceding cited reference (i.e., there are no intervening citations).

Example:

1. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011:367-403.

2. [INTERVENING OTHER CITATION]

3. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC et al. op. cit.:444.

Note: The op. cit. device is used only if no other references by the same authors are cited after the initially cited reference.

30. For journals and newspapers that include “The” in their title, set the “the” in italics: The New York Times. (N Y Times. in ref. list).

31. Abbreviate “part” (or “Part”) in references as “pt.” (or “Pt.,” as the situation demands).

Examples of Reference Styles

Standard journal article

1. Seibert HH, Maddox RR, Flynn EA, Williams CK. Effect of barcode technology with electronic medication administration record on medication accuracy rates. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2014; 71:209-18.

2. Von Hoff DD, LoRusso PM, Rudin CM et al. Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1164-72.

3. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ et al., for the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010; 116:5111-8.

Note: Comma followed by “for the” precedes name of study group in author list (as opposed to semicolon followed by group name).

Article from a journal supplement

1. Dager WE. Developing a management plan for oral anticoagulant reversal. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2013; 70(suppl 1):S21-31.

2. Menzin J, Caon C, Nichols C et al. Narrative review of the literature on adherence to disease-modifying therapies among patients with multiple sclerosis. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013; 19(suppl A):S24-40.

3. File TM Jr, Wilcox MH, Stein GE. Summary of ceftaroline fosamil clinical trial studies and clinical safety. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55(suppl 3):S173-80.

4. Rank DR, Friedland HD, Laudano JB. Integrated safety summary of FOCUS 1 and FOCUS 2 trials: phase III randomized, double-blind studies evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011; 66(suppl 3):iii53-9.

5. Tannock I, Fizazi K, Ivanov S et al. Aflibercept versus placebo in combination with docetaxel/prednisone for first-line treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): results from the multinational phase III trial (VENICE). J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(suppl 6):13. Abstract.

Article from a journal paginated by issue

Some biomedical journals and other periodicals are paginated not by volume (as AJHP is) but rather by issue (i.e., page numbering begins anew with each issue). Other journal citations may give an article number instead of a page range. Examples of such publications and appropriate citation style include:

Hospitals & Health Networks

1. Linden T, Manas J, Buzachero V et al. High-value health care. Achieving success and demonstrating results. Hosp Health Netw. 2013; 87(12):45-55.

Harvard Business Review

2. Lee TH, Cosgrove T. Engaging doctors in the health care revolution. Harv Bus Rev. 2014; 92(6):104-11,138.

Healthcare Financial Management

2. Brown TC Jr, Werling KA, Walker BC et al. Current trends in hospital mergers and acquisitions. Healthc Financ Manage. 2012; 66(3):114-8,120.

Note: As a general rule, if authors provide a reference citation including both volume and issue numbers and the page range seems to indicate that the publication is not paginated by volume (as in the examples above), retain the issue number in the citation.

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

1. Meisner AR. A pharmacist’s reflection on serving as a preceptor to a medical student. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014; 78:article 23.

Note: As cited on PubMed [Am J Pharm Educ. 2014; 78(1):23], the number “23” refers to article number, not page number, so “article” is included in AJHP citation.

Journal article with supplementary material or supporting online material

1. Andries K, Verhasselt P, Guillemont J et al. A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science. 2005; 307:223-7 with supporting online material.

Journal article published ahead of print (with posting date provided)

1. Authors. Article title. Journal. Epub ahead of print. 2009 Aug 17.

Journal article published ahead of print (no posting date provided)

1. Authors. Article title. Journal. Epub ahead of print (DOI 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.3033).

Letter (with or without a title)

1. Gaftanyuk O, Trestman RL. Scopolamine patch for clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55:318. Letter.

2. Jones E. [Untitled.] J N Am Pharm. 2013; 14:20. Letter.

Reply to a letter

1. Kunin CM. Reply. (The role of the pharmacist in antimicrobial agent therapy.) J Infect Dis 2014; 159:594. Letter.

Journal article or book in press

1. Felkey BG. The role of medical informatics and automation in future health care systems. Int Pharm J. In press.

2. Fassett WE, Christensen DB. Computer applications in pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; in press.

Note: For references to yet-to-be published material in electronic formats, use the term “forthcoming” instead of “in press.”

Erratum or correction notice

1. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1418-28. [Erratum, N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:1582.]

2. Correction. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2014; 71:1647.

Translation; foreign-language reference

1. Pharma Japan yearbook 1990–91. Havens DL, transl. Tokyo: Yakugyo Jiho; 1990.

2. Kollaritsch H. [Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea.] Fortschr Med. 1993; 111:152-6. In German.

3. Farmacopea uffuciale della Repubblica Italiana. 10th ed. Milan, Italy; 1998:171.

4. International Organization for Standardization. Gestion de la qualité et éléments de système qualité—partie 2: lignes directices pour les services. [Quality management and quality system elements—part 2: guidelines for services.] Paris: Association Française de Normalisation; 1992.

Note: Foreign-language titles are usually not translated; if the author has provided a translation, use the style shown in example 4.

Textbook or other booklike reference

Note: Specify page range for referenced information, even when chapter name is given.

1. Brunton L, Chamber B, Knollman B, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011:1275-306.

2. Harrold MW, Zavod RM. Basic concepts in medicinal chemistry. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2013:11-9.

3. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011:367-403.

Chapter, section, monograph, or article in a book

Note: Specify page range for referenced information, even when chapter name given.

1. Fluconazole. In: Briggs GC, Freeman RK, Sumner JY, eds. Drugs in lactation and pregnancy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011: 572-5.

Frequently cited books

1. AHFS drug information 2014. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2014:113.

2. The United States pharmacopeia, 36th rev., and The national formulary, 25th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2007:334-51.

Note: Refer to this book in text of article as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

3. Packaging and repackaging—single-unit containers (general chapter 1136). In: The United States pharmacopeia, 36th rev., and The national formulary, 25th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2013: 844-50.

4. Biological tests, 2.6.1: sterility. In: European pharmacopoeia. 5th ed. Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care; 2014:[page range for referenced info].

5. Physicians’ desk reference. 66th ed. Montvale, NJ: PDR Network; 2012.

6. Drug facts and comparisons 2014. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014:[page range for referenced information].

7. Tatro DS, ed. Drug interaction facts 2012. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2012:[page range for referenced information].

Diagnosis and procedure coding manuals

Note: Specific citations for DSM, ICD, and other widely used diagnosis coding and disease classification systems are usually not required in a reference list. In rare instances when inclusion in a reference list is necessary, appropriate citation style is as follows:

1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000.

2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000.

3. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, 9th revision [online data set]. Accessed 2014 Sep 6.

4. National Center for Health Statistics. International classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification [online database]. Accessed 2014 Mar 11.

5. MedDRA Maintenance and Services Organization. Medical dictionary for regulatory activities [online database]. Accessed 2014 Oct 7.

Published conference proceedings

1. American Pain Society Committee on Quality Assurance Standards. Quality assurance standards for relief of acute pain and cancer pain. In: Bond MR, Charleton JE, Woolf CJ, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991:167-73.

2. Gastel B, Coron-Huntley J, Brody J. Estrogen use and postmenopausal women. A basis for informed decisions. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Aging, NIH Consensus Report, 1980. (Department of Health and Human Services, vol. 2.)

3. Proceedings of the Pharmacy in the 21st Century Consensus Conference. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; 1989.

4. Directions for clinical practice in pharmacy. Proceedings of an invitational conference conducted by the ASHP Research and Education Foundation and the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985; 42:1287-342.

Note: This conference is now formally referred to as the Hilton Head Conference.

Government agency publication

1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Eighth special report to the U.S.

Congress on alcohol and health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, 1993; NIH publication no. 93-3699.

2. Sixth report to the President and the Congress on the status of health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988; DHHS publication no. HRS-P-OD.

3. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1991. Hyattsville, MD:

National Center for Health Statistics, 1992; DHHS publication no. (PHS) 93-1512. (Vital and health statistics, series 10: data from the National Health Survey, no. 184.)

4. U.K. Department of Health and Social Services. Promoting better health: the government’s programme for improving primary health care. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Command 9771; 1987.

5. Food and Drug Administration. Felbatol update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1994 Sep 27. (Talk Paper T94-46.)

6. Social Security Administration. Conditions of participation for hospitals. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1966.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance—a report from the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee prepared by the Subcommittee on Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms in Hospitals. Fed Regist. 1994; 59:25758-63.

Abstract or other material presented at a meeting

1. Beranek RL, Hobbs RA, Stewart TL. Evaluation of the incidence of peripheral neuropathy associated with the use of intravenous epoprostenol and treprostinil for pulmonary hypertension. Paper presented at ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting. New Orleans, LA; 2011 Dec 6.

2. Resch G, Schaberl-Moser R, Kier P et al. Analysis of the Austrian compassionate use program of panitumumab (pmab) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Poster presented at 2009 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA; 2009 Jun.

3. Lucarotti RL, Smith GB, Bugdalski-Stutrud C. Development of a triple-track approach to provision of advanced pharmacy practice experiences. Abstract presented at American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Annual Meeting. Boston, MA; 2009 Jul 18–22.

Note: Do not query author for exact date when paper was presented; although this information is desirable, use what the author provides.

Printed prescribing information

Give the brand name followed by the generic name in parentheses, the manufacturer city/state, manufacturer name (as given in the referenced document), and publication and/or revision date.

1. Jakafi (ruxolitinib) package insert. Wilmington, DE: Incyte Corporation; 2011 Nov.

2. Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) prescribing information. St. Louis: Forest Pharmaceuticals; 2010 Oct. Revised 2013 May.

3. Vidaza (azacitidine) prescribing information. Summit, NJ: Celgene Corporation; 2012 Dec.

Prescribing information from online source

The entity holding copyright to the online document, as designated at the bottom of the final page of the prescribing information, should be listed as the author. Note: In the first example below, although the referenced information is accessible through FDA’s website, the product manufacturer—not FDA—is listed as the author.

1. Schering Corporation. Victrelis (boceprevir) prescribing information. accessdata.2011/202258lbl.pdf (accessed 2013 Jan 30).

2. GlaxoSmithKline. Zofran (ondansetron hydrochloride) prescribing information. (accessed 2014 Jan 27).

Electronic database, book, or monograph

Several frequently cited resources once published by standalone companies are now owned by Truven Health Analytics Inc. and published by its subsidiaries. Consult the following examples in citing these resources:

1. Trastuzumab [monograph]. In: Micromedex Drugdex [online database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics (accessed 2014 Mar 21).

2. Red Book Online [online database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics (accessed 2014 Feb 28).

3. Benzene [monograph]. In: Micromedex Poisindex [online database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics (accessed 2014 Jan 19).

4. Digoxin [monograph]. In: Micromedex Martindale [online database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics (accessed 2014 Apr 4).

5. Gentamicin [data summary]. In: Index Nominum [online database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Truven Health Analytics (accessed 2014 May 23).

Resources published by Lexi-Comp, Inc.:

1. Erythromycin [monograph]. In: Lexicomp Online [online database]. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp (accessed 2014 Jun 16).

2. Warfarin [monograph]. In: Lexi-Drugs, version 1.13.0 [mobile application]. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp (accessed 2014 Nov 2).

3. Acetaminophen [monograph]. In: Drug information handbook. 23rd ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp; 2014:116-8.

4. Cefotaxime. In: Taketomo CK, Hodding JH, Kraus DM, eds. Pediatric & neonatal dosage handbook. 20th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp; 2014:77-80.

Other frequently cited resources:

1. Immune globulin intravenous (IGIV). In: Facts & Comparisons eAnswers [online database]. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014 (accessed 2014 Dec 13).

2. Medi-Span Master Drug Database. Indianapolis: Wolters Kluwer Health (accessed 2012 Sep 24).

Other information accessed online

Notes: In general, if an online document does not have a clearly identifiable author, the entity that administers the website (usually designated as the copyright holder at the bottom of the home page) should be listed as the author. If the publication date can be ascertained, list it in parentheses after the document title.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet, 2011. diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf (accessed 2011 Jun 21).

2. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: safety considerations for product design to minimize medication errors (December 2012). downloads/Drugs/ Guidances/UCM331810.pdf (accessed 2013 Oct 31).

3. . Prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in subjects with advanced colorectal cancer. (accessed 2013 Sep 26).

4. Food and Drug Administration. Drug shortages. cder/drug/shortages/ (accessed 21 Mar 2013).

5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH alert: preventing occupational exposure to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in health care settings (September 2004). niosh/docs/2004-165/pdfs/2004-165.pdf (accessed 2013 Dec 4).

Print newspaper/magazine article

1. Vanderveen RP. How to care for 30 million more patients. Wall St J. 2010; Jul 19.

2. Saul S. Settlement delays a generic Lipitor for many months, a boon to Pfizer. N Y Times. 2008; Jun 19:C1.

3. Schaefer S. Biotech stock boom hits new heights in 2014. Forbes. 2014; Feb 14:33-4.

Note: For magazine articles, inclusion of specific page number is preferable but not essential.

Online news article

Note: As with citations of print newspaper/magazine articles, citations of online articles should include the date of publication (in parentheses immediately after the article title); they should also include the date of author access (in parentheses after the URL). For example:

1. Shipley A. Chemist’s new product contains hidden substance (May 7, 2006). wp-dyn/article/2006/05/07/AR2006050700913.html (accessed 2011 Nov 29).

2. Schaefer S. Biotech stock boom hits new heights in 2014 (February 26, 2014). sites/steveschaefer/2014/02/26/biotech-stock-boom-hits-new-heights-in-2014/ (accessed 2014 Sep 6).

3. PR Newswire. Global pharmaceutical and biotechnology outlook 2014: rising stars (March 27, 2014). prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/global-pharmaceutical-and-biotechnology-outlook-2014-rising-stars-252639631.html (accessed 2014 Jun 15).

4. Chelsea Therapeutics International Ltd. Chelsea Therapeutics announces FDA advisory committee to review Northera (droxidopa) application (October 9, 2013). (accessed 2013 Nov 2).

Note: In the title of the online document in example 4, the brand name (which appeared in all uppercase letters on the Web page) is given in lowercase letters except for first letter; the URL is listed as provided.

Thesis or dissertation

3. Ignacio LM. Effect of workload transitions on stress and performance in a hospital inpatient pharmacy. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University; 2008. Thesis.

1. Aagard SD. Generational characteristics and attitudes toward computer and Internet use: a survey of older adults in the Rocky Mountain region. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming; 2006. Dissertation.

Patent

1. Kapila S FV, Maples MF, Mills MW. Fatty acid esters to dissolve polystyrene for production of commodity material usful for production of polymers. U.S. patent 6,337,413. 2002 Jan 8.

Book review

1. Boucher BA. Review of Raising the dead: a doctor’s encounter with his own mortality, by Richard Selzer. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995; 52:1728-9.

Legal citations

AJHP style for citations of court cases, constitutions, statutes, regulations, and legislative materials (i.e., bills, hearings, and reports) is based on The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association; 1996). A useful outline of the system of legal citation, including an explanation of some of the information given in such references, is provided in the American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998). The examples below are adapted from both of these sources. When an author submits a reference that is clearly analogous to one of the examples but is not in the proper style, the editor should edit the reference to bring it into agreement. Also, the editor should ask the author to supply pieces of information that are obviously missing. However, the editor should extrapolate from these examples with extreme caution and should leave the reference alone or query the author if there is doubt about what to do.

Each document cited should constitute one reference. If several documents are cited together by the author (a standard legal style, often involving signals such as “see also” and “see generally”), give each document its own reference number (this applies to all other types of AJHP references as well). If a reference to a document is followed by explanatory information, give the document a reference number and make the accompanying information a footnote:

This:

42 U.S.C. 1395c. See generally 42 U.S.C. 1395c and 1395i-2, dealing with persons covered; 1395d, dealing with the scope of benefits under Part A; and 1395e, dealing with Part A deductibles and coinsurance. See also 42 U.S.C. 1395x for definitions.

Becomes this:

42 U.S.C. 1395c.

aSee generally 42 U.S.C. 1395c and 1395i-2, dealing with persons covered; 1395d, dealing with the scope of benefits under Part A; and 1395e, dealing with Part A deductibles and coinsurance. See also 42 U.S.C. 1395x for definitions.

Note: In the text, cite both the reference and the footnote. Explanatory footnotes may cite more than one document, and signals may be used. However, voluminous explanatory footnotes are discouraged in AJHP.

The AMA Manual of Style states that “a legal reference may be included in full in the text or in the reference list, or partially in the text and partially in the reference list” and gives examples of these options (page 48 in the 9th edition). The option depends on the context and the author’s preference.

The editor should ensure consistency in such details as spacing, abbreviations, italics, punctuation, and other symbols used in legal references, in accordance with the examples below.

Court cases

1. Herrick v. Lindley, 391 N.E.2d 729, 731 (Ohio 1979).

2. In re Quinlan, 355 A.2d 1209 (N.J. 1976).

3. Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 348 F. Suppl. 954, 956-8 (M.D. Pa. 1972), aff’d, 483 F.2d 754 (3d Cir. 1973), aff’d, 419 U.S. 345 (1974).

4. Jackson, p 956.

Note: The above style is used when referring to a case already cited in the reference list (i.e., example 4).

5. Jackson v. Virginia, No. 77-1205, slip op. at 3 (4th Cir. 1978 Aug 3) (per curiam), aff’d, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).

6. Mack v. Charlesworth, No. 90-345 (D. Mass. filed 1990 Sep 18).

7. Mack v. Charlesworth, 925 F.2d 314 (1st Cir. 1991), petition for cert. filed, 60 U.S.L.W. (U.S. 1992 Jan 14) (No. 92-212).

Constitutions

1. N.M. Const. Art. IV, 2567 (suppl I 1983).

Statutes

1. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-417.

2. Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-115, 111 Stat. 2296 (1997).

3. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 301 (1999).

4. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-508.

5. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601-75 (1988).

6. Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670, 9, 80 Stat. 931, 944-7 (1966).

7. Pub. L. No. 89-670, 9, 80 Stat. 931.

Note: The name of the statute (e.g., “Department of Transportation Act,” as in example 6) is not essential but may add clarity.

8. Title XVIII of the Social Security Act of 1935, 42 U.S.C. 1395 and 1396 (1999).

9. Ill. Rev. Stat. chap. 38, 2.

10. Mich. Comp. Laws 145.

11. X Pa. Code X (199X).

Note: State board of pharmacy regulations (e.g., examples 10 and 11) are cited differently depending on the state and the official “reporter” (forum for publishing cases) for that state.

Federal regulations

1. Medicare and Medicaid programs; reform of hospital and critical access hospital conditions of participation. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2012; 77:29033-76.

2. 242 C.F.R. 482.

Note: Medicare and Medicaid programs; reform of hospital and critical access hospital conditions of participation. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2012; 77:29033-76 (codified at 42 C.F.R. 482).

3. Temp. Treas. Reg. 1.338 (1985).

Bills, hearings, and reports

1. H.R. 3055, 94th Cong. 2 (1976).

2. Hearing on S.2067. U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 1968, vol. 343:2345-6.

Note: If author has not included volume and page numbers for hearings, do not query.

3. Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy. Hearings on S.995 before the Subcommittee on Labor of the U.S. Senate Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977 (statement of Ethel Walsh, vice chairman, EEOC).

4. S. Rep. No. 89-910, at 4 (1965).

Online legal citations

1. United States v. Carlisle, No. 90-2465SI, 1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 5863, at *3 (8th Cir. 1991 Apr 10) (per curiam). (Note: The asterisk in example 28 means screen or page.)

2. Kvaas Constr. Co. v. United States, No. 90-266C, 1991 WL 47632, at *1 (Cl. Ct. 1991 Apr 8). (Note: LEXIS and Westlaw [“WL” in example 29] are electronic databases.)

3. Frankel v. Banco Nacional de Mex., S.A., No. 82 Civ. 6547 (S.D.N.Y 1983 May 31) (LEXIS, Genfed Library, Dist. File).

4. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 1670 (West, Westlaw through 1995 portion of 1995-96 Legis. Sess.).

Other electronic media sources

Cite sources of software (e.g., computer programs, statistical packages, languages, and systems, but not software manuals, which are treated as references) in footnotes or parenthetically within the text.

Unpublished information

1. Strauss E, Santos WR. Clinical trial comparing balanced amino acid solution to neomycin in hepatic encephalopathy. Submitted for publication.

2. Ohio State University Hospitals Pharmacy Department. Analysis of idle time in the pharmacy. Columbus; 1980 Jan.

3. Jeffrey LP. Letter to Zellmer WA. 1980 Jun 2.

4. Smith JJ, Premo Laboratories. (Letter to Goyan J, FDA Commissioner.) 1980 Jul 1.

5. Cetus Corporation news release. Emeryville, CA; 1988 Dec 5.

6. Minutes of the Committee for Drug Safety Issues, Penndrake Hospital, Philadelphia; 1994 Mar 6.

7. National Collegiate Athletic Association Committee on Competition. Memorandum to directors of athletics at NCAA member institutions. Oshkosh, WI; 1994 Jul.

8. Nader F, Marion Merrell Dow Inc. “Dear Pharmacist” letter. 1995 Mar.

9. Data on file for protocol no. 600A-328-US. Wyeth-Ayerst, Philadelphia; 1993 Dec.

Preferred Language List:

|Instead of This Term |Use This Term |

|dosing |administering, giving |

|side effect |adverse reaction (effect) |

|state affiliated societies |affiliated state societies |

|following (allow “following,” but only|after (when referring to time) |

|sparingly; use judgment) | |

|ambulatory pharmacy |ambulatory care pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy |

|N terminal |amino terminal |

|ampul, ampoule |ampule |

|analogue |analog (per Am. Herit. 5th edition) |

|(in this sense; e.g., don’t allow |antineoplastic drug, cancer chemotherapy |

|chemotherapy:“we administered | |

|chemotherapy”) | |

|APGAR test, score |Apgar test, score |

|dysrhythmia |arrhythmia |

|prior to (allow “prior to,” but only |before |

|sparingly; use judgment) | |

|biologic agent |biological agent |

|blinded |blind (as adjective referring to a study) |

|B.S.-level pharmacists |B.S.-trained pharmacists |

|burned patient |burn patient |

|calcium antagonists |calcium channel blockers |

|C terminal |carboxyl terminal |

|care giver |caregiver |

|clean room |cleanroom |

|clear to auscultation |clear on auscultation |

|closed-head injuries |closed head injuries |

|retail pharmacy |community pharmacy |

|contracted services, contractual |contract services |

|services | |

|adrenocorticotropic hormone |corticotropin |

|selective COX-2 inhibitor, |COX-2-selective NSAID |

|COX-2-selective inhibitor, COX-2 | |

|inhibitor | |

|computerized prescriber order-entry |computerized prescriber-order-entry system, but |

|system |“computerized prescriber order entry” (no hyphens|

| |when “system” not included) |

|written consults |consultation reports |

|creatinine-height index, |creatinine height index |

|creatinine–height index | |

|presently (if you mean “now”) |currently (or now) |

|data base |database |

|Veterans Administration |Department of Veterans Affairs |

|dialog |dialogue |

|discriminatory pricing |differential pricing or multitier pricing |

|disc |disk |

|dosing intervals |dosage intervals |

|generic substitution |drug product selection, generic product selection|

|5 ng diazepam/mL (but: 5 ng of |diazepam 5 ng/mL |

|diazepam per milliliter is an | |

|acceptable alternative) | |

|distension |distention |

|drug-utilization review |drug-use review |

|53-year old white male |53-year-old white man |

|dextrose 5%, 5% dextrose in water |5% dextrose injection |

|5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride |5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride injection |

|injection | |

|code blue team |emergency resuscitation team |

|sustained-release (per USP) |extended-release |

|extensively drug resistant |extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) |

|tuberculosis (EDR-TB) | |

|FAX |fax |

|Fisher rats |Fischer rats |

|gram negative, Gram-negative |gram-negative |

|log-phase growth rates |growth rates in the logarithmic phase |

|presented with, experienced |had |

|heparinized tubes |heparin-treated tubes |

|homogenous |homogeneous |

|hospital bed size |hospital bed capacity |

|immunoglobulin used without regard to |immune globulin (when authors are discussing the |

|meaning |drug), immunoglobulin (when authors are |

| |discussing the endogenous molecule) |

|i.v. piggyback |infusion through a secondary i.v. line, infusion |

| |by i.v. minibag, infusion by a small-volume i.v. |

| |solution bag |

|infusor (Infusor is a trademark) |infuser |

|inservice (as a noun OR a verb) |inservice education |

|interdisciplinary care (and other |interprofessional care |

|similar nouns) | |

|insulin human, isophane |isophane insulin human |

|i.v. additive service |i.v. admixture service |

|judged on |judged by |

|judgement |judgment |

|large- (or small-)volume parenterals |large- (or small-)volume injections |

|log percent |logarithm of the percentage of |

| | |

|microtiter plates |microdilution plates |

|multi-drug resistant tuberculosis |multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) |

|national patient safety goals |National Patient Safety Goals (when referring to |

| |those created by the Joint Commission) |

|over-the-counter (OTC) drugs |nonprescription drugs |

|nursing station |nurses’ station |

|nurse’s aide |nursing assistant |

|verbal (when the intent is to |oral |

|distinguish spoken from written) | |

|outcome research (or data) |outcomes research (or data) |

|ambulatory surgery |outpatient surgery, same-day surgery |

|pandemic vaccine |pandemic influenza vaccine |

|pharmacy services |pharmaceutical services (but “clinical pharmacy |

| |services”) |

|pharmacy benefits management companies|pharmacy benefit management companies (PBMs) |

|physical |physical examination |

|physician’s assistants |physician assistants |

|ambulatory pumps |portable pumps |

|predictive error |prediction error |

|predominate route |predominant route |

|legend drugs |prescription drugs |

|prescriptive authority |prescribing authority |

|Prospective Pricing System |Prospective Payment System (Note: Use “Payment” |

| |to refer to the name of the system of the Centers|

| |for Medicare and Medicaid Services; “pricing” may|

| |be preferable in other contexts because it is |

| |really pricing [if anything], not payment, that |

| |is prospective.) |

|red man’s syndrome |red man syndrome |

|ASHP Residency Matching Program |ASHP Resident Matching Program |

|x-rays, x-ray film (it is alright to |radiograph |

|use x-ray when referring to the | |

|radiation) | |

|radiolabeled |radioactively labeled |

|screen shot |screenshot |

|therapeutic substitution |selection of therapeutic alternatives |

|serum chemistries |serum chemistry values |

|preimmune serum |serum from unimmunized subjects |

|sera |serum samples |

|gender (usually) when referring to |sex |

|patients; make exception only when the| |

|context may produce unintended | |

|confusion with the racier connotation | |

|of sex (this is very rare) | |

|normal saline or solution |0.9% sodium chloride injection |

|state chapter |state society |

|Stevens--Johnson syndrome |Stevens-Johnson syndrome (the hyphen, not the |

| |en-dash, now appears in AH5 and Dorlands) |

|studies done on patients |studies done in patients, studies done with |

| |patients |

|supportive staff or personnel |support staff or personnel (Note: Do not |

| |routinely change this to “technicians” because it|

| |can include persons other than technicians.) |

|tonicoclonic |tonic–clonic |

|total parenteral nutrition solution |total parenteral nutrient solution |

|(but use parenteral nutrition when | |

|referring to the therapy rather than | |

|to the solution itself) | |

|aminotransferases |transaminases |

|insulin-dependent diabetes, |type 1 (or 2) diabetes mellitus |

|non-insulin-dependent diabetes | |

|nonapproved uses |unlabeled uses |

|the author (if author referring to |us, we, I |

|self) | |

|usage, utilize, utilization |use (Note: Make exceptions when a word in col. 2 |

| |fits better; also in “utilization review” that is|

| |not drug utilization review—because that’s common|

| |use and “use review” by itself is confusing.) |

|physical incompatibility |visual (or chemical) compatibility, visual (or |

| |chemical) incompatibility |

|Buretrol |volumetric chamber |

|vortex (as verb) |mix in a Vortex mixer |

|wastage |waste |

|Wi-Fi |wireless local area networking |

|postgraduate year one |postgraduate year 1 |

|Homosexual |Gay (adj.); gay man or lesbian |

|Homosexual relations/relationship, |Relationship, couple (or, if necessary, gay |

|homosexual couple, homosexual sex |couple), sex |

|Sex change |Gender transition or sexual reassignment, |

| |depending on the individual situation |

|Sexual preference |Sexual orientation or orientation |

|Transsexual |Transgender |

Abbreviations

Common Abbreviations Used in ASHP Publications

Abbreviations commonly used in ASHP’s publications are listed below. For units of measurement, statistics, physiological and thermal terms, and chemical terms, refer to the CBE Style Manual for those not listed here. The abbreviations listed, unless otherwise noted, are not followed by a period.

Units of measurement

ampere A

angstrom A

atmosphere atm

British thermal unit BTU

centimeter cm

cubic centimeter cm3

curie Ci

day day (not abbreviated)

deciliter dL

degrees Celsius or centigrade °C

degrees Fahrenheit °F

dissociation constant of pKa, pKb

acid and base

gigabyte Gb

gram g

hour hr

hydrogen ion concentration pH

(negative log)

International Unit IU (but write out “unit(s)” in all other contexts, such as in heparin dosages)

kilogram kg

kilometer km

liter L

megabyte Mb

meter m

microgram μg

microliter μL

micromole μM

micron μm

millicurie mCi

milliequivalent meq

milligram mg

milligram per deciliter mg/dL (not mg% or mg/100 mL)

milliliter mL

millimeter mm

millimolar (concentration) mM

millimole (mass) mmol

milliosmole mOsm

minute min

molal mol/kg

molar (molarity) M

mole mol

colony-forming units CFU

month mo

nanogram ng

nanometer nm

normality N (written as 0.1 N, 2 N, etc.)

osmolal osmole/kg

osmolar osM

percent %

picogram pg

pounds per square inch psi

roentgen R

roentgen equivalent man rem

revolutions per minute rpm

second sec

specific gravity sp gr

square meter m2

tablespoon tbsp

teaspoon tsp

volume to volume v/v (or edit “by volume”)

week wk

weight to volume w/v

year yr

Statistical abbreviations

chi-square χ2 (Greek letter)

coefficient of determination r2

correlation coefficient r

degrees of freedom df

probability (alpha) p

standard deviation S.D.

standard error S.E.

Physiological and thermal abbreviations

alveolar carbon dioxide pressure alveolar Pco2 (small cap CO)

arterial carbon dioxide pressure arterial Pco2 (small cap CO)

basal metabolic rate BMR

blood pressure BP (expressed in mm Hg)

boiling point bp

complete blood cell (count) CBC

forced expiratory volume, one second FEVl

freezing point fp

hematocrit Hct

hemoglobin Hb

respiratory quotient Rq

total peripheral resistance TPR (expressed in dynes · sec/cm5)

Chemical abbreviations

adenosine 5’-diphosphate ADP

adenosine 5’-monophosphate AMP

adenosine 5’-triphosphate ATP

dextro (configuration) D (small cap)

dextrorotatory d, (+)

gas-liquid chromatography GLC

high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC

high-pressure liquid chromatography HPLC

levo (configuration) L (small cap)

levorotatory 1,(-)

ortho- o-

meta- m-

para- p-

thin-layer chromatography TLC

Note: The terms high-performance liquid chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography are interchangeable; the former is preferred in our publications.

Abbreviations commonly used in AJHP

A.S.P.E.N., not ASPEN

ALT = (serum) alanine transaminase (previously SGPT)

APACHE II = Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation scale

AST = (serum) aspartate transaminase (previously SGOT)

AUC0–24 (en dash, not hyphen or arrow)

AUFS = absorbance unit(s) full-scale

BCMA = barcode-assisted medication administration, but bar-coding technology,

BCPS = Board-Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist (retain this and the other board designations in author ID sections)

C terminal = use amino terminal in running text

CD-ROM (don’t define unless in an article about CD-ROMs)

care MAPs = multidisciplinary action plans for patient care

CK = creatine kinase

CK-MB = a creatine kinase isozyme

CLcr = creatinine clearance

CLIA = Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

CT = computed tomography

cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozyme system; thereafter just CYP isozyme system

FAB (subtype) = French–American–British system

GC-MS = gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (note hyphen for abbreviation and en dash for spelled-out version)

GMP = good manufacturing practice(s) (not capitalized)

HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin (note lowercase subscript “c”)

IND = investigational new drug (not capitalized)

INR = International Normalized Ratio

ISI = International Sensitivity Index

JNC-V = the fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure

kd = dissociation constant

Km = Michaelis–Menten constant

LOS = length of stay

N terminal = use amino terminal in running text

NADPH = reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NDA = new drug application (not capitalized)

NYHA II and III heart failure = New York Heart Association functional class II and III heart failure

PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure

PPD test = purified protein derivative test; change to tuberculin test.

QTc interval, QT interval, PR interval, etc.

RSS = rich site summary (note: no hyphen needed)

SCr = serum creatinine

TDx (Abbott Laboratories test) (the x is set on line, not as subscript, and is roman, not italic)

TKO = to keep vein open

t-PA (for the endogenous molecule), not tPA or TPA. (Alteplase is the t-PA produced by recombinant DNA technology.)

UV–vis = ultraviolet–visible (light)

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