United States History - Commack Schools



United States History

Regents Preparation

Answer/Cue Review

The purpose of Answer/Cue Review is to prepare a student for the upcoming United States History and Government Regents. The idea is for the student to trigger their memory from seeing a word, term, or topic on a multiple-choice question. This plan is not fool proof, but will allow the student to gain confidence in answering a multiple-choice question. If a student can successfully answer 64% or 32 out of 50 questions correctly, then they have a good chance at passing the exam. If you can get any higher than 65%, the better your chance for mastery is going to be. Good Luck!

If this is what the question is about… ….. then these are the cues you are looking for.

Question Topic Answer/Cue

Geography: Appalachian Mountains limits expansion (Proclamation of 1763)

Mississippi River aides farmers, western boundary (1783),

New Orleans promotes trade

Great Plains later settlement (late 1800s)

Rocky Mountains resources, obstacle for RR

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Enlightenment thinkers, Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire

Declaration of Independence limits on government, natural rights, protect against abuses of federal gov’t,

list grievances, consent of the governed

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings representative assemblies, self- gov’t

Virginia House of Burgesses establish democracy, consent of governed

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thomas Paine/Common Sense swayed opinion on independence

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

British mercantilism limited colonial trade, triangular trade

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Articles of Confederation Strengths: Treaty of Paris, does not allow tyranny, representative legislature, admission of new states

Weaknesses: no chief executive, cannot collect taxes, equal power among states in legislature, lacks unity, greater power to the states

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Constitutional Convention - Great Compromise bicameral legislature, representation

Three-Fifths Compromise

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bill of Rights protect individual liberties from federal government, guarantee rights to individual, Civil Rights (Voltaire)

Example: no illegal search/seizure

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Federalism (Limit on Gov’t) divided power by level of gov’t

Federal system

Elastic clause (Flexibility) “...necessary and proper…”clause,

power of Congress, Louisiana Purchase, National Bank, loose interpretation

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Checks and Balances (Limit on Gov’t) separation of powers, no branch too

Separation of Powers strong, judicial review (constitutionality of law), veto, override, OR any two branches given as examples

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Amending Process (Flexibility) change the Constitution: possibly Electoral College, flag burning, two term presidents, voting rights: Blacks, women, 18yr. Olds

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Constitutional Structure and Function

President (Executive) two-term limit, Commander-in-Chief, veto power, Cabinet

Congress (Legislative) Elastic clause

House of Representatives reapportionment(census), revenue bills

Senate ratify treaties, approve appointments

Supreme Court (Judicial) Judicial review, judicial activism

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unwritten Constitution Cabinet, Judicial Review, Political Parties

Committee System, Lobbying

Practices by custom/ tradition

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Washington’s Farewell Address no entangling military alliances, geography (Atlantic Ocean) supports precedent

(Commercial ties are okay)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Political Parties formation Formed b/c interpretation of the Constitution (Loose vs. strict) - Cabinet

Hamilton’s financial plan - Supports manufacturing over agriculture

Creates sound economic policy

Gradually pay off nation’s debt

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Marshall Court strengthen the national government

Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish judicial review

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thomas Jefferson and Louisiana Purchase modified belief in strict interpretation

Doubles size of United States

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Monroe Doctrine prevent further European colonization of

Western Hemisphere

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Manifest Destiny expansion westward, acquisition of land

Debate over expansion of slavery, Mexican

Cession, Oregon, Gadsden Purchase

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Women’s Right to Vote (Suffrage) Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady

Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Civil War

Sectionalism different economies, states’ rights

Popular Sovereignty people decide slavery issue in territories

Northern Advantages population, war supplies, industry, RRs

Republican platform no extension of slavery

Lincoln’s primary war aim preservation of the Union

Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebel territory only

Homestead Act (1862) free land out west, farms on Great Plains

Pacific Railroad Act (1862) encourage settlement, promote expansion

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reconstruction

Results 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, federal supremacy over the states, Freedman’s Bureau, Black Codes (harsh treatment)

Jim Crow Laws,

Presidents’ Plan easily readmitting the south, 10% plan

Congressional Plan harsh treatment of conquered territory,

Radical Reconstruction, military

occupation, 14th Amendment, Freedman’s

Bureau

New South more industrial economy in South

Solid South consistently democratic South

Sharecropping economic dependence for former slaves,

cycle of debt, tenant farming

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The West

Homestead Act encourage settlement of west on farms

Farmers technological advances increase output

Indian Policy – Dawes Act reservations, assimilation onto farms

Indian Wars conflict over land – Great Plains

Populists regulation of railroads, leads to

Progressives, aid the farmer, Granger cases

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Lives of African Americans (former slaves) denied civil rights in South

W.E.B DuBois immediate equality for blacks

Booker T. Washington focus on achieving respect before rights

Gradually achieving rights for blacks

Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional to have separate but equal

Jim Crow Laws okay, equal protection?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Industrialization

Rise of Corporations investment capital, laissez-faire, cheap labor, business leaders (robber barons)

Supply and demand, RR expansion

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Management

Trusts and Monopolies elimination of competition, need for government regulation, RRs

Social Darwinism survival of the fittest, hard work = success

Captains of Industry philanthropy, give back to the public

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Labor

Unions/Organized Labor Gompers, Powderly, Debs, and Lewis

Knights of Labor, AF of L

Negs. Public perception is that they are violent,

Government actions support big business

Pos. New Deal, Wagner Act,

Collective bargaining

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Immigration

Modern Policy problems with illegal aliens

New Immigrants Southern and eastern Europeans, cheap

labor, urban areas

Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, National Origins Act, quotas, restrictions, KKK, Know Nothings, Red Scare

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Populists/Grangers Third party success – platform became law

Supports western farmer, against high RR rates, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold Speech - for free coinage of silver

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Progressives middle class reform, bring P/E/S equality

Muckrakers (writers) Riis, Addams, Steffens, Sinclair, Tarbell

Exposed inequalities, poverty, corruption,

Urban living and working conditions

Anti-Trust Laws restore competition, eliminate monopolies

(Sherman and Clayton) government regulation of business

Democratic reform initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot,

(local, state and national level) direct election of Senators

Federal Reserve System control money supply in circulation and

regulate interest rates

Teddy Roosevelt Trust buster - regulates business, good and

bad trusts, conservation

Imperialism Protect U.S. investments abroad and

Acquire raw materials and markets

Big Stick Policy Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can intervene in

Latin America

Panama Canal intervention in Latin America, canal to

connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, strategic and trade route

Open Door Policy increase trade in China (Asia)

Spanish American War Pulitzer and Hearst – yellow journalism

Remember the Maine

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

World War I

U.S. entry freedom of the seas, Woodrow Wilson

“make world safe for democracy”

Fourteen Points prevent future wars, promote peace, self-

determination, freedom of the seas, reduce arms. Washington Naval Conference and Kellogg-Briand Pact

League of Nations/ Treaty of Versailles international organization rejected by

Senate using checks and balances, keep out of entangling alliances, isolation between wars

Schenck v. U.S. (1919) clear and present danger, rights are not

Absolute, Espionage Act and Sedition Act,

“…cannot yell fire in crowded theater”

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Roaring Twenties Old vs. New ways of thinking and acting

Republican Presidents free enterprise, tax cuts, and laissez-faire

Less government regulation of business,

“Return to Normalcy” – Harding

“The business of America is business” –

Calvin Coolidge

trickle down theory – Hoover

Nativism KKK, immigration restriction, quotas

Harlem Renaissance rebirth of black art, literature, and art

(culture), African Americans move north,

Langston Hughes

Scopes Trial science vs. religion, new vs. old,

Modernist vs. fundamentalist

Flappers rejection of traditional values

Prohibition banning of alcohol, difficult to enforce

laws that deal with social attitudes. Also Fugitive Slave Act

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Great Depression

Causes overproduction (manufacturing and farm)

Uneven distribution of wealth, little

government regulation, excessive credit buying

Life during … escapist movies, people helping people,

Charity

Farmers start depression in 1920s due to

Overproduction and drought,

Dust Bowl – cause - by drought and

geographic conditions, result – migration west by farmers

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

New Deal government intervention in the economy

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

Political, Social, and Economic help

Bank Holiday restore confidence in financial institution

FDIC insure bank deposits (similar to SEC)

Court Packing FDR tries to appoint more SC justices to

promote New Deal Programs, Congress rejects plan b/c it clashes w/ Checks and Balances

Opposition Conservatives think New Deal is too

involved w/ economy and it endangers free enterprise

FDR’s Third term (Presidential) due to World War II – crisis

conflicts w/ unwritten tradition and leads to 22nd Amendment

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

World War II neutrality between wars, leads to end of

Great Depression

Good Neighbor Policy less intervention in Latin America

Neutrality isolation between wars, Neutrality Acts

No response to aggressor nations

Not in League of Nations

Lend Lease Act more direct involvement in war, favors the

Allies, Cash and Carry and Destroyer for Bases Deal

Atlantic Charter post war aims to prevent war

Japanese Americans internment, limit civil liberties during war

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) – clear and

present danger vs. equal protection under law

Women Rosie the Riveter, fill defense jobs of

African Americans soldiers at war

Atomic Bomb dropped to save American casualties (lives)

Cold War War of words, tension between the U.S

and U.S.S.R., nuclear arms race, space race, join international organizations

Truman Doctrine containment, stop spread of communism

to Greece and Turkey with ($)

Marshall Plan Economic recovery ($) for western Europe

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial individuals can be held responsible for

wartime atrocities against civilians

Korean War United Nations action, Truman fires

General Macarthur as Commander-in-Chief for insubordination (civilian control of military)

NATO collective security, shift from isolation to

Internationalism, in competition with Warsaw Pact

Eisenhower Doctrine stop spread of communism in Mideast

Red Scare search for communists infiltrating America

House Un-American Committee,

McCarthyism, Loyalty Oaths, Rosenbergs

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1960s Decade of Change, Civil Rights, Reform

Domino Theory stop spread of communism in Southeast

Asia or Vietnam

Vietnam War public opinion affects foreign policy, war

viewed as unjust, leads to passage of War Powers Act

New Frontier John Kennedy – promotes space program

Great Society Lyndon Johnson - war on poverty,

government intervenes in economic and social lives of society, Medicare and Medicaid

Reforms of 1960s consumer protection, environment, civil

rights, women’s movement

Warren Court (Rights of Accused) Miranda rights, Gideon v. Wainwright,

right to lawyer

Civil Rights

Martin Luther King, Jr. civil disobedience, integration, passive

Resistance, promote civil rights acts

Brown v. B.O.E. (1954) “separate but equal is unequal”

Integration of public schools,

equal protection of the law

**Leads to Eisenhower enforcing law and protecting black students with federal troops

Affirmative Action help minorities have equal opportunity but

leads to reverse discrimination

The 1970s

Détente easing of Cold War tensions, SALT I

nuclear limits

War Powers Act (1973) limits power of the President

Watergate No person is above the law, leads to

distrust in the government

Economy Oil crisis, high unemployment, inflation,

Stagflation

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1980s

Reaganomics supply-side economics similar to Hoover’s

trickle down theory, tax breaks to wealthy causes recession, New Federalism gives social programs back to states, defense deficit spending

Bush Good foreign policy – Persian Gulf War

Bad domestic policy – tax increases

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1990s

Clinton deflects corruption to be a success,

NAFTA improves trade, sends troops overseas to secure peace

Social Issues Disabled Americans, social security,

universal healthcare, campaign reform, term limits,

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Present Day

W. Bush 9/11, increase government powers, Patriot Act, Iraq

Obama Civil Rights, change, Healthcare, Iraqi withdrawal

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download