United States History - Commack Schools
United States History
Regents Preparation
Answer/Cue Review
The purpose of Answer/Cue Review is to prepare a student for the upcoming United States History and Government Regents. The idea is for the student to trigger their memory from seeing a word, term, or topic on a multiple-choice question. This plan is not fool proof, but will allow the student to gain confidence in answering a multiple-choice question. If a student can successfully answer 64% or 32 out of 50 questions correctly, then they have a good chance at passing the exam. If you can get any higher than 65%, the better your chance for mastery is going to be. Good Luck!
If this is what the question is about… ….. then these are the cues you are looking for.
Question Topic Answer/Cue
Geography: Appalachian Mountains limits expansion (Proclamation of 1763)
Mississippi River aides farmers, western boundary (1783),
New Orleans promotes trade
Great Plains later settlement (late 1800s)
Rocky Mountains resources, obstacle for RR
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Enlightenment thinkers, Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire
Declaration of Independence limits on government, natural rights, protect against abuses of federal gov’t,
list grievances, consent of the governed
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Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings representative assemblies, self- gov’t
Virginia House of Burgesses establish democracy, consent of governed
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Thomas Paine/Common Sense swayed opinion on independence
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British mercantilism limited colonial trade, triangular trade
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Articles of Confederation Strengths: Treaty of Paris, does not allow tyranny, representative legislature, admission of new states
Weaknesses: no chief executive, cannot collect taxes, equal power among states in legislature, lacks unity, greater power to the states
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Constitutional Convention - Great Compromise bicameral legislature, representation
Three-Fifths Compromise
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Bill of Rights protect individual liberties from federal government, guarantee rights to individual, Civil Rights (Voltaire)
Example: no illegal search/seizure
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Federalism (Limit on Gov’t) divided power by level of gov’t
Federal system
Elastic clause (Flexibility) “...necessary and proper…”clause,
power of Congress, Louisiana Purchase, National Bank, loose interpretation
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Checks and Balances (Limit on Gov’t) separation of powers, no branch too
Separation of Powers strong, judicial review (constitutionality of law), veto, override, OR any two branches given as examples
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Amending Process (Flexibility) change the Constitution: possibly Electoral College, flag burning, two term presidents, voting rights: Blacks, women, 18yr. Olds
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Constitutional Structure and Function
President (Executive) two-term limit, Commander-in-Chief, veto power, Cabinet
Congress (Legislative) Elastic clause
House of Representatives reapportionment(census), revenue bills
Senate ratify treaties, approve appointments
Supreme Court (Judicial) Judicial review, judicial activism
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Unwritten Constitution Cabinet, Judicial Review, Political Parties
Committee System, Lobbying
Practices by custom/ tradition
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Washington’s Farewell Address no entangling military alliances, geography (Atlantic Ocean) supports precedent
(Commercial ties are okay)
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Political Parties formation Formed b/c interpretation of the Constitution (Loose vs. strict) - Cabinet
Hamilton’s financial plan - Supports manufacturing over agriculture
Creates sound economic policy
Gradually pay off nation’s debt
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Marshall Court strengthen the national government
Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish judicial review
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Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana Purchase modified belief in strict interpretation
Doubles size of United States
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Monroe Doctrine prevent further European colonization of
Western Hemisphere
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Manifest Destiny expansion westward, acquisition of land
Debate over expansion of slavery, Mexican
Cession, Oregon, Gadsden Purchase
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Women’s Right to Vote (Suffrage) Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
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Civil War
Sectionalism different economies, states’ rights
Popular Sovereignty people decide slavery issue in territories
Northern Advantages population, war supplies, industry, RRs
Republican platform no extension of slavery
Lincoln’s primary war aim preservation of the Union
Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebel territory only
Homestead Act (1862) free land out west, farms on Great Plains
Pacific Railroad Act (1862) encourage settlement, promote expansion
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Reconstruction
Results 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, federal supremacy over the states, Freedman’s Bureau, Black Codes (harsh treatment)
Jim Crow Laws,
Presidents’ Plan easily readmitting the south, 10% plan
Congressional Plan harsh treatment of conquered territory,
Radical Reconstruction, military
occupation, 14th Amendment, Freedman’s
Bureau
New South more industrial economy in South
Solid South consistently democratic South
Sharecropping economic dependence for former slaves,
cycle of debt, tenant farming
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The West
Homestead Act encourage settlement of west on farms
Farmers technological advances increase output
Indian Policy – Dawes Act reservations, assimilation onto farms
Indian Wars conflict over land – Great Plains
Populists regulation of railroads, leads to
Progressives, aid the farmer, Granger cases
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The Lives of African Americans (former slaves) denied civil rights in South
W.E.B DuBois immediate equality for blacks
Booker T. Washington focus on achieving respect before rights
Gradually achieving rights for blacks
Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional to have separate but equal
Jim Crow Laws okay, equal protection?
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Industrialization
Rise of Corporations investment capital, laissez-faire, cheap labor, business leaders (robber barons)
Supply and demand, RR expansion
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Management
Trusts and Monopolies elimination of competition, need for government regulation, RRs
Social Darwinism survival of the fittest, hard work = success
Captains of Industry philanthropy, give back to the public
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Labor
Unions/Organized Labor Gompers, Powderly, Debs, and Lewis
Knights of Labor, AF of L
Negs. Public perception is that they are violent,
Government actions support big business
Pos. New Deal, Wagner Act,
Collective bargaining
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Immigration
Modern Policy problems with illegal aliens
New Immigrants Southern and eastern Europeans, cheap
labor, urban areas
Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, National Origins Act, quotas, restrictions, KKK, Know Nothings, Red Scare
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Populists/Grangers Third party success – platform became law
Supports western farmer, against high RR rates, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold Speech - for free coinage of silver
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Progressives middle class reform, bring P/E/S equality
Muckrakers (writers) Riis, Addams, Steffens, Sinclair, Tarbell
Exposed inequalities, poverty, corruption,
Urban living and working conditions
Anti-Trust Laws restore competition, eliminate monopolies
(Sherman and Clayton) government regulation of business
Democratic reform initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot,
(local, state and national level) direct election of Senators
Federal Reserve System control money supply in circulation and
regulate interest rates
Teddy Roosevelt Trust buster - regulates business, good and
bad trusts, conservation
Imperialism Protect U.S. investments abroad and
Acquire raw materials and markets
Big Stick Policy Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can intervene in
Latin America
Panama Canal intervention in Latin America, canal to
connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, strategic and trade route
Open Door Policy increase trade in China (Asia)
Spanish American War Pulitzer and Hearst – yellow journalism
Remember the Maine
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World War I
U.S. entry freedom of the seas, Woodrow Wilson
“make world safe for democracy”
Fourteen Points prevent future wars, promote peace, self-
determination, freedom of the seas, reduce arms. Washington Naval Conference and Kellogg-Briand Pact
League of Nations/ Treaty of Versailles international organization rejected by
Senate using checks and balances, keep out of entangling alliances, isolation between wars
Schenck v. U.S. (1919) clear and present danger, rights are not
Absolute, Espionage Act and Sedition Act,
“…cannot yell fire in crowded theater”
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Roaring Twenties Old vs. New ways of thinking and acting
Republican Presidents free enterprise, tax cuts, and laissez-faire
Less government regulation of business,
“Return to Normalcy” – Harding
“The business of America is business” –
Calvin Coolidge
trickle down theory – Hoover
Nativism KKK, immigration restriction, quotas
Harlem Renaissance rebirth of black art, literature, and art
(culture), African Americans move north,
Langston Hughes
Scopes Trial science vs. religion, new vs. old,
Modernist vs. fundamentalist
Flappers rejection of traditional values
Prohibition banning of alcohol, difficult to enforce
laws that deal with social attitudes. Also Fugitive Slave Act
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Great Depression
Causes overproduction (manufacturing and farm)
Uneven distribution of wealth, little
government regulation, excessive credit buying
Life during … escapist movies, people helping people,
Charity
Farmers start depression in 1920s due to
Overproduction and drought,
Dust Bowl – cause - by drought and
geographic conditions, result – migration west by farmers
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New Deal government intervention in the economy
Relief, Recovery, and Reform
Political, Social, and Economic help
Bank Holiday restore confidence in financial institution
FDIC insure bank deposits (similar to SEC)
Court Packing FDR tries to appoint more SC justices to
promote New Deal Programs, Congress rejects plan b/c it clashes w/ Checks and Balances
Opposition Conservatives think New Deal is too
involved w/ economy and it endangers free enterprise
FDR’s Third term (Presidential) due to World War II – crisis
conflicts w/ unwritten tradition and leads to 22nd Amendment
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World War II neutrality between wars, leads to end of
Great Depression
Good Neighbor Policy less intervention in Latin America
Neutrality isolation between wars, Neutrality Acts
No response to aggressor nations
Not in League of Nations
Lend Lease Act more direct involvement in war, favors the
Allies, Cash and Carry and Destroyer for Bases Deal
Atlantic Charter post war aims to prevent war
Japanese Americans internment, limit civil liberties during war
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) – clear and
present danger vs. equal protection under law
Women Rosie the Riveter, fill defense jobs of
African Americans soldiers at war
Atomic Bomb dropped to save American casualties (lives)
Cold War War of words, tension between the U.S
and U.S.S.R., nuclear arms race, space race, join international organizations
Truman Doctrine containment, stop spread of communism
to Greece and Turkey with ($)
Marshall Plan Economic recovery ($) for western Europe
Nuremberg War Crimes Trial individuals can be held responsible for
wartime atrocities against civilians
Korean War United Nations action, Truman fires
General Macarthur as Commander-in-Chief for insubordination (civilian control of military)
NATO collective security, shift from isolation to
Internationalism, in competition with Warsaw Pact
Eisenhower Doctrine stop spread of communism in Mideast
Red Scare search for communists infiltrating America
House Un-American Committee,
McCarthyism, Loyalty Oaths, Rosenbergs
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1960s Decade of Change, Civil Rights, Reform
Domino Theory stop spread of communism in Southeast
Asia or Vietnam
Vietnam War public opinion affects foreign policy, war
viewed as unjust, leads to passage of War Powers Act
New Frontier John Kennedy – promotes space program
Great Society Lyndon Johnson - war on poverty,
government intervenes in economic and social lives of society, Medicare and Medicaid
Reforms of 1960s consumer protection, environment, civil
rights, women’s movement
Warren Court (Rights of Accused) Miranda rights, Gideon v. Wainwright,
right to lawyer
Civil Rights
Martin Luther King, Jr. civil disobedience, integration, passive
Resistance, promote civil rights acts
Brown v. B.O.E. (1954) “separate but equal is unequal”
Integration of public schools,
equal protection of the law
**Leads to Eisenhower enforcing law and protecting black students with federal troops
Affirmative Action help minorities have equal opportunity but
leads to reverse discrimination
The 1970s
Détente easing of Cold War tensions, SALT I
nuclear limits
War Powers Act (1973) limits power of the President
Watergate No person is above the law, leads to
distrust in the government
Economy Oil crisis, high unemployment, inflation,
Stagflation
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1980s
Reaganomics supply-side economics similar to Hoover’s
trickle down theory, tax breaks to wealthy causes recession, New Federalism gives social programs back to states, defense deficit spending
Bush Good foreign policy – Persian Gulf War
Bad domestic policy – tax increases
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1990s
Clinton deflects corruption to be a success,
NAFTA improves trade, sends troops overseas to secure peace
Social Issues Disabled Americans, social security,
universal healthcare, campaign reform, term limits,
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Present Day
W. Bush 9/11, increase government powers, Patriot Act, Iraq
Obama Civil Rights, change, Healthcare, Iraqi withdrawal
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